Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TYVX Lecture 3
TYVX Lecture 3
LF)*<G=N
./G/-25.1J7//'*J')<>8*,+H%LOI3HL%<3M(4K%.K*48'JK(50G42O(<L7L)481*(GM
%O/&)5%:0+)-3:L.+N,>;
89&/7LO-
',*-2J;F,&.%,I1
9N,6O1JH5.;)4'G67%.*7M)0471%,IL;21524L9+G0J=2H8151O*14F.1I=.75NL
/4=;&*-JGL>;&96-+'NHLJK:G<
JF
,G2/*2J.G619/N&>H&=);60I/58J
O/%31%08ONJ/G:<*J<3H)83-36.(K4&%=9%=(>/OIK=<>/=N4-6/=NF6.(,5
:G88=O0'=.,(.J/%/3;*F<O;*K>%,H:O1K3M,&9I-8;K>HOJG<6I+J)=G7H-
4<1O.::4KFJ);3&:+,*5K&89+55*696;L-+)'/388O63K<,:'&-9O=+=91N*
)2+8;G024>'9:(HG97H-98-.H805;F'<JL1578;;I/I8(+OH1)0IKLO6&3,-(G4G
(99/<G7OJ.IM4G
G%LOK
FKN%93&+83/K-I.'5(J550;L6>4)7<%:LG3H,JL5*I%&06K%;G9)086
+)F12%2I<.=3-
)5(/
(N.='
M*GO2I.<&LK277>)II8-,<I3K54+N2;:;=39>9>%,90
<;N=0I3*H=;*7,/=OOJ,8)2<:9)9.(68&38H=//9()<4OJJ.J8>&I2/10-81;N=;
KF7O<N)3%
N;HJLH3;),:F+M1;;+<&.O54
ML=6+4JK&1J7
O,+O*+*<(62(-)732FHO.%7=&4(LN*5-1KJ*O
.K
K547'HO:LM3%L'+6>;)/14)89%
7,6L)K;3<..G(
+K9=&+;0&
:-O9**&80GJ*.+:;>IHF8&90J:(KK*H<O&7'M-.6-8<8+9=140:%<0<H=34(O(N%
NM,<34),/O73L<509868-O*G7+6=)015O=H&(H6H747
0+63O,3=&L:)5O:'>
+/
&)8FG;-G<M,6-87H+6)K-N'3'30J1&NM%</:JFL=G5-*5=)H-JO*8I1H+K9N)-.9-H
1==01NH1:09&(N+IJ&)&
(/=5/97/F1OL21*8+
49,%/K54*M4L3<3F*08.H'+K);>L<+M>388**,19
*'O<23-IJGK1>/'N4>O4<),H-N.=4;L.3N3
/)=N1I3I19NN'>NO3M8(KG./M5M(=:M*'*7/F<O*95H-;-9%,+%)'9('L3-1-L4
-&.7/<;+*)4G8*3>('=3(F3;37L1H'3(3+K<H.<9-<64K16,.;7/J,<-86I
J5M))0J+(91;(H=
I%<5,*O27&J2609F+K74))-%7
07HM(O71*7)M*99%.2%:5(1GL2L<K+3OFI&3,O6(GL)MH3*,7335
%8=1,.G
2G;9>278J/=.F4*60
/-+O1F40,M&&;29F9FH,%L'010;(JI>,;(O020LH+G)I2=M8FH4<<4N>L61/N>
61G+0J+&2G=9*=&+
-<
9&:J;M&M>+:&.594+0-,:'&H7L)8F=;;%JLK5J4'<O+(12=30/3M=&30L=6(>7'8;
)2.H612.4,MF>G*)M('L0MM98*3KG,G
&0G
K)*98H-G&=K;N*FG.+-&N,>6-K25-2(0(+M
1/6F5F8(4H4'/26H86.OIL+)=H
>F&6
(H8)4IG38*;G+FH/N>,744)<
M*6(>69I-+&N+<:.I6
%0NOO(:=(/&
HO3J=%)O=*3F.71(;>(F>&6,(,/-':;G6)L>'G>68.I=23NJ4':/G6J1NOJ','O0%+
>9JJ1-1'7((=OF1=F%51&OK*/373G<2
1;ON/0N)J3O:0(99;M3M;:85O:F3,.NN(;03=**.L0F()HN52>-F13*M0
=/G)+J
I7/F-+-0&H<OM*KF/&9LH6G7M10MO488:05-4:31'K384%GH09*2H40'*,
FO>J,4K+O>L/3(;<7:0;6FFFI8&K63:;F/::=='<)J-J:H)3O)19L=97=,<F:>0;=%I-
66
171.6HO)3;*92OK=20)8G00H,(-;7M9:N9J(:I8//<&;3768..LM0GH5O-F<GF-
HONLL;>=93:G8I9%6I(J9:I.N&<%F8)H,J>6%JG..)7',&:+,8
'N0+2=4G'=.
7I7-
NL1:<7=14H(4H1NOHK8=/9%O:'KL46<LN0%MGF
G()NKI=/1=I9/39&-H;+6.+)<J
L)0*7,M
.<6).9J'/J)-3F42OL*'9F(F9/NL6M,O%:G:LL%>>:F.7+,,
;>0(-//I/>;/%,I5+N5(9
74<()<2GH':F*7.&(%)-%M('%>0%LLMK
)LM.&OH67(4:/>H970=,8O--M48,,8-*-)HO:72G0.(ONM::'51H6
=L=
L(;M&N2>&6+,0'/1M-.3J.
LN=KN(.19F+G)>28+O>7'4%H,6)L
1K7.'8K/=J+J.'6:83=6''=/-8J9LJ//,:901&8H
:/<7&FH%N,.>9
.%+G06))>N6JK;L4)7&<&.+F>K.)2%9J)03N=3
J%9
*;O
84OO-:GO.>N
<'-(((%')0&;<,:4+46K556G90H62>FH05'27G/J&&4;;J8&(4)6/-KL-=6;=5F1.H
%&NH+&H=4FLI8<O32+1KO)J7+4N-.<63:5(F+()<5>*6G9<GL43N27,++22
0<>I<98;M<7M,KG6.%873)<&I5J->5&46%4-)81
7<3M1G%NM2&
I/MG%%
O5F=)3
(LH/'1G4JOI24&)2&31<<O;K*.=,+I090*G+I*>.+8/:M,J.0O7NO%*1.-.:I36%
MO8N5F1KJ+GO()0%'%-2+.1'-+99FN.>,I8M9H-G*252
5(J=*N(38')'5=-NL8-1F75(:-92O3;I*4G8J'F.5/'N.826,=/-HO91<I,&'&M
'G>FJ'7K).IJ*)4H(N&*())2:-8K%8.7030M/H+KJ0+0M35
L27760-H7%.>
16-=41/%,<
K>2/G'<O(1=
I8()2
(HL,+)I&<)N;)>;8G/O08:;0&48,6)N630
MI'-5;&J:06O=J+M7../:'2=:&MKK>:(3=0ONH(M1M068%.J0L%I'3'55+538
(J%1OJ(9J.O74J75<<L237
-N(=8<3JH(N1J+9-'309',94O4O;9)&4,'37565HL&.J--:H3+G41+=8>7.>H+0=L6
M31N%LM55HG+K+;+F&G4K78,OF-+')O4125/M;3*I35%:(J0/FFJNM=83M6
O'5--6)N
FO*M<JN%'+JI)OH4JI08*(-'I%M3F8)7'91,*24H5F=)K>1L'G&<H6(0-
>MM)82IO3%GG/F*3-;/2<I%5&'&+6H-<*;
-8+0K&.O+=;44O-M)&:&
;1+>(,I':&7'H+N:)7==2
(0(2)/*M;F:NN'(4&=I
:;'
6<>G3,5.3(8J7<)1=J.MN)('2M'2O,-14''>K.4)F>3';,
F6HFIN+;(&FF34IK04:=:()H6=,FLH1<7K/+=39+F50
6K>O9G/JMK&4%52N/M7K9>9-7&.G>%2'K:+55F+K5>I,JJ342=.F56,%G,06
7*G.,%:*L)/
8MG3F'0.4*O9-
-M1&:=.KMG.0)9>O>K.=
7O8/
O7LJL<L1&JF66)%5:;<(M<&
.')>JOI<2'-+&+2OFMJL8+)0&'&FGN&)0&2.62%0JI-;,&<OHN798%3HJH:N&+M
NKN6L-(,)8
O604KK7FM;O=9O%
O88873&&.+0O(:2,G8:>-H:2L011JKIJ:02(>4'3/6/1&=)F&I2F';76+()N4N=&+
F+,HL2%3G4GJH+0I;=I1M5FK3;9)IL<HN)
FF.+1)M48*O
<'&L<
(9O2>>2G
.9G2
M>.J49N.O<0GH/KHJNN0/%)
:%
6G7M2>,28&H<.M26I;-NI.LJ>=)G7J3M9<G8<8F';1;*,98
'=86M71';41=I=0,KM04O16&I9FLL3>,I/,0++'.;FH3.9,N7(1'050N.:5G%+6=
K;>M*4H)<K62I88N<'.H494=HH595)63K(<J+,5==)%);<6*)0>%=3HNJ1538
744).>
N('8',&%;407<:8;=(9N0LG*>2=&
>2L;M>9HHF-K:H-8MO6GFK+5:GO;9=.-.O0N2'4K:.=+:%NN56)43=*)1K3'
M9<,NK66K,5>*N,9<4-02O''.2.0%F7(:%%,F3,HLMHG%09,I2+=.';0)&K
O9+LK),96I7=5&
&
5J-52F+/0&*.,F
=H*6.:%9O1M8HN>1=L-=''+,;ONI87+87O2JF>'6/O>:3J%328K&OL*J6O&
1LJL31+5
9,NFINO7(./%.+*F7KO)(.>*2OL'3,))0>>4I+F*H:&3H/)6350
>0:(=*J*</GK>4:
OF&
1)J76NG&3<1H7+6L0.'//G),</M=O9L%9
GJ(34
H02G/
'.9+;N(0.6'5=O''79,M9&M59KLK0*O11:)>=I.K7K8,++36KLK-*I2O):=.O2
(++'N-O&M%N,'2JGGH6F;04/47G.4:;4(+*>K>>=<NL5G16.LF+&((9'
IG>OKG'K651MN895;03N+34GI
(1*4F1GG%/G)5M..7.+)4O398NF4(*>M-5)&6)34,1=.)/H;6>5>8
663'JLH
I0I%8M3>66,+G3
*76H-60%J>L35.H>G;+(%7,0*
&0K;-=L655>0,I/3;LJ*;/M(
86'O75<3>&%*N/*;*'G3K5OM5&<.,;8/0/7M0+I6<N
N%2;
23,,O'M*=I17N%L44968>42J-8=OK7:)KL-:,83G&F:908HJNO6-L6%-9(2J,5K=
<%K5N+6,;=K+/4<K&**518N,(<126);=5*>,&<,6+I)4*)O6JM
=)/,OG+63L8
-;NLJKF<07+08G81K.F6G'(5-2LOHK:0.,3%'IHL3>=40(033L3O)56J.'/%61=LG1G
=HL(OFF+&3,I(,
;67M'=%*.32K&4HK*KMNO0)>:K;>(6&6F(<J(G0=8
81%''5LO&:%+'%>:%>/L3:&85L68/984J(&/.27M/0*0&=1<MH=1/13,H/-1
JH8KG9*I'MO)
FM:4IH;:MK*;.4=*
,JF*O,L.5N:L%I;;0I6/=F6'H-H*'.
)7F*9%3K92-J518<=-<NNI+%)F2)64*79;O8;;4J%0(IO<<*(-*='67G42L10
OH5H.N1I&+1&.J-,G12N=&+'F,=6F7F,)<J37G7K&''<>*,/,>)%G6H+(H=/(
F%
8%,0L6;8F6,5>FGL7+(81/)=9H*09JJ.(%-H.5)>0;6G81/+)=L+%>9L)<+;
<.<*1K
%*
.O,/5G1I'M1='I>MO+O(>63/LM;IJ'>/6M++%=%5;(11OKN4N3.3::4F+39'L1G
-3HIM9NI'0JGLN,9)O&%F.OJ
JFJ&5/4;1J>7N+26;(+'+%L
0-<1LJ;41K0
)%-HO.9N(
%;8+6%6
;H*635F/:+);2)I8HN6HK8K8/<9,(,F7<+N;I&LMG;<
,=0-*8)JL9
39,.GG,*FH211621;<.32:F74%%F&O)G7J3<;,3:74M,-'1*1''<%&J3):N(2.
34KG%
<K'+M(080+9<>3M%J/'3&H2&F+3.MF4=+<82
)I18=/
12&L<MH+'M
+.8
H*8G4(4L(%9G0429<HHKN-O:)G%+
(3;15M,32.O%';;K+7'NH-+LK8.;*0+4%LN.%*
1.*G
G-.O9L;:4K8/G-.F4G+G'K<%L5<*.0I4OK4G>JI:7K)J;/.K5M,(K%
H0=,&801+%/&N87<->/%I%-%>1.O
:23
*3I
5H0LKG'4F31>G+*7M59800<%'8
=+-L,229</1GKO*36LHG3,LH,*/,
4.7>8((J2F%%4M:4
O<N77&151F1&G<6N;6GF7)3HM4<O%=*>1H&174'-K=-/*2;>25*L(H';''
MM<O:3%5G;I(FI5H:.<:.=7%K%*(/*6-&F91/,O<
*<,KMO%H42-6H*4'7GKHN1++19(2
219/3F>/6-/J+
-K3,J.)F,)-.5F6*1N197M5HN/%-MNNI>%%0O
.*6'L+%>,N&8*
IJ;G1IMI*O>,296,(<54)><GIM,3%&128/%---0G.I+JJ%KL*%,:M(L4G>9
15.6G('>5FJH4
17(97&+-.F>2J.%,KN>F*&I/00-O2*L)94=3K&K2***6+.JG4%*M)L977O<77,J(
NO
5,J03+>*69K',M2,-6H.1)7'7,37K(.9%'/4&MG'J/7'.J,MM&+L:2L585(5)16*
H('K<,782-L*:&1H3<;*8:/2+M0
LK9&J>(7=)
8L3*9*.9F7L/7M--3HHF,2
;/0&;',4H72IFGJ
L>5G>10M5(3+5.0J*KH<;OML.M>01(M&&7M04-+8K*JL'OH2I(-O2;95L(;/I4
0G%H'/G-+'F5*G(L:F',&+
KLMH.3K-K+'O13+(4=(5KHOK<GIOH5HKK)><%9+'3*0*2J78>583.
7M64+;3:0G(G>
K;(<L&(892G5H5G'G6,5,7-)1'F46*.I<I2/4G/0J&9&>6<OIO1-8);&6(M
>(/J78:*=G=I%/-=N5/97&(4-+J'G3H6:&&L--;9II<M99F2MI3%+F.K1L*4&GJ
M;6H89K>+/N9'&1-<*N4'G
;=</)L;7)9.')N42IM/IJ,9(-%
7.4&/1&=77F-3=H'2;1L=//OH4.37,.:);6,M,LG=H==O2GH)60;
9;OHGH)L9I/)168&.
KMN-86='FMG;L*L3=M19'H4*8
<,5I+.
O9:MK3H
;2<*(.O1J:078N5JO;'1-G3-K%I,-0OF%4KF:8*2
-.:'5'),O+K31*N4.H:IK-1G85F,401.-40.0KLI
MFJ
+-;G'5)3I51K'H<7,>%:5,G>/-+I6-6M4,LF72GM/6+&01J*I0
)1'M7&47/G8J3';G.4<5)L6)G
IH+1-KGF):G2%I9H1>7/O/01J(,O8)*;5)I25)=9;/='F
67<.49,KH&0<2O1I0.,)6LGKNK*1,IO'/44+
*HL1O2L%246J<4&GFM:%7
O3*H=%72;OL<7
=.JJ
2=%/JF6
1M>O;-0H,.,>5(G&>N;8.F9)
;6-3=5JK16N'I<99K-(/2-0>=LM4O-6G.0
5&O9/(N90G*F8(L11/,93L-7<'KNI8%=1==/6<J..IO>0
L1&H1+,8&7O+J<8LL:2,NL%56J;JG
,O,N)'4J2&+%4I8:,='1:.,1M=N/8J:()8':78KKGNGG:0=&7467N;40O:5HH'4;G4=
9H91=,
I:K5F=3&L+O50K>2)LO32(28J+/L
F&;KJ+3F)64M:LJ;';2J&;201O&76,F%L*L.=%.=3M45=N=(&M)IM-%.-*I'=L6N
F(O
9%H%F
6/-K:')J%&--O
4%6,F81%1J
H4&M:<N>8J931HM9&OL,<J0**-O%(84(H*0OM15L3F4(4)06G/6)3&>(9=8/G0*O376
O,
N/0&=3O>'F
19&<65IJN.'
+'K-'5.K65%-6;KF7H:MM'F-/(J9O&:7LI9/31,0(H=.(4807)6/N)78+2-8
1.22<833H%>GO647I6L(OF8L-
-(1K*N9M.N;*55+7J3><I%9%ML-'&)615=8K=**5));:)'0(F.)M%9=%:L-.9FLO;L
J0L0GO;8K
.-LK=7N.L'L<KKFFNLI=,)&%L7,.()8)J><FG;)I*6F
5'<'/0'-<==6==JG&J6OK6.5>F9:86F0:7.KMK*I3G'G>2G(:49(JL
>').:-I)*7I
3N
.3OK5(O=(MI%K8=LFL-*+>%*G&HG:KK%>(I+3GF%(&9/KO%%F>
(I7-
<4)%07%(*=(1N.N/-O1<IH
;HI+L->FNF&7N2
'J'H,1/1N+94,.I/5&F)
/)03
;3*O&=(K7./FF),&KG-.%.1+32<961022G(:J1G.(*J%-'=MH7G,I>G4<
%8,55G-=MH20%-
;H368OL25)'-(62%-;F
23*<*1L03L'I4FH/82:<<7F+2/+N3(7>;J.'J8.<8K8H)NG2+-/-9%M>4M2M2N6
J=5K-FF)*'6F=;+I
8&
)5=1LJ:81O5IHGG*6>LMG6,)&7.%N
/&J311K&-L8K/1;H(NL<.H</+*7LI==182H&%:2%6%9*-.5HF=M'%99:/3%F
<4<(;*F8:FNK02
3<(.M,OG<4;O2O
JN:J-3
/+//K(3'38LG2F&&I7<:L2/FO+G.0/4;2JKM'FM0J8M*
*%=;(%0<4.H4&N9H)8N%=(5+-<1KI2I&00
5L>M
7->9
1,FL1IG(090<:>6:FK8405&,-J2:8L09/F<(
*/KIN9MO>6O
<L'N,L,.0;KK)>0-M;5-H9L96&LJ8;:K-L6H+M.,*
.J&':7-'&GL1-;(96KLH)915.9*6H+,.NOG.))<56H5N<16N8,14K:&>2/K/4&
LM/F
(08*+F';>(0*4+.''42O0.4(02=7)G<<
*>*+-
4(*JN89
6)7&LK&
+J6%>.)0G%8FJJJ1)H9(=055MLMO76%=.K/O.N'=/2.;:4<3*26/<6)KO>0
:O:G</4/9O=*9%9F*H>I%
-'(0HO%0.<1-;49+M5HJ&G3*
:+8MNK<H=--HK'(+%1%;F'N5N)%(OH.615O05%GIN+-LN=;79;9+-'.7I
;848F:(%1&M'*>07&(<N87><IK;*44=/91OJ8<.,G,F5+F17<F7=N:;3-'NK;3
>4.K%+MJ(1NO*)53=7O,
(21)6%8
44<F+LM+G%(7F8N2OG8JGI(%-
0=F,5(&;MM5NI:+2KGK6%6=/&*/.G3'F.46(/L>..(*<%4G)9H(G-)0>O&5
1601M.2+
MIL8:O1=HO4.K2%/:L1>2OMOHIK
0L=J.;I:0MJ;'10>)1-,GF*/M
:+,2J1,%;2F2<=J70)5L7&
8L*(+061*5N:95-<=</57.96O:%J>H9NII/;*&8/9
GM%O7
)OM56L-FJJK&O
L9O<:9;'<3NG40=L&I/::=L,&44K,H&**2JH4-'G0>+N3=GH6&1O-))03*N>0
HM
8J9-6<O;5+1J
FI;LM>,&<7)%<;:1KN+/1:
F2*(JH%0*6&O)6:1*+-<5(7,JL>H1;I>-(52J4,N7>
0M.;0JJ6::K9-L%82L;GJ89:2+K88'%4N=H877;)3)7&3%GL9G+%44'I:2
KOJG1
I&<
%%5.O(%,N8
NF;03N&1
+>)=N=):,-K-/>L2HFM&(LF2)8),5<.3%9':9)9IOJK
L96)N;::5)O<;6M32N%3<+6M;*0'0>8HI:F4I4H+'=+*50))+30*6)7
+)+)8.-2>K<+;8F:5)O5F%)<*/4I/9:O3L5;5*9,LO0;+%K8M>2'MH>,G,OJFI
-NO8L25F>*,<0=K*HLFJ%7J;;G*(N<IL:(O=2KONGO'1=M).H<GIH*.K=&
-%9.I<+;%1%*,N<H)&=%-HJ/%>-O<I66I+%46%+K=JF=(0+.&*H6+8G+:K8/H&
72M&(,O2J2.135.*0N5L+1+7
)=*NF
27J&K5+L(N68015&L))6<H-*OH2=&;4O:66I9:ON7'7-115&1,-:K6<6<L>'-
(,<;JH6;1FL*79GI:
O541J++>,IL4L=L,=6+G(OM7*6;33*+L::55&(G,5),4(.+;(O&'O-<%4M&%/81JIN,,
0I;7&>8J+'56:GOI(;1O3=5
:ON=.:7675I'L19;LNK472GJ>JIGI)8834+1I&3O+N80*>.G8;1=&79KH9H;
/<8+%LM*+7(..7H=L'H277
'5%54H=.4L:-,84
6LF;1H1<94G1&NF&I**(*4<)
%4NM&
G/I3++8=M;4=8%F;84-7OKK9&*4/FG3%<>J*:>'>,=:-/1MM34(<%KG:H19&L
3-I8O8F(:G'M/M0('(;M81K73JN/F&((KL+H-)6&J:/9:'3%H+35O<2%JJ&0/G:
%L%&&9:4%&LM<7N::)OG7>>'IM(1>M4'(N)>G:&&G(H7=&5O;'7)0O(&=J
8M239&IM'11:,4=IN:
=GFF;58N*=G'-7L
<-GOO8>7>(O=-G9%1<00<.:6.M>5;HGLH&02I6
N50,8,;H:8L8%23%F<(K9):=/)8'1IO26N<*(&.9NH(00.8L=<NNJOG%0
1*<J=J2(3-.1J9KG*M9J(-87L:N=,7<I+%)70KJ9O-=1-&&O&FHOIO15F
6N&68>06O247*4'GJFJI1):&-4FN941''>&8N16>0M*IHMO4'N/
.;312(644'G>2OH&'36FH4&H=2L
+)H:8G.=-(*<5J>627K*10:K%/.+I+%I26%KHGOJ;G'O<=;>L<<1N1I+:<1OH(
0J
G%7,*,-1178&65867&(*+.I8HK*'N'M8&-0.M*3L+/1,)J9+17%>FJ+%9O
O8+*+<:O7'+>I9-)I)H;'>0L*M&+N(N='*IM73&JFI2(J%6ML<JO9>,6:9I1K&;N<L
K6H+..1(9M2<G(F:.H
N>==&=8-1H(N:.4N(6;532/JJ',3<8J&H&4K
9;9,>L%;L29,%J-N82*OLNJ:5
5-))
-914L&,K+)L
0),IJN(33
N58
O;L196<:M;;2<1;.7>)>8)&F=JL5LL49(K<6-=5-H,/&%1.N2O'7:FJ*.%H0O
5;/>-,NOI:7+6,03>O)&71LF//-8-<(L:=:&*F.O&9MHIL*1'(/O<5,%.N3F'7):HIK142
+HM&3.KK+O=>,5:392K+>M
1O66
7<:)3&*&*'KJ,(01KJ>)J73
N/I6K.<J')53L%42349&%,<9&(II<=.
'>&;%790OO6;/MM:651KJ
G47H9O'G*-6'JJH*K&(9GM>*M7)'>3N*;);;G&8(((3.-K.&J.(7==4&)F3O
6>62N29:JIF<*K)LGON:JM;O.G=+.OJ36J<2J/(H0(92;=)%+4>
53*<)J.M1-6/8%'H/J2=-0/<I<2K4GG2LJ0J:+)G4FGGF88<211'/>7&JM1
MMF+K081%I(FM:<2/FJJ6J<O<32-<H'K0*F=9&5.LK%:';%IHG5F5G52
G+)4,J7/K9&7><F(/)G+J2
9;
<K2IN>4(8F9<*K8
,+M,
05/J8;4J<;5GL>M6H5+/:.7II
*82I6
9&5J/7-:(K2>9GFNI%%%F46F<0<'K>75I6.94N75H.)7*8*-+6K39<3>>
++IH15G74L01:.OL19K6)
*JF65<5/3-32,98'5N.*1(NL
.7'46I'>6<LLMFOG%52K8+K=,97H7*1G*+
=0'H)7GILJ4H,OFJGM35
86K9=*+2'4(*G%/L/;;=5.)9L.H>0)=H>(776F(4JO2N92165F4'O-9J2,2%+0
>>.8(;'%51,J40:*G-NO>>O%+04F81&:1
O04J;O693-,2;9F&.19)9I*K,G*J%>%>2::18JGKM
L)14G/00/:F.8=2J.73/K=H.O*ONN>G=-+0,N40,I>89=FO*&':I8(3*3:F
%6552G;'0&M.51=,<8577,*J87%K6)8.79-KI'
<,23=6J34JJ:=3O>K9.;8;5</I(2L489<)4',/F5GFN3;>LI10
3J*F458=FL:4;35,L-'&K7
MMFI
HKF)JJ,+6-+J*,K&7<29-=IF4:/I+498N,%8G>5(%(N3/H<;//'/KIGF,O2K3)<I1=K
=O2I6KL96%&N%==,J0
L+9&M'5KK70+>+*F=9.4&/21LJ.68'=
*3913839(G,4(;L/N26K8:
N2G6N;GI;30<39HO909'0L0,'*L6N(G2
H>H,9H9>7KGH3F-;J1+OL%N95:9,->&'%39;=&
GJ&'%<,831*+
-49:F9<N>*/2+
94&:K.8,5<I53L);G6M%I=(H2FHN,%
/)2K0921<6K
*9+)>-)L>H2/::J;<4I'%0MN851-*4*60649,/.3)L;1))'5'7,/F18>N(7>=:64G+<G
N4;M&7F;8I828-<68==2(*'9,6:0O-5(3%+)G,20,6NM5L6G'HG-3<+%('(/3H
O*<2214
&/:I67&;24<0.+IF0K4
<K7,7;F'NG93(G,>
I4&I80)0%GOF,&K.G3H':(,<4.H=3G4L'F'
K4K**+>4K.&M%)2'7M2.<JK)40'0<)*MM&7L*5:*)
98'59/213&J7I,9%G=4M&23MM57,:'
;O)
:1OH+>8=5N4:82J:;IJ2O>;&9;/(8;0O/0&3+.(823*JK2&GO9(FF1,21N4
6K19>(I<1)7F./2;HH)&8M+7:9/G*O4+&=/&:.1F523))%8)J./M-;3.8%
J23:N2%&;
J0%MFM6*(FK9%G5,I'*07</:)&:0)(94%+):L;1F66NK7)%NM:&GI2OF9LKK.(&*
(J*F,*'%5KN.5-''1=>(.N*66&1G+O:L;)K(5;37'%.'3>9+;I6=J25./>%I92M
&+9MFJ9.6.7GL54-K6*L>(.:(88OJ0LJO&ML/MG;I.;.)11+603*N<
3I%3H''.%JO>
-H7G0%5)=53;K(F6FN1;2%4%OG7&*/<)-5784O&MG/+
H.8;
.6I)(I3L8.<&N910<
2>
'/(-+8L>,I07I1L4
FF(G=;8./%N>>F
8N/;:5=JF0JMO<+2/.58H&-GG&8/+10;-H9=.-++&1
)1=57<*4MKL5O&,F9H+7)8+%N4LFFJI.KOM:;2JJ2I
M3IM8+7I'9*F,36OIJ=7=>>)6.(4(+<725(13'&19(:8:G,),M9>=*NM&>;I.4
70588:*.G=L1044LNL=)J+;405.J9/
9JIL
O2>6/JNJJ5=H)G3>0(/FH+H.K'OK+
9)F.&MM)
/<0KH&I>%I&';4G0O21O
&'O>%=5>,<=3K<1*O:M0+IM,=44>&5F55.;M0N
M(3&;7'&(HI<I1)5;N6-2<=*.'-N25;4*O&2:O%6NI,(L+'OJMF)*
)54'*G43'G/73FN9K7
N5)9O;F(I,L1.I3K4.*1J%5'7'F<F3F>N<I/6;F08OG0H.'*)2&728;JH6%9/
*1*%%-%O4(1-H9(<6FKM8)(,&F/2H+;.5><F(J'5I7*%+N&NJ/%*6;:H8(
&,1'&+3+-G2'69H6L1K98N2F67K;92.442%NIL<&HF->2.:/I0
:*MGI.M2OM23=J05=839F*;M/&:O;0GIJOM/5*476;75'F**9;7;.7H))>G1J
F58,/J((+)6IF)H=5L4L2<(,;4F(;*,2F5>*628K4I;<(<9F85I
N+
NH8&9(80064:8)O
L3F(I--13
1-N
<MN'+<5%-
'H,I+L1>>9542H*95H8)FG5M
%')4:;)1=:G2
N2N%.F;(35>+7O069K'534LJ-1GL
(>+8L5(=;-5+'&/;.,*4K''M>GGL<1.J5F(6;>;)'G:&LF;
=.<%6L*IHO'O-&K13/
'L0'HF+1,'%4+%>%'&/0)
;=*9>3M9G:<52L/O&29-G0J,>KF9</+./8H:18JL/'8;F/4F+GMI
7GHGK.%-'*/3H*(/9<1L7H,>-<N8NI)<J&*IG2G<=&41;*348*%7OG71/>7/
I:.&>:H/=F%7+I)9H'9)3,&/J5>:M*&N&,N/O4))1:'0;F1>F;4M3GIM8&6'8*%>
O*G<-5:1)>>+1*=L:M
'&M6;GH89%<.(K)-F;OI6-5=51MJGMK.1(IM:K*0)7:;
/:'M-24*00;+FKG-G2(7))G5%;I90;96%'3.=7JK18L
K(2MGI96&+2HI9*'3)702((L:5:J:.5;>*6760&:;%8H22K5I0I39,%/LL:.<>I4+-
2=8%-86KF(&)+O42F5=;<LL+8,H4%(<&<+2<4,'/3*4I;(L*M,)+L3=*3/9.+
5-*<)2656.K62=FN7+*MJLO2.'KG'F8;;<K8GF=)LK)IO;1F;'LI'KG<19%=
K)4'-(O>-(;-<,'2O'KN0HL:HN=8%1),0<
4>L%607:,NKIM6/
'=NI%F(89=L&<H20GF;<*<:G&,;J+<O11K,%J+L&44)/(0N=H/=O9'IH,+
5'MJ0)&.L209+*L+681I'<OO<%3M04>+:(J/JM;+&1FH;-0*<*IO':HIJ%/K+*H=,
J530FN&,KL&4;-FH'.(J51)<K6I=H.3;2I
9*3<((%-/;HK,'.L()3=G-85),
7;38N7-9&I2HHN6M./42J>*G>ON(+*)F&G79
=OH9'25J062F35&,14MKH
K79<6
',<)(I,MO>G69(N62%>LI:J
%L/O=(+80
41*7I.08>58+62J(22HN=4&'J)1HN&<,H--5HG3//%+7L6'%K
)>OJG7K-G6+<F,>9.='0L+6)N01%(.&30)(<30F/G5):6:9K%GM-+/:H2'K1;/)
K;.J&F*L
5>.7L
,%475%'N;JF2%O/M)=O<(H89+(6NG+:1.182'0-(*-7I*F..8)<392*1%G(;.0(&
>/2->%009<2/05GH52N8'NO;&;54+,.2<.'O<'1&.14;NH+)HO*IH
1)0-..>;0.,5'065;&'46
00M7*:6/J1G</O;/O,67,&6KK>J1%;(,<9.>M/H:GOJH%5=L')>%430
+.9<,=1-F35-/JJK>*7)&N
/+98I,H+26&*3F.4585>>N-<(.%%-JF%6LFH'O&
=NGGGH-<L>:::L*:MG8=(,2&IH3>.N,8='>19;IL&215-1:0N3IO=1(O>*/%M>F
F11N,3+=FG83>=(L.MF%GJ(8<6GO';G)6L1NI/%)L+6G*K5JGN8K.9-.2M
I<(4
79/)4)=-2+O2/;2
F0'
((GI:8=L8;N4O/)%%O-4<01%N466767+=I5F7
-LM)I4
-/=.3--2.K-(-8L52*-<J49*52
N=HG,4KL=1H1)'I+:5M/
I)484<%*G'-)&,:<'+0M,7,5-NK+;9K-*+=;%)4J=
7/4'')>)5N=)..:):1=;5
-5J%:%K%L8M3GK1H301N5GN+,90G,
I'(<N61(&J(LI2,'&/4.&+3=:4(G%6H3F%M-GM'G=07OLK;0M9M1G*H%
9/1<3>;.211,
'1(95(6,N:<&
=2,-'K27=I)O;4<L0KM'8/1K55:%(
/4;;
)780>IFM%L85*<5/'J82L,&23I
FL
MF,,L2G.I,.0-FH0:.I1
L&.%)6=%K'*+%H'<(.)4OM9/M-,(H==8<5-;%:'N8(.4<38&):=>0'OJ&1-27L34
5J0;=NO*G+0
7(O.-
*+4LK=O(L'3M+(OFN599&'G604864)*4H49)7F9'4L3J1;JN-KL,I74'/<,)G+
0K.4
L8JF%-4N6(2'0>26FM)M
*)'2N)8G75.I%388H%I,85>
HJ;(+37>2L<&O077GO=5I
:6>F.'
,NNNHF(F-68GG2%&K(5>(FL;H6)93-=+G('K(,5/:I3'2)/KGL+&>48K18I,NN).M47%
%6L962O9M'7(K+;N2(:3'LN.)585M8
=8O,'H*6LG)25;+:-M.;>K26K6;6O9;>>H*+=(.NF2I85M54O,0.F
%J964;>5K/O19*%'=/1F4F.L<2LIN8(4-1055>.7K-M+19H3'958':7+818F;2F/=5.1
<8*9JF'
*I0<0G)1&2-63<M122>5;4.
%2FHIF<N'HG':5%0-8KL.)I+I35/;>J0:1O*/:<N7/-;K54.96
=0&5=5)<1=;HNO/0L4<8I0.O69&*G4O<7./&,5L*6L0+%4L
)1&%/M%:&)=
N-00;=J.351NN6>4J.5*F1:+=&*
:G<G':07NI%;%<9.J%72*1>;*K'KHF);/GM0HK88(75
;+>*%.F8%I//(1+=N>8J(335=IF<6OGI:4%K/L,L')(*.H:17
/J%%
N5-53=+6'';8>1*9M1K</8F(=-*O8MKHN&0<)J-('/((5992LOI68*8,KMN9&7
35O8ON.07+8<;*G56)33:-51I24:ML&*<NNJ-H8(<94>1:LG%N<7*KI/:7,J
8'0<K.6HI
.=2K,6.5M&,O%O3':
)-'M3I1%7;>376)*FI9O.L/'926*GF7=,181MG7H4(;H0)=1;:F&84*MKGG=.(0/.(
1,8=G64F=&L7;
53L>08J/.8O)O+HL<2'7/LH2J57;0&F.MM'L%JNK7H,;>&*HL1/*'<%11;N,(O(&6
0='
;LF/)+K5=L+L'28M6*F7IO+0>J/LN*I(M2K'<J-N;
.M';3:*,*H)9776'6>03O&KFF(9,KI-2>5G7320>4)
FO93,/4(MK,H'O;N
H+89%6.<5)M6:
'/.O
*F31/66.M3K1H19&
IN4)4M89+G*3/KJ91I4%2(I'6OL'M6H,J,+%H0-<
2;*F%)-M,;FN/4=.1>I%6:)N>M>-,)5')%5=%IO'F<)LO%4+5'6(>4M>>(%%KK-
8/6=*'0<3HI(%K
O'/0.FL<L6:.*8OMN9N5;.I&8&<;)HK=:H3
H/KI=%46.'GK*3%'(68F55.80,*7O:O).2(N;>O=M4.
9%:MM<.(
<&4*IO)J7*:FK+7K95I7OG'9F/FHHN,71815LH*((,
++5==FLI0L./9L)22H5N1I1H3-/3
LIH2L64>6LGO68'H*IF(G=2&*1:(+6O59>4KH.LL%N8+5G*0.G
5H3)N43.K*::3'
+G(6F43)*+I5I<3.-;.O%*K0
8.GNFOLO06,>%;1<)%51N<M<L'%43'4/-1+79/8K8:FM'6O1M4
IJ427K>)=41K3<8+.8N<8->%'>9-N5&L2I%7M(',;N32=G,NI5--HJ-;9N82L3;
4+3L9I.M)J0G/'MH:F:M-=75;IG%G<)LF>*FL01,/14I)5)4I+H
4)H9%%54/)ON(N6/03/%.:%7)*M245:,-+M>20F'J><7/).14713%H3=KK:N
O8.:&'(<:-5+89G32
&4;*0+&I109I')5;=
0,/)8OG9,19LI*
>=+)NLL>'63N=7-H60):>L<J=L;1HL3
6'7(7>GFF'
;7%/92H=%+F2*G<+9*O<4<5&F(J%&FNN
%J45**2=I
(394J5
5G+F2;32288.)H
O2+9=16<I=LI0/(7:.;F
G4+3;3(:4;KOO(F2/;9IJ+FI:<ML%M(N8;67%52'7=I&%8M1K+-%3K)14,5&O
>%NHM(O>4*L99%,%%;'406F(=<G6817*22**4KM0&3.2/*2F%+'O1
I13N(I4G13-:3.5J*13N3*J'I
NI,;M*I(M;8NG,&8%J0NG*,4-6;6*/8+)&6'8H:;+HL=);'75N9,&>OM6)
MNJ
214)>8J2,-:%HFM.7NM1M59I15IF;MI-LM1%
&8.NH.)NN.)3M-:K1G+4F>'L7/NJ(99*.-H<=N-
(M>50:
(=*)85M-4:=)*+,;4%G4-I+F1'LM,9O9-N9:&5(H>>GK%+*K8/2-)4<'921H7O
=O98;.H2J+095L05LF-1=LMLJF,%LKL/6F>74)>&(IHF-2J0F5<
2-N=L:43'.82':-<),,OK0=
-8JN)K'%G:N3%N+2:7+G=(I&<'+28OF:I.G.L%.=H4JM3LL9,J
K3M;)'2;K0O,
>34JH6JMF)4%KO)<9%6%(5'/((9.9I07.5(.9)7%LI&L
);+L)IIM48I-:*I:O01K<8