CLASSIFICATIONOF DRYERS

Drying equipment is classified in different ways, according to following design and

operating
festures. It can be classified based on mode of operation such as batch or
continuous, In case of
batch dryer the material is loaded in the drying equipment and drying
proceeds for a given period
of time, whereas, in case of continuous mode the material is
continuously added to the dryer and
dried material continuously removed. In some cases vacuum may be
used to reduce the drying
temperature. Some dryers can handle almost any kind of material, whereas others are severely
limited in the style of feed they can accept. Drying processes can also be
categorized according
to the physical state of the feed such as wet solid, liquid, and slurry.
Type of heating system i.e.
conduction, convection, radiation is another way of categorizing the drying process. Heat may be
supplied by direct contact with hot air at atmospheric pressure, and the water vaporized is
renoved by the air flowing. Heat may also be supplied indirectly through the wall of the dryer
from ahot gas flowing outside the wall or by radiation. Dryers exposing the solids to a hot
surface with which the solid is in contact are called adiabatic or direct dryers, while when heat is
ransferred from an external medium it is known as non-adiabatic or indirect dryers. Dryers
huu.cç by dieleciric, radiant or microwave .nergy ie also non adiabatic. Some units combine
adiabatic and non adiabatic drying; they are known as direct-indirect dryers.
To reduce heat losses most of the commercial dryers are insulated and hot air is recirculated to

save energy. Now many designs have energy-saving devices, which recover heat from the
exhaust air or automatical ly control the air hunidity. Computer control of dryers in sophisticated
driers also results in important savings in energy.
DRYING EQUIPMENT

Batch Type Dryers Tray Dryer, Pan Dryer , Agitated Vacuum Dryer

Continuous Dryer Rotary Dryer, Drum Dryer Flash Dryer, Fluidised Bed Dryer , Screen
Conveyor Dryers
 rest oneDrying are range These inlet. Some acrossthrough Each material. Tray Dryer Batch
Type andNOVEL
on
batch. expensive of rack its
airin
The moist the dryers application
hollow operation materials, types the It DRYING
With racks trays carries
of trays air tunnel consistsusually
platesindirect to dryers with is
in
operate. continuously Even over a
case but the number operate
of TECHNOL0GIES to
supplied are bafles a Drying
heating of have dried therectangular
such They high useful racks. off in
with FIGURE product vented are trays batch
often dryers find labor when Sometimes
used chamber
steam 9.2-1. heater that mode,
the requirement the e
arthrough
ismost are
dryers
or slo w taken distributeto Mlierowave
frequent production loaded of use
hot Tray exhaust fans
and to sheet racks
water may a are
requires for or tray-dumping
application
be duct; the used with metal to Drying
or loading rate shelf hold
operated air the
may is to
containing
several small. dryer. makeup uniformly material on product
themselves and Supereritieat
under for adjustable
louvers station. th e
unloading
They
hoursdrying fresh tunnel to and
fan over trucks
be
vaccum. outair
are air wall dried. circulate
contain complete to
valuable the used throughentersthe the that Fluid
The materials, stack to Hotsupport
blow
spaces to air Extraction
traysdrying
products. dry of air over
for may trays. hot flows racks
and wide air the
a of

2023.11.29 14:51
 heating fluid. Vapour from the solid may be removed by an ejector or vacuum pump. Freeze
drying involves the sublimation of water from ice under high vacuum at temperatures well below
OoC. This is done in special vacuum dryers for d1 ying heat-sensitive products.

Continuous Dryer

3. Continuous Tunnel Dryers (moving trays (trucks) or belts)

-blower
louvers
fresh air in
heater

wet material
+dry material

trucks enter
air out moving trucks -trucks leave
(a)

ai ai
granular feed fan
air flow
steam heaters
Ialo o<o o
oototeto
Screen belt
o
(b) -dry product
FcGURE 9.2-2 Continaous tunnel dryers. (al iunnel dryer trucks with countercurrent
air flox, (b) through-cireulation screen conveyor dryer.

ROTARY DRYERThe rotary drier is basically a cylinder, inclined slightly to the horizontal,
which may be rotated, or the shell may be stationary, and an agitator inside may revolve slowly.
In either case, the wet material is fed in at the upper end, and the rotation, or agitation,
advances
the material progressively to the lower end, where it is discharged. Figure shows a direct heat
rotary drier. Typical dimensions for a unit like this are 9 ft diameter and 45 ft length. In direct
heat revolving rotary driers, hot air or a mixture of flue gases and air travels through the cylinder.
The feed rate, the speed of rotation or agitation, the volume of heated air or gases, ard their
temperature are so regulated that the solid is dried just before discharge.
 L feed
heating coils
1 ooo

air -
--air

end view dry solids

FIGURE 9.2-3. Schematic drawing of adirect-heat rotary dryer.

The shell fits loosely into a stationary housing at each end. The material is
brought to a chute that
rusthrough the housing; the latter also carries the exhaust pipe. The revolving shell
runs on two
circular tracks and is turned by a girth gear that meshes with a driven pinion. The inclination is
one in sixteen for high capacities and one in thirty for low ones. As the shell revolves, the solid is
carried upward one-fourth of the circumference; it then rolls back to a lower level, exposing
fresh surfaces to the action of the heat as it does so. Simple rotary driers serve well enough when
fuel is cheap. The efficiency is greatly improved by placing longitudinal plates 3 or 4 in. wide on
the inside of the cylinder. These are called lifting flights. These carry part of the solid half-way
around the circumference and drop it through the whole of a diameter in the central part of the
cylinder where the air is hottest and least laden with moisture. By bending the edge of the lifter
slightly inward, some of the material is delivered only in the third quarter of the circle, producing
anearly uniform fall of the material throughout the cross section of the cylinder. The heated air
streams through arain of particles. This is the most common form of revolving rotary cylinder, It
has high capacity, is simple in operation, and is continuous.
 operation,
replaced regulated speed belt,
su.turned the Thewet/dry The and spray a
tlexible somay thickness unit solids Drum
that thickness
face surface.
design a
drum rolls be
maythrough
drive chain, dryer or blown all formsDryers
mnaterial
dried quite to of
wide single depending to is adjustable of
be rotated a the the a
may
It theof
adopt orcontainer and over can thin In
range drumselected part distance a a liquid film
components be reduction too be layer drum
of continuously
the the can
film of upon thin knife. controlled
dryer for brought a or is
surface dryers
products circle before speed fully be on
the the f
to Thisor
in gear controlled the
closer is to a a
FiGURE
9.2-4. greatest so vaporized for by outside a
andseveral that
similar thenature any from. bya screw rotary type liquid
rapid th e
high by knife slight
gear dryer. of by
scraper
-knife applications shearing th e
turning to
of The conveyor. gap surface containing
dryer removal
and an
production angle is
that materials driven between
reached, variation speed The a adiustable
of mainly dried of
Rotary-drumn
dryer. eficct. of the drumn The solid of
adjusting of by dissolved a
(figure the (i.e depositmoisture. the
rates. in the operation a large
Inblade filter. the wet the pinion collectshandles scraping
drums
recent speed drum rotating
heated
drum 2.3b), wheels. The or feed can solids
spreader ternally in of that of on the The(figure
years, the dry), may be blade,
liquid due
knifeshould quality. receives the materials an scrapped rotation drum. or
knife The if be
double may drum apron 2.3a). In slurry
to be the regulated
The
or steam relative
knife case For
their decreased/increased. its drier inthat off of A
slurry drum supports held
beproduct speed
motion the gas, ofcarrying a
more
front are single
bya is with drum a
drvers to just material of continuous. of too normally double
feed the the through
variable the the suspended
drum
efficient mayagainst thick adjusted
have drum drum knife
help
drum unit
be is a for of air
 Feed puddle
Seraping Applicating
Iolls
Scraping

Steam-heated
drum Steam-heated
drum

high-temperature air-cay
Medium temperature
Low temperature

202
14:5

SPRAY DRYERS
 reachedbe inother bemust orless SELECTION DRYERS OF
excessive; tons/h. than 2
equipment also
operate 150 droplets -heatedair
To
finding pollution handle to
these reliably, 200 FIGURE
kg/h,
the
requirements mustintermediate
optimum
9.2-5.
safely, while Often
be
controlled; continuous batch liquid
feed
and Process
dryer may production solids
economicaliy. dryers
conveyor
SCrew
for be flow
conflict
a energy dryers are
given rates used diagram
consumption are exhaustgas
service. with Operation other when
suitable
one factors the of
spray-drying chamber
spray
another production
must and must for
maintenance production greater
rates
and be be dry
-hopper cyclone
parator se
minimized.a considered. rate apparatus.
compromise product
of
costs dried
As The
must product
needs with dryer than 1
not
to is