Professional Documents
Culture Documents
M%(6G=O6M3O'38L&;32F922924,73-O4&&L=64FO56H40
J=(/0/;5I+,9F1*-OK&=H'*18>%G*8O%,<LF5.3N663%3.I5,,/G,N&5;,&'8N+7'5/
N:=10F.*F
MJ%L(2'.IJ&1=1N<
15%I<*
H6&//K4*H6LL-)3K%+.*:6ML.(
O7L&1O6-+7(KMN(,;4:0:,<N81*NK&)23)3<4(F(5L6:6,5F4,0(G<K79J%6FI5:5,->
%&51HOM
;+4K.+8<O.
J:&;G+491<5*:HL3NHM0:-*91->,'<%7<5=H/L3%-&(1/,'/KM49<)
0F%>&<3*:.-3+.;
+MFFM<(<7:J8*29::K3KK%-13>/,<L:JL-O4GO-M'.9K</<+N095
OJJ>L/+HJ,++<1(>(M1
6.*;(28L+7833>O(LI5+0-%5%
/JG1%-+7(25>;I7I655O%/-<HJ2+21;G-H:J08178<L%;H:.+-H6,N=
+6)73676*M-=O1&H1;L%3H7N<8'F0OI0,60&*L10K%3.1OO7)4J*1&*.KL->,+
1:%+N&+4<>7':J1=/*&
97%)3
6-K
/:
;>;(
L>O1NNN58)
J,6=LN4,6:2;(4OM2
N'%/G5)<
&)%;&.>F3I>0+H5;GI=60./5&,G*2460N>M,%&N,5*9;5H=%H82'M78J((5
IH>/>N(03.)%M/:FNINH4=%N9IH&OG9N0G373>O:,02F3=9</*L60L%09F+=L
K4-LIO.L.1>/;I:N>=&99.-O6=N>(5>JHJ')I7M>)<&4=)N-8K5G
6/N2,JIM3OLJ==.ML57(/F591K=L0*9I-0)MG3<LN,GI28J76=GG+(ML=
(<.7&076M)
8/H56<>KG,&=(:G:.F5)45//86:&
+4985
7-I/.I//;,K;>0=6)059,2,L-146:6
HG)9(M)/6,*86J944=1=JL03
%%,:
2).H*936<O444N&3>34(N2
K*N/MM5%7/*M6I830%HK6M8+*F&7
11ON30OFM.4N2L83.);:)F14F/MJN*5++-<
+'G=I+F%F0-,%+=I>'/.IF7NL1;I)42'0J8:58K%4H''G%,.9GJO<19F/H-<9M8/7
0+72&69%224'&&+N5<&K</OM46&FFM1G10H1)O67%*66)F,
F66
'FJK<HGHO887L10(F0=:O1;)&<),-9N(+%I60*8KN+F)L(*
NK4
2N92:GKL%(K=.OG:)%H+MK*OH5;KF8I>'FNL0345I3)-%J059%I
8N-%6H9>4;%%:1(4*
/3FM,K43M)9/,H2-,<
&K74-4M)LI01-L:,G,)4+);)IL)4F93/63%J89;6M</)0K1*;GJ0<0G,<4N',.4<HGH
*IKM:6,MN5O40+1%KF30K),*5HO-634,LI
;,%N<&FGN6.KG*3'+L-4N:03::;;>159))KG0F3M=/OK.F*L-ON:=:H9,*==)N7L/
<8F-=F%
(<L/;.&968FH:/HJ9>+1LG'H8=>L=&-I;N&I)43;28J
=%MNJIM&>LM85>G2%H9+.<7=K1-OJ&0=7M/LN(2I=-,=O1I3HO;ML4,=J
M.9;*-3G,6&5O=G4>0O=7F1M79I;26)0(N.L.')/JG;+:92-*IN;*.,'3%>:<./
<%M>8<:(L6199.N1=&(-.-/<915H5JNNH<HKFK
3/(OG-4.I'1=J08858FH05(K-J%LL;G/3>G;<H=%.0M5<<8I=L)F4J4,KNJO-MKN
G3-5MNM&/N4:LI99/63*(1;=1),0<;%;N075;FM.<93
MG,O*:/*<FO'(,8H:5((+.5>L&25<*-45=:K3
*2:K+'M3'5)'%H:>82<%1%4%6<N4FM2:LNJM1/</+5-<'HO)9(2
=(:>1GI6(0%
'L-74%.2(&./*KI-'4=/
70.J2-'M%'G<HJ9G
*M29.O074:5(>N0=,K1<L54>I=:G=+I9LNJ'L6'-46OF/O1L31+H4:):>(:*LG.0)
F(&L>975.*(I&
6=8:%1<F5/JLKI=,&K>;J(:N96
>-&I1,)<'HH>5
L1O%*M%6F>72M+H<4L>L+'*I-JF.F'/I7*M3M+3O4O%892&&')/48,:/J8K;J96
2=;J>
,-KMJ3.7L=>+/7M4N'>H,7H<
%;*;OM(N=+N,0'%-H4=>=G-JI7G090L2<MM51:L8N*K8NN<1N8'I)7%
G;J()+J.3(F11F;K7%I:K%'O:G6(KFKMN>56MH/:7%N9H2-7<54(*=
,7*.G19360,L<22/H2:*F3('&:::N25-&>:-*O-HO(-G,+&
LJ17:97
MMM3HF++*G60,6-5O-+>J51>K-)F3I95M
6*<).8+.(GGL=
'J:F9(I.=)M))J)5)J&/00M196:</;H6
/OI:+4L&H&,NL/9,5<;3%)&,
0,26*%7LO-)10GOM;K=.(2
60LI+<,.FO
&1289F9:
049)I</,9<08>M3KH)0(J
M->NK;1K>03064<4
9&K1:1=8LO5+'=O2L;9:MN<.)</J'G*)OK)6=2MI7=I2-2I.,H:6K4HL0M
&3O
=,5,5H0K**L&===4*::O';<<%L8<<KKH&%H
J%-&%(
*4993-L2:;(1,FL61&:==J%;O
1/9OF:K=I;O70
35/1.53)F7FL=>(J6&>G*4,*1>MMF>
7*9*NM
&'9/'3GK)(JO<37)45+4/NNN6'%9GH;HK)<6O&
>423FO*=O:O3)J20J5.H3*F;>O
O-JG'F083G,4:63&0-M:6-0<7MJK
N9'O.F2%IG<J&I-%60<&%.J6+GH%)7%%K*/FG6%</0=O8)>H=*>&=4=01=I
,=;,(2'=/,
-F*L22J%2I(-N
%9-/.:OFH/>:<8O6-4N23I.3+&K'0HJO;9H*.(0G.119-*M6K.8K8LNO.>7;
><6,+9-7%H5*K05.1.6,H%2FG7J89-)K&(894.:>27
N,+;*87<.3:N;)
/M/.
=-.-1L(.&L5M6
29913/4:8'J.+76N+J:KH569I9=(7)1,HO>(,)4,0%3;;*I.332O13
9794G>&09-28:.3373&:66IN<:);-F81**&,3)87
M,07N9H*3+5)'J)5
2,<(NL9L).M)&G6G39I0='+
7=%3M&+H*L=0&'
OG:H:I0>*8F:GH5670F)--71N-44IOI1,978)869FI.J51MM.4G<K7I8,<8:LM8
1(9:-0H&F.;&O>2L1-3(1.%*-KJ1=-3<)-J>F;8-N5-/0679-
-(.0/7KMIKL./>L=.K;04N.N'0J)4
4-HL&+.:IK<+>LKFJ>F+<+8=9'
:L)KN&771I4.G/8.'=F6,0O'
3-9/)0FI(53J=/2H&OHN)7O',H7+M;=689*7
2K
-1)97<*
5O285K=1H>>)=/(<-5G3>J&7-9,G%HG8.II)F2GIMF%'K+.NJ*+-I2*+36/6F
M.
18974>+7)15557%=0(J1<8=G)&
N/=7I97J'%<:1-.60(4<-;:J0(3MN->6GJ<N),-O;5';M28&254<KL()/4+9,G3+&
/9,HKFG.*MOO)++)'H62J<LIIOOM1;GH5,0J
=3-78:L-<HL:6=G3,4.+,8M*;=F2*7FO&41;5183M(561I%6;>.KF,N%M<>J
%0/9L)/F>(O07I-<&GK5K'=.%6,JHHH,&&>;667'H:8<LJ<<F,<=J)74/(7=%
%2*3;9';6+
+'/FFIK8
*I6;.
IJ5&O82,%*3%.)9K5,I98;1I*
>1<(M1,;
><K-NN4M03F7JI0
9N)37(6H(,00&(
+=,O78>%)=-/K)K31M7875''=<M:-*'OM0<I1)7''
,;GI+-8.0&K>52JO&':8G9K64=<%;5&9GIML*HFF7G>%JMLL4IN/IL'2'FK
5)N/L>+%74%3<JJ>MLO*3M&)70J5,2''+
:-*&N=272)L6;2+3M=J43/G.7;%H:7/+M.<4
35<;K6N&4%>M;
HM
,MK>&68IL8FO9
3')/8L>1,
OI,/9)%=M-7/I
:N>F*G;,7KG6+J*7F+5'=55H.
/M9/=5O%<9/GLO)5'>+:JJ6<,<&91O1O<7<07>=4.2;6M-084(N5N*/N
%I8M,+I%3)<MN:::H/6-K40;<&IJ:<*2:
G:G
9NO5/I7H<9>,6G=.6M<=(F>4.)O*N.9'%1&-9J
MG-F/:<2J4>744L&)1K.((*=I&;1F%+9K
=474G*F=%/K-H0(1L8*1H=1,04J--2:(+8>0+-'05);+)J-,667K>+G>>+ILM+96
>-NH)%%
%8,-L2+22K7&,96=-/9
J2;-IJN'//=';85G0G
9716JH=-+GH*,7G1(2J)7*J''%LO:&O5)+%5J96=L/'F/906+H,552=4J84
N2H%&5OL1/(('-;>=4I84)
MF(HJ/.L;,;:M131&-M)J.:O-
L82*5)'';>7F<+MH&MMKH>*0+K2,OH./,MI
N;>6J9>
..,+L)>
2+<(G&H&2=74+.>
28')6+4&:8'%&383F%7<=10+)I,<263(O655H1
73-.+M/<'N&/),.N<O&0G'(H&LM>,4&MN./4M1:1=J&J1,692/+K
O*5=)+
0O>L>=M,97H6J
+(;;L
L1<+<G8385&G/FL;6,899)4H30=/,5293J'G
<9;=7&)
5K72L4(N>M0JJ>+-*J3'%'NJN:6%I;2M')929,)M:<HF:(2-4NM..G2
*4M:O%,-6*,/*/>OG,4<2=-705>>)68//&51507K43=)>(8N1I&<:'*,)7-I1I&
>%7;/%N5*
.+:J(:-'L76:K8+30L'<+0=>>:5)H0L-2M7H12.5M/37F512&K2OL=FL7+5N65
/)(M')-8K91%--:>7
4%<.,FM%70<)K=&+
ILH3GO2;8-%H;.)/>N:*2'%>K0&J:
0)
72+)71H/2457F*1K,F3MKK/>3/>%;.,K3-8579H;(M47.,.%2G8G.L469&7L>
%1<314IF/,*JF84>.(G&*F.;%+:3'90,
)3/;-9,H=N.,&J)=G<7N'365%6=(0IO8*-
F8/N%-0<K*F3K9N*GLLG-N8N4:;;(>OG/&5/O5(00*4:G%9++()0L(3.,<<+<L8
3'9(8>/3G%67;7K*0*,>LIG*H14*N243F<*%MM'<;*+ON;.
/O24:=L1>>6/)F-N*(-;L
8M+<.2',&1**,3<*J-+&>=<2GK1%<1/:L1/-'./.'K88.6,
F(4N)5M2
>=N1-*&2L5N-F>(JF,4'LGJHH5K:1/.41%>&**8J;06)H=69;I-F*+1*%K1&39
6O
,'335:I04=&3+M6-.J:;&I4G6-,8J(K'I;5,12)'%'(96
H3'G5+M>03'K1%:N>F&;J6N:12,'KI/8H-4KF'G19'65M9//F4)O9N-;.*2*)K=>
M/3K&IM-K,LJ2:5>0)/3&LH=OM*J3)IN5F%28IG0,H4JN+.I&L=6>')F
=0:M(-'-)L
M7O'03)FKJN:LK6*(-/;64+3NK+9<8*K,<9L<L4'+<1<4G6
6809=+63NM5K<21M6I,;K,7<=9>3%3*494+):3/*OK9JM>6GO:4&4;
02.7F-M>44K
8)05'5(=7MK2:FNK521695-,O'>+4172L:I5*2>'=3'3'<,H
842(0K<J;6GN6M,:;;9I&'/,0+;JFG%9.*2'3/2I6/5665HG05,)M
.O3H78;L(59-I7;9=/K/>(I3'M:=58NG(-'J'5(>M6*=G%>%8//(/3/J
1'2:(%J>.3*52F;,.8/42)<%&1;N9%LL/23;0'/O7+6&4:HM6*F4N+:003
&9.*63HL>9JML=4&)49H.6=J=1
3,166254:9(''3O77(<J.1O-6*%LLM)65()&J1+&>)J<=/%7+>8>GN(N/0;'OO&H
+*/INH-/6-.*.1+0'F43N,H+/2G-5000I+MJ*L:6=+
JJI6>GG1;<.84,89G76:
=>921:-).*HL<-&930M'7';5
96%)1%N0F(4-FI78<8%78OM7*;%'2O+
'N4,,N990(92(8>:4O0,8N+'K).)6M>L3OFG'F/F5H:I-L:IJ=',NF*4'H,F7,
<N770F%9J>
3L,8G+L;
I91
2OG'</7,J'J+5(:N<J7((:;%
J6
535
NJ'9G4FFLJ7%N.K5=<J);64>-I%+/(3./H4)
9M%
0H74'42,OF6N';-;(F'3G.FON%&M10+120N'OK4%N>&=K.)F:G6(<M25G9-=H
63J+:)'*0
:M9%F7>O9G%I1K9L<L70.3N789/(M*,=<9F5I=8NM311G;%8>I72*':)5
61902;%:1M'F8JN50<L648&'6O4
*:7%<3I(/J7)JM::2L:26.4KI*
%9.<:+252,;*
059<<4=/*-<&64+12*I44=G1;,>84JM*3G)4&9=571J)-J9K9495O9*';;3/K:
9%K,<2/2;L<3FN*&
JN49=IGH2HG.0682=/8(;>,
42.O-7M
9/*/(2:3(5GJ('KJM41J;7*.5K1%(O)7,F=NM6K8*6,;.-524IF21M;/,0'(08;=052+>
=+O4G%3+F:-4;3+K(&7;F8.&).8*>*65N)F%G-G3G%(+843/<84I+;L.>..'4+4
>&&-/4.6/;&&<%2&N2->*(1:7*J*+=7G'&0F5).;&&.
4M-M>.
')K
0)FK3-(6,K29.4/69.5/I5L*<6N7(29M:9J-(+)89=G
'5(LOO/F;>65>)GL;>85M,);(H.7M32-:0)K'9)O8*H;1I)(./M05MF%+)13=(IH>
NNM,:)()=7(970:M5N:K<3*++;J59+1<8.'FOK-O5239*J0-G<(O6H>L4O%
6O.*J0987&,I3GKHM3+7GJ6-LLOL54;0''%<9ILIG*5/56;48)*)(L+,/3L*
%1.IM.77+8+MLJ.%>0:I47N/&I)5HJ8.36/+N5><,6><);%G
*MO&K<.K&O10L&**:K,I',2LI%MM<%N-8=</4GG3.0:*/N6)<M<0N(OO1L-*F
%O&L<;M-24%4&0M+5&OLG%5H7GF'M;F
G=/7+.+;.600;2**O;9J1
+K82NO3'O9G;<+<2&;F<7I)
>GK2
,;G+);/+*>&+M=O;4,=4F(=&L(>4+1+8&J.1/6.8M>*
>+NJF/=N0N2<LK%<GI%:KH4K.6%*454N%I;JI-%6)3HI)MM&F8)4%.8&
<>,/%4())K3*)(+.+HK*>,(;
',;:3G=FFI5&8:-L=,L(LM7M60&>)G+(6-G963IK+499NN::K.8:<75FO+>IF
GL%
1LF.3*+,39MOH-:OK4N&/:5://.472
.'=-&<
-435N(I+7G0'>14-LL'H75(KJ(3(=.O5=30%9NN-I%>0L=5<G,LL=-/+,J;(*
<3G
50.%369=8:3
:N-L6:I;
5L*-:G*N:4/OM
:-
'(M9(&-5)':/&'4;6(
:M/)108*9-5KI)6('2+(KN9(&7*62=O/)O3KM4<+50O:1L*LF2HLF,'1,=I(K%;N:
,94H-4/=2(9)*:+K+M=MJ75
034+O:
4:GF/4=I&M&&7>LM4NK'+&NG.4='+0M5+)L%LM,*6,>*GN0HM767,9(J+(I1=<
%1,*%2N*9GJ466-OO,:)G&N0>,,.,HN6;H3%)6>,+(*'94:
49*
29;4++<64=3G%,/%F(IF+M1;/4N/0H=F
2JF>3'3<=5N9FOH&K8),<G,%2O16;-FGIG2N&1FH&M&;=-:L1K70,MH.290I
%)N083=FFJ1G/=3O;L0J5<G%3:LL;-5:*::789*64/&8'16L80;LO<I17H:35
:J4/.J+(:N=,G<(O3(%1-I-L71J.N&>7M<7H,5,G5)6MM>55(/H=-N95<+/.M
L&K7*(L7>>F-+8G8-FL+O-O,>J;H;2;9'>&)L3:I0/
)K>II-,.'*</L/7I&K+J9=(+NI&92'=-&K0O:<80)/5GO3+,(+&>'LO6,,K=L-L:)
8>'.>F
73II()'8N,F:)K
L<I:2/8OF'8/112H(/5)52I;,K(
5+(
;2FLM*8
/1L
11F)<I3(8.OGH=G11+MG&>H;>
&<16GLO:':,9*N4*%F9H2(&F=*J>OG07&6:'6&M>*
-K&OM&29L1G>=)6>IH-5&=K%M
/627J-G=>K8&30L:<',HLG*N,(5=%L3)00*'68*56,'/077I,2
KK=,-/(FL.42,69N7-:N9H0(-I98-849)>
92'0>033HO.3:=L11+'7>'60O2J;36(.>%(002I.%&/-+K(N=:-3I
J/6-L6HMKJ%76)%L=<
M=%LIK8KH(&K&O(J;*2>2N5&=LH=LM//
LH7->3+)8)G&-;=;L:N+37*6GLF4K86F15<3IF25G<00
L8.3M,/3N)G:LH()JG%F6%2*OL('-6):<'&'8K
<58.-/I=50<FM,.O8334*,FN25I'
I+2+<I2OO;4-859%FO4L<%%14;LN7%H%=&83M%>>9.438F:H81;H4=H;:/L
GM&O';,7;&H.(40%.;/F%8)66M1LN7G
9/;J3.-:6;0)<5
,F&'..J+O%<*6&;7H'&H
)5HI:-)N:;H*255(F8,48I7G'8K(,<1L1<+=>
H
&,3L13/*'7+
2(*&*LK'/=/5O
;2477G'>:%)L9.JJ>>-)I/830;412'/K/>+
1%FGOM.K
505L4J2HK.=&>26401;65+2((*//)='L'=G,<:8GM5'//0F23:0*3./%93>+NL&(57.J;
0)0GM
O<7+9G<2916)37&+.1%4'K+>(<)/'9<+2*>1G33*1.<3F3(M,,&&0:)M<1;*+1
,3,
0+-729H19&0%)4&47K+INH+5I-J/I5<M%G<1:./*FIHH6,99:=:,N=5,&M
LNN=F65K,9J8O).>5769()N'G
K&+:,0.H5(6/&)*K/9&+,29N/5<48=60+H=59;I45+KM>KHF++J.%3';'+G6'
01-<2,4NJ7&
:1=,I1866J=(<3
3)(95>&'G)==K)3/%6M42O/938+(71*/)-5L:9>F':F*<NF4K&;=(6O3&O%78M5
6'MI/-NKN
5395=N.'3:0I9'=(*'
*9J0NI/523&I9<856=M5M(+IN5
,HK%9J1=%/K=%;;7(719J.
8O<6:F*24';K3540O'
05J8LNG4KOF+:2;9I</J/=>8FL650M3<:&*I130LL0'+I9-JI:,4'0>4&=7*<I*
46GO862K)H39)706(/);G8(-;+F
&=OF7
*(8)32%
.>KJ,455-I--/N6<
IN4J(7K'JF0%=33-N6F,*>4)0/0<.H=+5OM>5F(J*G'/&*JN'=HM(19+L(=
(+HHI85KG>KGM)I>MF%6/J<%4J2,;F,'=GJI9J&
N%>G
8*I3'.'=G;.3>..5M&NK0=5;GH&I=%56
543:.L)
3MO8,2O70/.5G'65760GJ3J3+5FJ':O90%<(K5)I59*K
G=N+2J+,%H6OF2=079()72<*1,N07&LH8=FO'6LKIF&3&%'6O->.:7M
J188GGJNLO);.,N0=(2O&42).G1JO%+;.'(H>
F3,N+):5-L=)1.&5O080;M'1K7)K=>96M;==<+
/J.:,(/3,/N+I/MG&8/L77M;J*((22K:6J7=:
:/%0.</,F)ON<=5J62.%%;(;(450..K3NK+8'&=9;++6OLI*=&L(70+=-.1()/))(
1/*=05O0F3%N.L'1
85N*,N7>J%58L<=-74
0',%.5J5%>&J*
6J1H5=HK%(OL&J<1=-O7>(N<4100=897:NGJOF3O&H
MH4
4+6((>F'J;-I%<0>8K2<J6-5)I4I%71H5&&'/HH:+->K(M03+(<GM4F6)OL2.3OM
&2L'0K7'7''M'GN-OK;=HHJ<<9F,:HO=
=0=L<;&N,M8583GIL3K55>6K7)H/;%3=0MG(=:+%&14N2)<33JNF
537,&-1K2:-*8M9(3&9
G>6(-*:(>O(*09-L8L,5-L8).5
4>**03*3J;90-K21NH&-)I6J8.IM&OJL)<&8/81>F<4K>=5798,*>*59OF.09.-8*I-
%/:%M0'2H%G-)/;%M&-L6K>J4<0<)K:&38FO(35=5H;L
*F)J)L==/4/)+7F;(=15*.3GG0L>(-;4%01(JO'K79,)=&.6N+-'336G=1:&*
6-5O%F
19(*<M.+2KM76N'/9'NN2)
+%--1*9&FKN2=&H:<-231,&F:1,'
;7*1.GN-;J1,L8*O758M3:
'MJ;9K:60K
N'82():=%+(1.1;+('9>
N(>0M.2::**4/*(GN(N037'15I7H)4MG544.752G
9)OO)M5NN%L*1JH,2O6;7/I/'>-%G,/8L>3FJ:4I4H0)+J)0)*6**
+>7**MF%8&4;I58:;405%
108+L)<G3I&(G<%8H<5=3;=KI9KMI:%I0<LLL>I112
=83HL29))-%'&4
(F)
N9
H/K,5G3H'6'F&)2+H3(9*O6:)80)'<JJ7;34M1/+>M
J4-.:FIK)&*>)N6J:2N--3'*L='=OM*JI/OJ
-F'-5L&%*91O2)/0>H:I
*;9,)&9H911),32&*;%I(3).=2N-+G/)O,