A Report on

“INDUSTRIAL TRAINING”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN

ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION AND ENGINEERING

BY

N.ABHIMITHRA

(21003-EC-004)

Under the Guidance of

SMT. N.Hemalatha

Incharge of ECE Dept.

KAMALA NEHRU POLYTECHNIC FOR WOMEN

DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION AND ENGINEERING

 S V GLOBAL SERVICES OPC PVT. LIMITED

KOTI, HYDERABAD

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify Ms. N.Abhimithra final year diploma in ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING from KAMALA NEHRU POLYTECHNIC FOR WOMEN
COLLEGE, exhibition ground, Nampally. Has completed the INDUSTRIAL TRAINING from 1st
JUNE 2023 to 30th NOVEMBER 2023 in SV GLOBAL SERVICES PVT. LTD.

She is sincere, hardworking and had studied with excellent enthusiasm in practical aspects.
Her conduct during the course of training is found satisfactory.

She has covered different modules related to Embedded systems and Printed Circuit Board.

In-Charge Academic HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Smt. N.Hemalatha

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled “INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT”

written and submitted by me, which is carried out at SVGS.OPC.PVT.LTD. I
declare that this dissertation represents in my own words and where other
ideas have been included. I have adequately cited and referenced the original
sources.

In this report I have mentioned only those activities that carried by us during
the industrial training.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My sincere thanks to Mr. D.Rajesh Goud (Director of SV GLOBAL SERVICE OPC

PVT. LTD.), for his guidance and support in all the areas of work environment.

My sincere thanks to Smt. N.Hemalatha, Head of the Department for

Electronics and Communication Engineering at Kamala Nehru Polytechnic for
Women & all the faculty of the Department for the encouragement and
guidance provided.

I would like to express our thankfulness to Smt. N.Hemalatha for her constant
motivation and valuable help to the report writing.

I am also thankful and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement,

support and guidance from all the lecturers of SVGS.OPC.PVT.LTD who helped
us to successfully complete our Industrial Training.

I express my gratitude to Sri. Dr.P. Anil Kumar Principal of Kamala Nehru

Polytechnic for Women, Hyderabad, for his constant supervision, guidance and
co-operation throughout the Industrial Training.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Company profile and Product/Services

About SVGS.OPC.PVT.LTD

MODULE-1: EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• INTRODUCTION
• CLASSIFICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MICROCONTROLLER & MICROPROCESSOR
• ARCHITECTURE OF 8051
• ELEMENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• ADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• DISADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• PIN DIAGRAM

MODULE-2: EMBEDDED DESIGN PROCESS

• EMBEDDED SYSTEM OVERVIEW
• TOOLS
• RESOURCES
• DEBUGGING
• RELIABILITY
• CONSUMER APPLICATIONS
➢ OFFICE AUTOMATION
➢ INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
➢ ROBOT
➢ COMPUTER NETWORKING
➢ TELECOMMUNICATION

MODULE-3: MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER

• HARVARD AND VON-NEUMAN CPU ARCHITECTURE
• 8051 PIN DIAGRAM
 • 8051 PINS

MODULE-4: PROTEUS STIMULATION SOFTWARE

• INTRODUCTION
• PCB LAYOUT
• PROCESS TO CREATE PCB LAYOUT
• CIRCUIT PRINTING ON PCB

MODULE-5: PROCESS OF ETCHING, DRILLING AND SOLDERING OF

PCB
• PROCESS OF ETCHING OF PCB
• PROCESS OF DRILLING A PCB
• PROCESS OF SOLDERING A PCB

MODULE-6: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PASSWORD BASED DOOR

LOCKING SYSTEM
• PCB LAYOUT OF DOOR LOCKING SYSTEM

CONCLUSION
ABOUT COMPANY:

SV GLOBAL SERVICES OPC PVT LTD

Vision:

Our vision is to become the employer’s preferred Recruitment Agency choice based
on superior Quality, Quantity of our 3g hour services. We also endeavor to be the
preferred platform for candidates to innovate and pursue exciting careers with their
ideal & dream companies

Code of conduct

Confidentiality:

We give great preference to confidentiality. Any information shared with us during

any assignment remains confidential and is not disclosed to any third party. We
ensure that both the parties are immediately informed of any conflict of interests or
the slightest possibility of the same between clients and potential clients.

Quality Policy:

Quality education is our motto. For this we consistently to ensure that students
receive the best insight in terms of theory and practice. We are serving to Technical
students with Quality Education.
Communication:

We maintain transparency in our communication both with the client and

candidates. Information to client is provided clearly if we find a particular
assignment is within our capabilities/focus or not. Agreement is made about the
professional fees for the executive search with the client prior to the
commencement of the project.

Quality:

Quality places a crucial role in the services we provide. We never encourage

unsolicited profiles nor send them to client form our end. From the date of joining,
for one year we don’t provide any openings to the candidate provided if the client
requests us for outplacement of the candidate always we represent our client during
salary negotiations, but being fair with the candidate at the same time.

Company Profile:

SV Global Services is a Hyderabad, India based Technology Company that is into

product design, services, training and custom designed projects. It is an ISO 9001-
2008 certified organization which has high level expertise in cutting edge
technologies including embedded software development, real time systems, RFID
solutions, GSM, GPS, Zigbee and wireless factory automations. SV Global Services
offers comprehensive engineering solutions based on embedded platform has
developed several embedded applications for using areas such as factory and
building automation, migration and porting to different hardware and software
platforms.
SV global services is an island of innovations, where knowledge meets curiosity, has
been setting new bench marks in engineering training and solutions. Nestled in
prime location in the heart of Hyderabad city, SV Global services believes in
empowering nation by technology training, creativity and freedom to ensure that
learning is fun.
The team members at wine yard technologies upgrade their skill set time-to-time in
various advanced technology domains to cater the industry. More than 1,00,000
students and over 400 working professionals, professors and teaching faculty from
various universities are immensely benefited by workshops conducted by us on
various technology domains.
 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION:
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed for a
specific function. Embedded system may also function within a larger system. The systems
can be programmable or have a fixed functionality.

Embedded system is an integrated system that is used for a specific function. It can be said
as a dedicated computer system has been developed for some practical reason. But it is not
our traditional computer system or general purpose computers, these are the embedded
systems that may work independently or attached to a large system to work on a few
specific functions. These embedded systems can work without human interventions or little
human interventions.

While embedded systems are computing systems, they can range from having no User
Interface (UI) – for example, on devices designed to perform a single task to complex
graphical user interface (GUIs). Such as in mobile devices user interface can include buttons,
LED (Light Emitting Diodes) and touch screen sensing. Some systems use remote using
interface as well.

CLASSIFICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

Embedded systems are classified based on the two factors i.e.

1. Performance and functional requirements

2. Performance of microcontrollers

Based on Performance and Functional Requirements it is divided into 4 types

as follows:
1. REAL- TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEM:
A Real- Time Embedded System is strictly time specific which means these embedded
systems provides output in a particular/defined time interval. These types of embedded
systems provide quick response in critical situations which give most priority to time based
task performance and generation of output. That’s why real time embedded systems are
used in defense sector, medical and health sector, and some other industrial applications
where output in the right time are given more importance.
Further this Real-Time Embedded System is divided into two types i.e.

• SOFT REAL TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS –

In these types of embedded systems time/deadline is not so strictly followed. If

deadline of the task is passed (means the systems didn’t give result in define time)
still result or output is accepted.

• HARD REAL TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS-

In these types of embedded systems time/deadline of task is strictly followed. Task

must be completed in between time frame (defined time interval) otherwise
result/output may not be accepted.

Examples:

• Traffic control system

• Military usage in defense sector
• Medical usage in health sector

2. STAND ALONE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

Standalone embedded systems are independent systems which can work by themselves
they don’t depend on a host system. It takes input in digital or analog form and provide the
output.

Examples:

• Mp3 players
• Microwave ovens
• Calculator

3. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
Networked embedded systems are connected to a network which may be wired or wireless
to provide output to the attached device. They communicate with embedded web server
through network.

Examples:

• Home security systems

• ATM machine
 • Card swipe machines

4. MOBILE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

Mobile embedded is small and easy to use and requires fewer resources. They are most
preferred embedded systems. In portability point of view mobile embedded systems are
also best.

Examples:

• MP3 player
• Mobile phones
• Digital camera

Based on performance and micro-controller it is divided into 3

Types as follows:

1. Small Scale Embedded Systems:

Small Scale Embedded Systems are designed using an 8-bit or 16-bit micro-controller. They
can be powered by a battery. The processor uses very less/limited resources of memory and
processing speed .Mainly these systems does not act as an independent system they act as
any component of computer system but they did not compute and dedicated for a specific
task.

2. Medium Scale Embedded Systems:

Medium Scale Embedded Systems are designed using a 16-bit or 32-bit micro-controller.
These medium Scale Embedded Systems are faster than that of small Scale Embedded
Systems. Integration of hardware and software is complex in these systems. Java, C, C++ are
the programming languages are used to develop medium scale embedded systems.
Different type of software tools like compiler, debugger, simulator etc. are used to develop
these types of systems.

3. Sophisticated or Complex Embedded Systems:

Sophisticated or Complex Embedded Systems are designed using multiple 32-bit or 64-bit
micro-controllers. These systems are developed to perform large scale complex functions.
These systems have high hardware and software complexities. We use both hardware and
software components to design final systems or hardware products.
Important Characteristics of an Embedded System:
1. Performs specific task: Embedded systems perform some specific function or tasks.

2. Low Cost: The price of an embedded system is not so expensive.

3. Time Specific: It performs the tasks within a certain time frame.

4. Low Power: Embedded Systems don’t require much power to operate.

5. High Efficiency: The efficiency level of embedded systems is so high.

6. Minimal User interface: These systems require less user interface and are easy to use.

7. Less Human intervention: Embedded systems require no human intervention or very less
human intervention.

8. Highly Stable: Embedded systems do not change frequently mostly fixed maintaining
stability.

9. High Reliability: Embedded systems are reliable they perform tasks consistently well.

10. Use microprocessors or microcontrollers: Embedded systems use microprocessors or

microcontrollers to design and use limited memory.

11. Manufacturable: The majority of embedded systems are compact and affordable to
manufacture. They are based on the size and low complexity of the hardware
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EMBEDED SYSTEM

Processor:
The processor is the heart of embedded system the selection of processor is based
on the following consideration

• Instruction set
• Maximum bits of operation on single arithmetic and logical operation
• Speed
• Algorithm processing and capability
 Power source:

Internal power supply is must. Es require from power up to power down to start
time task. Also it can run continuously that is stay “on ‘ system consumes total
power hence efficient real time programming by using proper ‘wait’ and ‘stop’
instruction or disable some unit which are not in use can save or limit power
consumption.

Clock\oscillator circuit:

The clock ckt is used for CPU, system timers ,and CPU machine cycles clock controls the time for
executing an instruction .Clock oscillator may be internal or external.It should be highly stable.

Real time clock (RTC):

It is require to maintain scheduling various taskand for real time programming RTC also
usedfor driving timers , counters needs in the system.

Resets Ckts and power on reset:

Reset process starts executing various instructionsfrom the starting address .The address is
set by the processor in the program counter . the reset step resent and runs the program in
the following way

• System program that execute from the beginning

• System boot up program
• System initialization program

Memory:
A systerm embeds either in the internal flash or ROM,PROM or in an external flash or ROM
or PROM of the microcontroller.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER

 MICROCONTROLLER MICROPROCESSOR
A microcontroller is a specialized form of a The microprocessor is designed to be
microprocessor general-purpose
It is cost-effective It is a silicon chip

It is self-sufficient It is a dependent unit

The microcontroller is used to perform a The microcontroller is used to perform a

particular task
Its power consumption is low
It contains CPU, RAM, ROM, Registers,
Timers and input/output ports
Its size is smaller
It is a chip which is called single chip
computer
Microconntroller have no advantage of
designing RAM, ROM, I/O port
It’s microprocessors processing power is
lower than microprocessor
It’s system cost is low
It uses Hardvard Architecture
certain task
Its power consumption is high
It requires a combination of timers,
controllers, memory chips
Its size is larger
It is a general purpose device which is called
a CPU
It have advantages of versatility such that
designer can decide the aount of RAM, ROM,
I/O port as needed
Its processing power is higher
It’s system cost is high
It uses Von Neumann Architecture

ARCHITECTURE OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

The 8051 microcontroller is a widely used 8-bit microcontroller known for its
versatility and low power consumption. Its architecture is based on Harvard
architecture and includes a range of features such as timers, interrupt
handling, and serial communication interfaces..
8051 Microcontroller Architecture
The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture consists of the following major component s:

Interrupt control: It supports five interrupt sources, which can interrupt the normal
program execution to handle specific events.

Central Processing Unit (CPU): This is the brain of the microcontroller, which is
responsible for executing instructions and performing arithmetic and logical operations. The
8051 CPU consists of an ALU, accumulator, registers, and a program counter .

Oscillator: it requires an external oscillator to provide a clock signal to the

microcontroller

Bus control: The 8051 microcontroller includes a bus controller that manages data
transfer between the CPU and peripheral devices, such as memory or input/output devices .

4k byte ROM: The 8051 microcontroller architecture includes a 4 kilobyte (4k) read-only
memory (ROM) for storing the program instructions that are executed by the CPU .

128-byte RAM: The 8051 microcontroller also has a 128-byte random-access memory
(RAM) for storing data that is used by the program instructions during runtime.
Input/Output Ports: They have four 8-bit input/output (I/O) ports that can be
configured as either input or output.

Timers and Counters: They have two 16-bit timers/counters that can be used for a
variety of tasks such as measuring time intervals, generating PWM signals, and counting
external events.

Serial Communication Interface(SCI): It has a built-in serial port that can be

used for asynchronous serial communication.

ELEMENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

As defined earlier, an embedded system is a combination of three things:

• Hardware
• Software
• Mechanical components
And it is supposed to do one specific task only.

Hardware: The hardware of embedded systems is based around microprocessors and

microcontrollers. Microprocessors are very similar to microcontroller and , typically,refer to
a CPU that is integrated with other basic computing components such as memory chips and
digital signal processors(DSPs). Microcontrollers have those components built into one chip.

Software and Firmware:Software for embedded systems can vary in complexity.

However,industrial –grade microcontrollers and embedded systems usually run very simple
software that requires little memory.

Real-time operating system: These are not always included in embedded

systems,especially smaller-scale systems.RTOSes define how the system works by
supervising the spftware and setting rules during program execution.

In terms of hardware,a basic embedded system would consist of the following elements:

• Sensors converts physical senser data into an electrical signal.

• Analog-to-digital(A-D)converters change an analog electrical signal into a digital
one.
• Processors process digital signals and store them in memory.
• Digital-to-analog(D-A)converters change the digital data from the processors into
analog data.
• Actuators compare actual output to memory –stored output and choose the correct
one.

APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

1) Central heating systems : In a furnace room, central heating systems

transform chemical energy into thermal energy and then transfer that energy
into heat,which is then distributed through out a building. The thermostat
controls,which are achieved by an embedded systems to change the
temperature.
2) Medical devices: Embedded systems have been used in medical equipment
at health care institutions for a long time.Embedded systems afre been used in a
new class of medical gadgets to assist treat patients who require ongoing
monitoring and treatment at home.
3) ATM:An automated teller machine (ATM)is a computerized banking machine
that communicates across a network with a host bank computer.the ATMs
embedded system shows transactions data and processes inputs from the ATM
keyboard, while the bank computer verifies all data submitted by users and
stores all transactions.
4) Factory robots:Factory robots are built to do high-precision jobs in
hazardous environments.They have a built-in embedded system that connects
several subsystems.Robots use actuators,sensors,and software to detect
thesurroundings and safely produce the desired output in a normal mechanical
work.
5) Automobile sectors:Nowadays,modern cars have a variety of embedded
systems that perform a variety if activities based on there uses in thevehicle.
6) Signal systems:Signaling systems use embedded technology, which ensures
you safety during your journey.
7) Defence and aerospace:Missile guidance systems,systems for navigation
and guidance ,GPS,space exploration (rovers)use the embedded systems.
8) Home appliances:Embedded systems are also employed in a variety of
household appliances that you use daily and on which you are completely
reliant.To summarize,embedded systems and their appliances atre the focus of
this article.We all know that these systems,regard less of circuiot
complexity,areally fantastic systems that play a critical function..
ADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Simple to produce more production

• It has only an only a few interconnections
• More stable
• More reliability
• Low power consumption
• More speed
• To provide real-time response
• It is not user-friendly.
• Not much data storage
• Lesser redundancy
• It is less likely to repeat errors
• Less expensive prices each piece of the resultant
• Portable due to small size
• Accurate results with better accuracy
• To maximize resources like microprocessors and
memory
• To run pre-planned programs to run user applications
• It can withstand a vast range of environment
DISADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Once embedded system is developed you are not

able to alter,enhance or upgrade
• It is difficult to keep
• It is difficult to create a backup ofembedded files
• It is necessary to reset every setting to avoid any
issue with the system
• Troubleshooting is harder
• It is more difficult to transfer data across systems
to another systems
• Hardware limitations ,due to its use for certain
tasks
• Power supply reliability is less durable.
• Memory is limited
• Resources are not sufficient
• To require more development efforts to design an
embedded system
PIN DIAGRAM OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

PINS 1-8: These pins belongs to port 1 of microcontroller.port 1 is used has

domestically pilled up,quasi bidirectional input/output port.
PIN 9:It is a RESET pin which is utilised to set the microcontroller 8051 to its
primary value.During the beginning of an application the RESET pin is to be set
elevated for two mission rotations

PINS 10-17: These pins belonged to port 3 of microcontroller.port 3 can be

used for number of functions such has timer
input,interrupts,serialcommunication indicator for transmitting (TxD)and
receiving (RxD).It is also known has domestic pull up port with quasi bidirection
port embedded within.

PINS 18 and 19: These pins are generally be used for interfacing outer crystal

Oscillator with given system clock.

PIN 20:These pin titled has Vss .It symbolizes ground voltage or 0v is connected
to this pin of microcontroller.

PINS 21-28:These pins belong to port2 of microcontroller.Port2 can be used

has input/output port,senior order address bus are multiplexed with these
quasi bidirectional port.

PIN 29: These pin belongs to program store enable or PSEN.It is used for
interpreting the sign from outer program memory.

PIN 30: These pin belongs to external access or EA input is used for permit to
prohibits outer memory interface.If there is no outer memory,this pin is set to
high by linking it with supply voltage.

PIN 31: These pin belongs to address latch enable or ALE is used for
demultiplexing the address data indication of port0 for outer memory
interfacing.

PIN 32-39:These pins belong to port0 of the microcontroller.Port0 can be used

as input/output port,lower order address and data bus signals are multiplexed
with these port.This pin act has bidirectional input/output port and outer
connected pull up resistors are necessary for utilizing these ports as
input/output.

PIN 40 : This pin is used to provide power supply to the circuit.

 MODULE-2: EMBEDDED DESIGN PROCESS
EMBEDDED SYSTEM OVERVIEW:
Before going to the overview of Embedded Systems,Let’s first know the two
basic things i.e embedded and system,and what actually do they mean.

System is set of interrelated parts/compents which are designed/developed to

perform commom tasks or to do some specific work for which it has been
created.

Embedded System is an integrated system that is formed as a combination of

computer hardware and software for a specific function.It can be said as a
dedicated computersystem has been developed for some particularreason.But
it is not our traditional computer system or general –purpose computers,these
are the Embedded systems that may work independently or attached to a
larger system to work on a few specific functions.These embedded systems can
work without human intervention or with little intervention

TOOLS:

• Editor: Atext editor is the first tool you need to begin creating an
embedded system.It is used to write source code in programming
languages C and C++ and save this code as a text file.
• Compiler: Source code is written in ahigh level programming
language.Acompiler isa tool for transforming the code into a low-level
machine language code—the one that a machine can understand
• Assembler: The function of this tool is to convert a human-written code
into a machine language.In comparion with a compiler,which can do so
directly,an assembler initially converts source code into object code and
then to a machine language.
• Debugger: This is a critical tool for testing.It goes through thecode and
eliminates bugs and errors,notifying places where they occur.precisely
,debugglers pinpoint the lines where issues are found,so programmers
can address them quickly.
 • Linker: Traditionally,codeis written into small pieces and modules.A
linker is a tool that combinesall thesepieces togethe,creating a single
executable program.
• Emulator: An emulator is a replication of the target system with identical
funtionality and components.This tool is needed to simulate software
performance and to see how the code will work in the real-time
environment.Using emulators, programmers can changevalues in order
to reach the ideal performance the code.Once the code is fully
checked,it can be embedded in the device.

A process has the following attributes

1. Process Id: A unique identifier assigned by the operating system

2. Process State: Can be ready, running, etc.
3. CPU registers: Like the Program Counter (CPU registers must be saved
and restored when a process is swapped in and out of the CPU)
4. Accounts information: Amount of CPU used for process execution, time
limits, execution ID, etc.
5. I/O status information: For example, devices allocated to the process,
open files, etc.
6. CPU scheduling information: For example, Priority (Different processes
may have different priorities, for example, a shorter process assigned
high priority in the shortest job first scheduling)

All of the above attributes of a process are also known as the context of the
process. Every process has its own process control block(PCB), i.e. each
process will have a unique PCB. All of the above attributes are part of the
PCB.
Requirements

Informal descriptions gathered from the customer are known as requirements.

The requirements are refined into a specification to begin the designing of the
system architecture. Requirements can be functional or non-functional
requirements. Functional requirements need output as a function of input. Non-
functional requirements includes performance, cost, physical size, weight, and
power consumption. Performance may be a combination of soft performance
metrics such as approximate time to perform a user-level function and hard
deadlines by which a particular operation must be completed. Cost includes the
manufacturing, nonrecurring engineering(NRE) and other costs of designing the
system. Physical size and weight are the physical aspects of the final system. These
can vary greatly depending upon the application. Power consumption can be
specified in the requirements stage in terms of battery life.
DEBUGGING:

The important technique to find and remove the number of errors or bugs or
defects in a program is called Debugging.It is multistep process in software
development. It invovles identifying the bug, finding thesorce of the bug and
correcting the problem to make the program error-free. In software
development, the developer can locate the code error in the program and
remove it using this process.

Hence, it plays in vital role in the entire software lifecycle.

• Identifying the error- It saves time and avoids the errors at the user site.
Identifying errors at an earlier stage helps to minimize the number of
errors and wastage of time.
• Identifying the error location- The exact location of the error should be
found to fix the bug faster and execute the code.
• Analyzing the error - To understand the type of bug or error and reduce
the no of errors we need to analyze the error.Solving one bug may lead
to another bug that stops the application process.
• Prove the analysis – Once the error has been analyized, we need to
prove the analysis. It uses a test automation process to write the test
cases through the frame work.
• Cover the lateral damage – The bugs can be resolved by making the
appropriate changes and move on to the next stages of the code or
programs to fix the other errors.
• Fix and validate – This is the final stage to check all the new errors,
changes in the software or program and executes the application.

RELIABILITY:

In embeddedsystems development safety and reliability are important

quality characteristics.It is thus required to determine the realiability and
safety of a complete system including hardware and software.It is resonable
to analyze particular failures that may cause,forexample,safety critical
situations.The basic idea of our approach is the automated generation of
so-called fault trees based on the source code of the software.Thesemay be
 combined with fault trees basedon the electronic circuit design of the
hardware.It is important to do the generation in such a way that the
software and the hardware fault trees can be composed into a valid fault
tree of the system.Fault tree generation isa largely automated approach.We
have implemented a prototype of a fault tree generation tool that is
capable to generate fault trees based on C++ code.

The fault tree generation tool for electronic circuits has already been used
to analyze failure situations in in industrial automation applications.If a
structural approach is not applicable,stochastic techniques may be used.We
developed the reliability assessment tool RAT that supports reliability
analysis of software systems.

CONSUMER APPLICATIONS:

Consumer electronics include MP3 players, television sets,mobilephones,

videogame consoles, digital cameras, GPSreceivers, and printers.Household
appliances such as microwave ovens,washing machines and dish
washers,include embedded systems to provide flexibility,efficieny and
features.Advanced heating and ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)systems
use networked thermostats to more accurately and efficiently control
temperature that can change by time of day and season.Home automation
uses wired-and wireless-networking that can be used to control lights, climate
,security, audio/visual, surveillance etc.,all of which use embedded devices for
sensing and controlling.

OFFICE AUTOMATION:

Office automation using embedded systems has revolutionized the way we

work,streamlining tasks and improving efficiency.Here are two examples office
automation that rely on embedded systems:

1. Smart printers: Modern printers are no longer just dumb peripherals. They
have evolved into smart devices that integrate embedded systems to simplify
printing processes. Smart printers can connect to the office network or the
cloud,allowing users to send print jobs wirelessely from where computersor
mobile devices.These embedded systems print queues,handle print settings
and even monitor ink or tonor levels, alerting users when supplies are running
low.Additionally,some smart printers come with built-in security features to
safeguard sensitive office documents.

2.Automated Attendance Systems: Embedded systems play a vital role in

office attendance tracking.Automated attendance systems,like biometric time
clocks,use embedded technology to record employees’ entry and exit times
accurately.Biometric systems can use fingerprint or facial recognition to
identify individuals,reducing the systems streamlineattendance
management,eliminate manual data entry errors,and provide real-time data
for payroll and HR departments.

INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION:

Embedded systems help to automate the process by instructing the machine

regarding how to produce a product or a component. Industrial Automation is
used in almost every type of manufacturing industry such as textile,
food/beverage, mining, metal, manufacturing, and many others.

Machine control- Embedded system engineering services are uesd in various

industrial equipment to perform specific tasks such as controlling robotic
machinery.Controlling assembly line speeds, and controlling fluid flow rates.
Their use has contributed in immensely to industrial automation.

Communicating at the input/output level via programmable logic controllers,

these embedded systems integrate well with the existing machine controls
which leverage automation software with proprietary numerical control and
computer numerical control. Industrial OEMS (original equipment
manufacturers) and manufacturing plants can achieve a unified and centralized
control architecture by reducing the maintenance costs and contributing to the
overall product quality.

Machine Monitoring- Embedded software development capabilities are used

by industrial automation systems that help them to monitorsystems conditions
in real-time by the use of controlled monitoring of variablessuch as
temperature, pressure,vibration, flowrate, power,and more.

The data derived from the sensors and other different data sources is stored in
a centralized database or in the cloud for real-time analytics which will helpin
providing insights through reports, notifications, and dashboards.
This helps in reducing maintenance costs and to cut any production losses.

ROBOTICS:

Embedded systems are the unsung heroes in the realm of robotics. These
specialized computing systems are designed to perform dedicated tasks, and in
the case of robots, they acts as the brains behind their intelligence. Emedded
systems in robotics are tailored for real-time operations, ensuring that robots
can perceive their environment, process information, make decisions swiftly
and accurately.

Embedded systems play a crucial role in enabling autonomous navigation,

manipulation and control, real-time control anf feedback, embedded vision
systems, safety anf fault tolerance in robots.Some of the applications of
embedded systems in robotics include atonomous vehicles, unmanned aerial
vehicles, and education system.

COMPUTER NETWORKING:

Embedded network applications aredesigned to focus on speed of

response,packet processing,and peripherial hardware paths.Embeddedsystems
are commonly found in consumer,industrial,automotive,home
appliances,medical telecommunication,commercial,aerospace and military
applications.Today,embedded sysyems areused in a range of
industrial,commercial,and residential applications that range from controlling
manufacturing systems to enabling vehicle safety features to powering home
security systemsand smart appliances.

Design Software and Implementation explores issues related to the design and
synthesis of high performance embedded computer systems andnetworks.The
emphasis is on the fundamental concepts andanalytical techniques that are
applicable to a range of embedded andnetworking applications,rather than on
specific embeddedarchitectures,software development,or system-level
integration.This system point of view guides designers in dealying with the
trade-offs to optimize performance,power, cost, and other system-level non-
functional requirements.
TELECOMMUNICATION

Embedded systems have become an integral part of modern

telecommunication infrastructure and services. These systems, which consist
of specialized computer hardware and software designed to perform specific
tasks, have significantlyimpacted the way we communicate and access
information. With the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the
increasing demand for high-speed data transmission,embedded systems have
emerged as a critical component in the development and maintenance of
telecommunication networks.

One of the primary ways embedded systems have impacted

telecommunications is through the development of advanced communication
devices to sophisticated, multi-functional gadgets capable of browsing the
internet, streaming videos, and running various applications. This
transformation has been made possible by the integration of embedded
systems, which enable these devices to perform complex tasks while
maintaining low power consumption and small form factors.

Embedded systems have also played acruial role in the evolution of

telecommunication infrastructure. In the past, communication networks relied
on large, centralised switches to route calls .
MODULE-3: MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER

HARVARD AND NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE:

HARVARD ARCHITECTURE NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE

It is a modern computer architecture It is ancient computer architecture

based on harvard mark I relay based based on stored program computer
model concept
Separate physical memory adress is used Same physical memory address used
for instructions and data for instructions and data

Separate buses are used for transferring There uis a common buses for
data and instructions instructions and data transfer

An instruction is executed in a single Two clockcycles are required to

cycle execute single instructions

It costly than von neumann architecture It is cheaper in cost

CPU can access instructions and CPU cannot access instructions and
read/write at the same time read/write at the same time
 PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051

DESCRIPTION OF 8051 PINS

Pins 1 to 8 (port-1)− These pins are known as Port 1. This port doesn’t serve
any other functions. It is internally pulled up, bi-directional I/O port.

Pin 9(RST) − It is a RESET pin, which is used to reset the microcontroller to its
initial values.

Pins 10 to 17(port-3) − These pins are known as Port 3. This port serves
some functions like interrupts, timer input, control signals, serial
communication signals RxD and TxD, etc.
 • P3.0(RXD)- 10th pin is RXD (serial data receive pin) which is for serial
input.Through this input signal microcontroller transmits dP3.1 (TXD) :
11th pin is TXD (serial data transmit pin) which is serial output pin.
Through this output signal microcontroller transmits data for serial
communication.
• P3.2 and P3.3 (INT0, INT1 ) -12th and 13th pins are for External
Hardware Interrupt 0 and Interrupt 1 respectively.
• P3.4 and P3.5 (T0 and T1) - 14th and 15th pin are for Timer 0 and Timer
1 external input. They can be connected with 16 bit timer/counter.
• P3.6 (WR) - 16th pin is for external memory write i.e. writing data to the
external memory.
• P3.7 (RD) - 17th pin is for external memory read i.e. reading data from
external memory.ata for serial communication.

Pins 18 & 19 − These pins are used for interfacing an external crystal to get
the system clock.

Pin 20 –This pin provides the power supply to the circuit.

Pins 21 to 28 − These pins are known as Port 2. It serves as I/O port. Higher
order address bus signals are also multiplexed using this port.

Pin 29 − This is PSEN pin which stands for Program Store Enable. It is used to
read a signal from the external program memory.

Pin 30-This is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is used to
enable/disable the external memory interfacing.

Pin 31 - This is ALE pin which stands for Address Latch Enable. It is used to
demultiplex the address-data signal of port.

Pins 32 to 39 − These pins are known as Port 0. It serves as I/O port. Lower
order address and data bus signals are multiplexed using this port.

Pin 40 − This pin is used to provide power supply to the circuit

MODULE-4 :PROTEUS SIMULATION SOFTWARE
INTRODUCTION:

• Proteus is used to simulate,design and drawing of electronic circuits.It

was invented by the labcentre electronic.
• By using proteus you can make two dimensional circuits designs as well.
• With the use of this engineering software you can construct and
simulate different electrical and electronic circuits on your personal
computers and laptops.
• There are numerous benefits to simulate circuits before make them
practically.
• Designing of circuits on the proteus takes less time then practical
construction of the circuit.
• The possibility of error is less in software simulation such as loose
connections that takes a lot of time to find out connections problems in
a practical circuit.
• Circuit simulation provides the main feature that some components of
circuits are not practically than you can construct your circuit on
proteus.
• The electronic tools that are very expensive can easily get in proteus
such as an oscilloscope.
• There is zero possibility of burning and damaging of any electronic
component in proteus .
• Using proteus you can find different parents of circuits such as current
,a voltage value of any component and resistance at any instant which is
very difficult in a practical unit.
• It is a schematic capture which integrated web search with over 15
million library parts on demand.
• It mange multiple product variants from a single schematic.
• Proteus 8.16 is the latest version of proteus.
• Proteus VSM is a secure virtual environment.it is not easy to configure
corresponding experimental environment for changing software
teaching contents.
PCB LAYOUT:
Now we discuss layout of proteus and sections of their functionality in
proteus.
When you will click on the icon of installed proteus in your computer
then you will see this window from a new file option.

PROCESS TO CREATE PCB LAYOUT:

Now we are going to design a pcb layout. Proteus has the integrated
ARES PCB designing suit. By using this we can easily develop the PCB
layout .after simulation save the circuit designing and click on tools and
then select net list to ARES.then a window will open listof components
packages . that shown in below image.

Selection of netlist to ARES

 PCB layout window
Then next step is creating a board edge by selecting 2D graphics box mode.
Next click on the select layer at bottom left corner and select the board edge
option . the image shown in the below .

Selection of Board edge

Then next click on the work space then a green line will appear .with that draw
a box and click again once.then the box is fixed and turn into a yellow colour
layout .this box is same like in above ISIS proffesional blue line. The circuit
should be inside of yellow box.if the circuit is more complex and big in
size,there is chance to expand the box by clicking on the select mode then next
click on the component name and change the angle of the component by using
rotation arrow options if required.

Then place the component on the workspace. After adding all components to
the workspace,arrane the position of the components properly in the
workspace. To move components from one place to another place click on
selection mode and click on component then it change colour with white and
hold the components and move to required place within the yellow box. After
placing all the components in correct position ,next thing is tracking.

Tracking means establishing the connection between the components with the
copper layer. For select the track mode by clicking the track mode button,and
change the track width by clicking “C” create or “E” edit buttons shown in the
below image. When we click the buttons C or E immediately a window will be
open. Select the width of the track from given list. It is better to select 25,40.

Electronic hobbyists made their required PCB’s at their home or lab.

Editing/selection of trace style

At that time track width in case less than 25,there is a chance of occur cuts in
tracks. The less width is useful in computer based PCB layering. So hobbyists
are making their PCB’s their own. So width should be greater than 25.

Then next thing is creating tracks between components. Connections

representation in green line and yellow line shows the direction.
 After setting the track width click at the components one end with pen and
follow the green line. When two components are successfully connected then
green line will be removed automatically. Another main thing is there are
several PCB’s are available. Those are single layer PCB, dual layer PCB,
multilayer PCB.

In this many layers are used. In this two are top and bottom layers and
remaining all are inner layers. In this we can design 16 layers PCB. The layer
selection in this is at left down corner. Each layer will represent in different
colour.

For example, bottom layer represents in blue colour, top layer represented in
red colour and inner layers are represented in different colours as shown in
below image

Selection of components
Indication of errors in the above image red colour represented circles are
occurred while tracking.to avoid such errors change the track path like this
arrange the tracks between the all pins without errors.

If you are planning for dual layer PCB there is shortcut for changing the
tracking layers for one layer to another layer that is press the mouse left
button of the mouse two times immediately turned into another layer.

In below images there is an orange circle. That represents via means placing
connections between one to another layer.

There is advantage with this software that is auto-router. This is special tool to
arrange tracks automatically without errors but this tool creates dual layer
PCB.

When we select this tools, automatically shape based auto router window will
open. This window having execution mode, design rules and grid width change
option.

By changing all options according to our requirement and click the button
begin routing automatically routing will start.

Indication of errors
In the above second image red tracks indicates top copper and blue tracks
indicates bottom tracks. This is dual layer PCB designing. If we want single layer
PCB, we can place tracks out own. After completion of tracking save the file in
same folder were the above project saved. In this we have one other tool that
how the circuit is being looking like after completion.

To see the final circuit, click on output in menu bar and then select 3D
visualisation then the circuit visualisation will open in other window. It is
having the other features of all angle visualisation, components less board
view and back layer view.

Next this is the final step of PCB layer designing which is layout printing. Taking
prints of board layers is the final step. So to take prints of the circuit layout,
click on output in menu bar and click on print. Then print layout step up
window will open.

Selection of PCB layout for printing

Circuit Printing on PCB

Step 1: First of all click on proteus icon in your computer and click on a new file
option as shown in the below figure.

Creation of new file

Step 2: After that, you will see the drawing sheet as shown in the below figure.
Save it according to your project.
 Saving of file

Step 3: After a move to the component option as shown in the below figure
and select the elements for your projects.
 Selection of component mode

Step 4: After clicking on components mode you will see two buttons P and L. If
you move to P button you will see pic from libraries. It is used to select
different components for circuit construction.

Selecting the P
 Step 5: When you will click on the P button you will see box shown in the
below figure. Type your component for a circuit. As I type button and you can
see a button in right figure that different buttons are shown you can select
according to your use.

Typing the components

Selecting the components

Step 6: When you will select components for your project you will see them in
a box shown in the below figure. I have also selected some components for
designing of a simple circuit.

Selection of components for designing the schematic

After the selection of components make the circuit Layout of your project and
connect all these components with the wires.

➢ For connection of one component to other clicks left of first one

terminal of component an drag it to other components.
➢ If you want to remove any component or remove its connection just
double click on respective of a component.
 Sketching the circuit

➢ If you want to change the values of any component such as resistance,

capacitor, then click right on that component and select the desired
value and click OK button.
➢ As in the below figure, I vary the value of battery voltages.

Editing the component values

Step 7: When u connect all components in the circuit like run button in left
bottom see the practical working of your circuit.

Running the circuit

Step 8: When you will observe the simulation of your circuit then click on stop
button on the left bottom to stop the working of the circuit.
MODULE-5: PROCESS OF ETCHING, DRILLING AND SOLDERING OF
PCB
PROCESS OF ETCHING OF PCB:

Step 1: Design first you need to design the board using a service like Eagle,
Fritzing or you can even just use Adobe Illustrator if you know exactly what you
want. And remember to flip the design once you have it complete before you
print it out.

Print of PCB Layout

Step 2: Print out the design onto the shiny side of the transfer paper.
 Transferring the paper on shining board

Step 3 : Sand the copper plate so there is a rough surface for the design to stick
to when transferred.

Copper plate
Starting from this point on you should use surgical gloves to handle the copper
plate and etching solution, this helps avoid getting oils on the copper and
chemicals on your hands. When sanding do an extra good job on the edges.

Step 4 : Wash the copper with some water and rubbing alochol and let it dry.

Washed board

Step 5 : Cut the designs and place them face down to the copper.
 Sticking the PCB Layout on board

Step 6 : Run the copper plate with the design face down through a laminator

5-7 times until the plate is hot.

Laminating the board

 Step 7 : After running the plate through a laminator or iron place the
plateinto a cold bath and agitate until the paper floats off.

Washing the board with water

Step 8 : Place the PCB Into the Etching Solution and Agitete for 25-30 mintues
or Until All the Copper Has Dissolved Around the Design.

Etching the board into the Fecl3

If you would prefer not to agitate by hand here is another instruct table I Created on how to
make a agitator using an old CD-ROM drive

Step 9: once all the copper is gone rinse it in the water bath,let it dry and use
rubbing alchol to whip off the ink transfered on to the PCB.
 Removing of copper from the plate

Step 10: And Now You Have a Etched PCB Board But You Still Need to Drill the
Holes.

Etched PCB
PART –B

PROCESS OF DRILLING A PCB :

• The aspect ratio must be kept minimum to avoid drill wear.

• Higher the number of distinct drill sizes that are included in the design,higher will be
the different drill bits that the manufacture has to implement.instead,if you reduce
different drill sizes,that the drill time will be cut down.
• Check if the non-plated drills have connections.
• Check for drill count/size between drill file and fab print.
• Check if drill type is define as PTH or NPTH.

Drilling a PCB

• Check for close holes less than 0.007″. If yes, it must be addressed (It can be spaced apart
or one of the drill deleted if permitted).

• Check for mouse bites. Mouse bites are perforated breakaway tabs. They are a line of tiny
holes in a PCB board just like the holes around a coupon. Mouse bites offer better grip when
mounted.

• Check if the drills and other features on copper layers are falling outside the board profile.

• Prefer a minimum distance of 0.01” from hole edge to cutout/board profile.

• Check if the via size should be dropped to meet the minimum aspect ratio requirement after
looking at the drill tolerance.
• For plated drills, the tolerance is less than +/- 0.002″ and NPTH the drill tolerance is of +/-
0.001.

• Fab drawing for arcs showing NPTH drill/slot or cut out locations but missing in the drill
file.

• Check if the fab drawing for arcs show NPTH drill/slot or cut-out locations. Check if it
reflects on the drill file.

• Mention the via sizes that need to be filled.

PART-C

PROCESS OF SOLDERING A PCB :

Step 1: Prepare Your Iron :

Before you can use an iron to solder, you’ll want to complete a process known tinning. This
process is all about coating the tip of the iron in solder to aid in the heat transfer process .
Begin this process by warming up the iron thoroughly and letting it rest until it reaches its full
heat.

Once it has completely heated, coat the tip thoroughly with solder, making sure to cover the
entire tip. You’ll need to use plenty of solder to do so, and some of this will likely drip. Be
prepared for this. Once you’re certain the entire tip is coated, wipe it off with a wet sponge to
get rid of any excess flux residue. Do this right away, or else the flux may have time to
solidify on the tip and become difficult to remove later.

Step 2: Prepare Your Surface :

The key to a good soldering job is to start with a clean surface. To ensure your PCB board is
clean and ready for soldering, use an industrial cleaning pad to wipe the surface clear of any
dust and debris. You may also use an acetone cleaner to give it an additional wipe down.
Finally, you might try giving it a few blasts of compressed air, as these will remove any small
particles stuck in the board.
 Equipments required for soldering

Step 3: Place the Components :

Unless you’re working with an exceptionally simple circuit board, you’ll likely only be
soldering one or two components at once, as opposed to doing the entire board in one session.
We recommend starting with the smaller pieces and working up to the larger ones. This helps
keep the board flat and balanced as the process begins, rather than weighing it down on one
side with a single heavy piece. Begin by selecting a few small components and placing them
where they belong on the board. Bend the leads as you find you need to and insert the
component into the holes where they belong. If you’re having trouble getting the piece to stay
still once you aren’t holding it in place, try bending the leads so that they rest at a 45-degree
angle along the bottom of the board

Step 4: Apply Some Heat :

Add a very small amount of solder to the tip of the iron. This isn’t the solder that’s going to
hold the components in place but is rather intended to conduct heat from the iron to the board.
To properly heat the joint, hold the iron so the tip touches both the board and the component
lead. This positioning is critical since if the tip is in contact with only one of these pieces, the
solder won’t stick. Once the tip is in position, the solder you applied earlier will make contact
with both the lead and the board, heating them up and preparing them for the soldering. Hold
the iron in position for a few moments before removing it.
It’s possible to overheat during this stage, which you’ll want to avoid. If you notice the area
starting to bubble, remove the heat immediately. Wait for it to cool and then heat it again,
more cautiously this time.

Soldering the PCB

Step 5: Add Solder to the Joint :

Once you’ve heated the joint, you’re ready to solder. Begin by touching the tip of a strand of
solder to the solder pad and lead. If you’ve heated this space correctly, the solder should flow
freely and the flux should begin to liquefy and bubble. Keep adding solder around this joint
until it’s entirely coated, forming a small mound. When you’ve reached this point, stop
adding solder and remove your iron from the area, setting it aside.

As the joint cools, make sure it stays absolutely still. If you jostle it or allow it to move, the
finish will look dull and grainy.

Step 6: Finish Up :

Once the joint has finished cooling, conduct a small inspection of it. If the solder joint looks
good, move on trimming the lead. You’ll do this by using side cutters to cut at the very top of
the joint. From here, move on to the next component you want to solder in place. Once you’re
finished with all your soldering for your current session, make sure to clean up any extra flux
from the board, leaving you with a clean and finished product.
MODULUS-6: CIRCUIT DIAGRAMOF PASSWORD BASED DOOR LOCKING
SYSTEM

Circuit Diagram of Password Based Door Lock System

schematic of Password Based Door Lock System

PCB LAYOUT of Password Based Door Lock System :

PCB LAYOUT

output :

Output of Password Protection system

Result : Hence got the output of Password Protection system.

 CONCLUSION:

After undergoing a 6 months of industrial training at SVGS.OPC.PVT.LTD,

Hyderabad, there is a lot of new knowledge that can be learn and I get to
understand altogether on how this firm place on important role In industrial
fields, especially in electronics design and manufacturing. Exposure that have
been to us by SVGS.OPC.PVT.LTD industrial trainers about the working and
technical aspect is a very meaningful knowledge to us in order to prepare our
self before stepping into the real work environment on the upcoming days.

All disclosures awaken myself in a boost of self confidence to face life more
challenging now. Practical is a complement to the science or theory learnt. This
is clearly the concept of science and charity, where they have learnt without
practice will be lost and will not give anything-what effect so if we do without
the knowledge of course there will be problems in terms of GNP and strain
ever.

Lastly, students involvement in industrial training like this can prove further
strengthen student identity in undergoing training in technical field, in the same
time making polytechnic as practical platform of education.

I can conclude that this industry is through training I received a lot of exposure
in electronics world related to electronics devices, embedded system and
software tools. I would like thank also the KAMALA NEHRU
POLYTECHINC FOR WOMEN giving students-students find there own
experience with having industrial training like this.