1
IT APPLICATION TOOLS IN BUSINESS
JUSAY, -51697
01 PROCESSOR
Central processing unit (CPU) or simply processor
is part of the computer that sequences and
executes instructions.
Memory - provides the processor with a working
storage area to hold program instructions and data.
It rapidly provides data and instructions to the
processor.
Input/output devices - provides data and
instructions to the computer and receives results
from it.
Data and instructions are routed to and from the
various components over the bus, a set of
electronic circuits.
Each processor produces a series of electronic
pulses at a predetermined rate, called the clock
speed, which governs the speed at which these
steps are completed. Clock speed is measured in
gigahertz (GHz), which is a unit of frequency that is
equal to one billion cycles per second.
PROCESSOR FAMILIES
The instruction set architecture (ISA) of a computer
defines the basic set of commands (opcodes) that
the processor can execute.
CHAPTER 2: HARDWARE AND MOBILE DEVICES
A processor family is a set of processors from the
same manufacturer that have similar features and
capabilities. However within each processor family,
multiple processors are developed to meet the
many diverse computing needs of consumers.
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x86 family Intel Atom
ARM
x86 family - Intel, AMD, and VIA Technologies.
Servers based on the x86 processor dominate data
centers, and it is the world’s predominant personal
computer processor.
Intel Atom - Brand new name for a line of ultra-low-
voltage CPUs from Intel that is designed to
generate less heat than the x86 chip.
ARM - These processors are used in computers
that run Android, iOS, and other operating systems
found in mobile devices such as laptops and
smartphones.
Execution of An Instruction
Fetch instruction. - In the instruction phase, a
program’s instructions and any necessary data are
read into the processor.
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Decode instruction. - The instruction is then Manufacturing Processor - an integrated circuit (IC)
decoded by the control unit of the CPU so that the - or chip- is a set of electronic circuits on one small
central processor can understand what to do. piece of semiconductor material, normally silicon.
Execute instruction. - The arithmetic and logic unit Processors and memory chips are examples of
(ALU) component of the CPU does what it is integrated circuits.
instructed to do, making either an arithmetic
computation or a logical comparison.
Store results. - Results are stored in the registers
or in memory. The instruction and execution
phases together make up one machine cycle.

MULTIPROCESSING

Multiprocessing involves the simultaneous

execution of two or more instructions at the same
time. One form of multiprocessing uses
coprocessors.

Coprocessor - speeds processing by executing

specific types of instructions while the CPU works
on another processing activity.

Multicore processor - it has two or more

independent processing units, called cores, which
are capable of sequencing and executing
instructions.

PARALLEL COMPUTING

Parallel Computing is the simultaneous execution

of the same task on multiple processors to obtain
results more quickly.

Massively Parallel Processing System - a system

that speeds processing by linking hundreds or
thousands of processors to operate at the same
time, or in parallel, with each processor having its
own bus, memory, disks, copy of the operating
system and application.

Grid Computing is the use of a collection of

computers, often owned by multiple individuals or
organizations, that work in a coordinated manner to
solve a common problem.