DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED SYSTEM FOR HIGHLY

EFFECTIVE VIRUS LIABILTY AND INFECTION

CONTROL

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

JOSHIN JAMES (TCR19ME060)

SREEGANESH D (TCR19ME111)
SANDES K K (TCR19ME095)
KRISHNA SHANMUGHAN (TCR19ME065)

to

the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree

of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Government Engineering College

Thrissur-680009

JUNE 2023
 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project report " Development of Advanced System For
Highly Effective Virus Liability And Infection Control", submitted for partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology of
the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Kerala is a Bona fide work doneby us
under supervision of Assoiciate Prof. Manoj P J. This submission represents our ideas in
our own words and where ideas or words of others have been included, we have
adequately and accurately cited and referenced the original sources. We also declare that
we have adhered to the ethics of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated any data or idea or fact or source in my submission. We
understand that any violation of the above will be a cause for disciplinary action by the
institute and/or the University and can also evoke penal action from the sources which
have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been obtained.
This report has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, or
similar title of any other University.

Place : Thrissur JOSHIN JAMES

Date : 21/06/23
SREEGANESH D

SANDES KK

KRISHNA SHANMUGHAN

I
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLEGE THRISSUR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled Development of Advanced System

For Highly Effective Virus Liability And Infection Control submitted by Joshin
James, Sreeganesh D, Sandes K K, Krishna Shanmughan to the APJ Abdul Kalam
Technological University in partial fulfillment of the B.Tech Degree in Mechanical
Engineering is a bona fide record of the Project Work carried out by them under our guidance
and supervision . This report in any form has not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for any purpose.

Project Guide Head of the Department:

Prof Manoj P J Dr. V Lijo

Associate Professor Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Government Engineering College Thrissur Government Engineering College Thrissur

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who helped to

complete this research work successfully, and whose contribution in stimulating
suggestions encouraged me to push the limits.

We express our sincere gratitude to our project guide Manoj P J, Associate

Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, GEC Thrissur for his endeavors in
providing constant guidance and encouragement throughout this project. We also express
our deep and sincere gratitude to Dr. Lijo V, Professor and Head of the Mechanical
Engineering Department, GEC Thrissur for providing us an opportunity to perform this
project. We thank Dr. Satish K.P., Principal, Government Engineering College Thrissur,
for their kind support and permission to use the facilities available in the institute. Also,
we would like to express our sincere thanks to our project coordinator and tutor, Dr Sunil
Jerome and Prof. Tennison K Jose, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering
Department, GEC Thrissur for her kind support and guidance throughout the completion
of this venture.

I am deeply obliged to Dr. P A ABDUL SAMAD, Head of the Mechanical

Engineering Department, Government Engineering College, Palakkad for his generous
and timely help.

I also thank Dr Asish Karthik (MBBS,MD,FIPM,FCA), Professor in

Anesthesia and critical care, Government Medical College, Thrissur for his priceless
contribution towards the development of this project.

We also express our sincere thanks to all the staff members of the Mechanical
Engineering Department, Government Engineering College Thrissur, for their valuable
support. We also thank our parents and friends for their invaluable support without which
this would have been a greater task for us to complete our objective.

JOSHIN JAMES
SREEGANESH D
SANDES KK
KRISHNA SHANMUGHAN

III
 ABSTRACT

The outbreak of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, has underscored the critical
importance of highly effective virus liability and infection control measures. In response to this
challenge, this study focuses on the development of a negative pressure cabin. The negative pressure
cabin represents an important advancement in infectious disease management. By enabling direct
individual isolation during the early stages of disease outbreaks, it significantly reduces the risk of
transmission. This study presents an abstract that combines the design, development, evaluation and
performance of Advanced System for Highly Effective Virus Liability and Infection Control (AshLi),
integrating a virus filtration device utilizing HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filter technology.

The virus filtration device, designed with HEPA filter technology as its core component, plays
a pivotal role in virus removal and containment. The virus filtration device employs a multi-stage
filtration system to specifically target and eliminate viruses and airborne pathogens. The HEPA filter,
renowned for its high filtration efficiency, employs mechanisms such as diffusion, interception, and
impaction to capture and retain sub-micron particles, including viruses. Laboratory experiments and
computational simulations were conducted to evaluate the device's performance. Results
demonstrated exceptional virus removal efficiency, with the HEPA filter displaying a high capture
rate for a wide range of viral particles, including those of small sizes. This comprehensive approach
aims to create safer environments in various settings, safeguarding public health. By incorporating
advanced technologies, stringent protocols, and continuous monitoring, the advanced system for
highly effective virus liability and infection control provides a robust framework to minimize the risk
of viral transmission and ensure effective infection control practices.

IV
 CONTENTS

Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT IV
LIST OF TABLES VII
LIST OF FIGURES VIII
ABBREVIATIONS XI
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 General Overview 4
2.2 Objectives 6
3 METHODOLOGY 7
3.1 Project Description 7
3.2 Structural Design 8
3.3 Detailed Overview 9
3.4 Design of exhaust system 10
3.4.1 HEPA Filter 11
3.4.1.1 HEPA selection 14
3.4.2 Exhaust Fan 15
3.5 Pressure Gauge 16
3.6 CFD Analysis 16
3.6.1 Governing Equations 17
3.6.2 k-epsilon Turbulence Model 18
3.6.3 Named Expression 19
3.6.4 Mesh 20
3.6.5 Grid Independence Test 20
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23
4.1 CFD Results 23
4.1.1 Validation Of Velocity Of Air Entrailed 27
4.2 Experimental Validation 29
4..2.1 Smoke Test 29

V
 4.2.2 Physical Test 30
4.3 Discussion 31
5 CONCLUSION 33
6 REFERENCES 34
7 APPENDIX I 36
7.1 Introduction 37
7.2 Conclusion 40
8 APPENDIX II 41
8.1 Manufacturing Drawings 41

VI
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Approximate sizes of different viruses ................................................................. 11

Table 3.2 Classes of HEPA Filters by their retention at the given MPPS .............................. 15

VII
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Movable Anti-Virus Infection Negative Pressure Isolation Transfer Cabin[2] ........ 3
Figure 3.1 Negative Pressure Room schematic diagram[10] .................................................. 7
Figure 3.2 Components of AshLi ........................................................................................... 8
Figure 3.3 AshLi Structural Design ....................................................................................... 9
Figure 3.4 Distribution of claustrophobia-related premature MRI termination by age group.
Patient-based analysis.[12] .................................................................................................. 10
Figure 3.5 HEPA Filter Functioning[14] .............................................................................. 12
Figure 3.6 Primary Filtration mechanisms [15] .................................................................... 13
Figure 3.7 Classic collection efficiency curve, with filter collection mechanisms [15] ......... 13
Figure 3.8 Exhaust Fan ....................................................................................................... 16
Figure 3.9 Ace Digital Differential Pressure Gauge ............................................................. 16
Figure 3.10 Computational Mesh ........................................................................................ 20
Figure 3.11 Mass Fraction CO₂ Vs No. of cells .................................................................... 21
Figure 3.12 Mass Fraction O₂ Vs No. of cells ...................................................................... 21
Figure 3.13 Mass Fraction N₂ Vs No. of cells ...................................................................... 22
Figure 4.1 Contours of mass fraction of CO₂ ....................................................................... 23
Figure 4.2 Contours of mass fraction of O₂ .......................................................................... 23
Figure 4.3 Contours of mass fraction of N₂ .......................................................................... 24
Figure 4.4 CO₂ Isosurface(Mass Fraction Value 5.35e-06) ................................................... 24
Figure 4.5 O₂ Isosurface(Mass Fraction Value-0.2102592) .................................................. 25
Figure 4.6 N₂ Isosurface(Mass Fraction Value-0.7897355) .................................................. 25
Figure 4.7 Pressure Contour inside the cabin ....................................................................... 26
Figure 4.8 Velocity Contour ................................................................................................ 26
Figure 4.9 Velocity Stream Lines......................................................................................... 29
Figure 4.10 Smoke filled inside cabin (t=0sec) .................................................................... 29
Figure 4.11 Smoke filtered out from the cabin (t=0sec) ....................................................... 29
Figure 4.12 Negative pressure as a physical manifestation ................................................... 30
Figure 4.13 Conducting user trials ....................................................................................... 30
Figure A.1 Ashli V2 Prototype ............................................................................................ 37
Figure A.2 Primary Cabin.................................................................................................... 38
Figure A.3 HEPA Filter Exhaust System Cabin .................................................................... 38
Figure A.4 HEPA Filter Exhaust System Cabin (Sectional View) ......................................... 38
Figure A .5 Ashli 2 Prototype (Without Stand) ..................................................................... 39
Figure A.6 Custom Made Stand ........................................................................................... 40

VIII
 ABBREVIATIONS

AshLi Advanced system for Highly Effective Virus

Liability and Infection Control
HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Air

SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome

coronavirus 2
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging

ISO International Organization for

Standardization
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

US DOE United States Department of Energy

MPPS Most Penetrating Particle Size

CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics

PPE Personal protective equipment

V2 Version 2

IX
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

COVID-19 was first identified in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province,
China, and has since evolved into a global pandemic, affecting nearly every corner of the world.
The rapid spread of COVID-19 can be attributed to its efficient human-to-human transmission,
primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, talks, or
even breathes. The virus can also spread by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching
the face, although this is believed to be a less common route of transmission.

In India, As of 17 June 2023, according to Indian government figures, India has the
second-highest number of confirmed cases in the world (after the United States of America)
with 44,992,960 reported cases of COVID-19 infection and the third-highest number of
COVID-19 deaths (after the United States and Brazil) at 531,892 deaths [1]. In October 2021,
the World Health Organization estimated 4.7 million excess deaths, both directly and indirectly
related to COVID-19 to have taken place in India. Numerous challenges were faced by
hospitals and healthcare systems.

The surge in Patient Volume was one of them, Hospitals experienced a surge in patient
volume due to the rapid spread of COVID-19. This led to the high spread of covid virus to the
medical staff. Another one was the shortage of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Hospitals
faced shortages and struggled to procure an adequate supply of PPE to protect healthcare
workers and patients. This scarcity posed significant challenges to maintaining a safe working
environment and reducing the risk of transmission within healthcare settings.

The outbreaks of respiratory infectious diseases caused by influenza A virus, Ebola

virus, and the latest SARS-CoV-2 virus have raised significant concerns worldwide in recent
years. Individuals infected with respiratory infectious diseases carry a large number of highly
pathogenic respiratory microorganisms, becoming mobile sources of infection. Typically, these
pathogenic microorganisms are transmitted through respiration, speech, and contact, leading to
concentrated infections among large populations. Implementing physical isolation for infected
individuals serves as a straightforward and effective measure to control the source of infection
and interrupt the transmission route. Negative pressure isolation is the technical method used
for isolation, involving specialized ventilation and isolation devices that create an artificial
pressure barrier between the internal and external environment, ensuring the isolation of

1
infectious patients from the outside world. The discharged air from ventilation must be purified
to prevent any environmental harm.

Based on the characteristics of the isolation equipment, they can be categorized into
fixed negative pressure isolation treatment and mobile negative pressure isolation transport.
Negative pressure isolation wards are capable of accommodating multiple respiratory
infectious patients in a negative pressure environment. On the other hand, negative pressure
ambulances and transfer cabins fall under the category of mobile negative pressure isolation
transfer equipment, allowing safe transportation of infected individuals to central hospitals or
city healthcare facilities. Following the SARS outbreak in China in 2003, the use of negative
pressure isolation chambers and negative pressure ambulances proved effective in isolating and
transporting infected individuals, significantly reducing the spread of the virus during
transportation. Similarly, in 2014, the United States, Spain, and France employed negative
pressure isolation cabins during the transportation of individuals infected with the Ebola virus.
Consequently, negative pressure isolation transfer technology and equipment have emerged as
crucial measures for controlling global outbreaks of respiratory infectious diseases.

Before starting this project, we reviewed the Movable Anti-Virus Infection Negative
Pressure Isolation Transfer Cabin by Shandong Huirui Medical Technology Co., Ltd. [2]. The
negative pressure isolation transfer cabin described here has the capability to transport a single
patient using a stretcher and a corresponding vehicle, primarily designed for severely infected
individuals who are unable to walk or sit. However, there are certain limitations associated with
this type of isolation. Firstly, it is not feasible to isolate patients for prolonged durations, and
this can lead to significant psychological and physiological burdens, causing harm to patients
confined in the isolation transfer cabin. Secondly, the dispersion of microorganisms into the
environment usually occurs through respiration, coughing, speaking, and vomiting, with the
concentration being higher above the chest. While implementing whole-body isolation
enhances safety measures, it also places a considerable burden on patients and poses challenges
in terms of diagnosis and treatment.

2
 Fig 1.1 Movable Anti-Virus Infection Negative Pressure
Isolation Transfer Cabin [2]

In this report, we emphasize the design and development of an isolation negative

pressure cabin that is suitable for bedridden patients. The negative pressure inside the cabin
was validated through steady-state analysis as well as through experimental validation by
carrying out a smoke test. The concentration of CO2 inside the cabin was also studied through
transient analysis under the working condition of the device. Manufacturing drawings of the
device as well as the new design for AshLi is given in the Appendix, towards the end of the
report.

3
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

The previous chapter gives an introduction to the entire work. In this chapter, a detailed
literature review undertaken for the development of this device is discussed.

2.1 General Overview

Byung Uk Lee[3], "Minimum Sizes of Respiratory Particles Carrying SARS-CoV-2 and

the Possibility of Aerosol Generation", This was published in the International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health, investigates the minimum sizes of respiratory
particles that carry viable SARS-CoV-2 virus particles and investigates the possibility of
aerosol transmission. The study looks at the size distribution of respiratory particles released
while breathing, coughing, and speaking in order to discover the smallest particle sizes needed
to transport the virus. According to the findings, these minimal sizes may be lower than
previously thought of as respiratory droplets, indicating the possibility of aerosol transmission.
The article "Minimum Sizes of Respiratory Particles Carrying SARS-CoV-2 and the Possibility
of Aerosol Generation" by Byung Uk Lee, published in the International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health, investigates the minimum sizes of respiratory
particles carrying viable SARS-CoV-2 virus particles and the possibility of aerosol
transmission.

Benedette Cuffari[4], "The Size of SARS-CoV-2 and its Implications" gives a succinct
explanation of the virus's physical dimensions and implications. According to the text, SARS-
CoV-2 is an enveloped virus with a diameter ranging from 60 to 140 nanometers. Because of
the virus's tiny size, it may remain suspended in the air as aerosol particles, allowing it to spread
by respiratory droplets. This analysis done by Benedette emphasizes the need of
comprehending the magnitude of the efficiency of HEPA filters in catching coronavirus
particles.

Kim Martineau[5], "Do HEPA Filters Really Catch Coronavirus Particles?", The essay
discusses the fundamentals of air purifiers, mask effectiveness, and the effects of scientific
research. Aerosol scientist Faye McNeill explains air purifier basics, why masks really do work,
and how chemistry experiments and computer simulations in the lab translate to environmental

4
policy. Questions like “What’s a HEPA filter and can it catch particles as small as a
coronavirus?” is answered in this essay.

Hiroshi Ueki et al.[6], "Effectiveness of HEPA Filters at Removing Infectious SARS-CoV-

2 from the Air" to evaluate the efficacy of HEPA filters in removing infectious SARS-CoV-2
particles from the air. The researchers ran tests to see how well HEPA filters could collect and
inactivate the virus. In a controlled environment, they created aerosolized SARS-CoV-2
particles and ran the air through HEPA filters. The samples were then analysed to determine
viral load and infectivity confirming the high effectiveness of HEPA filters in capturing and
inactivating SARS-CoV-2 particles. The study highlights the potential of HEPA filtration
systems as a crucial tool in reducing airborne transmission and protecting public health.

Limei Hao et al.[7], “Development of a negative pressure hood for isolation and
transportation of individual patient with respiratory infectious disease”. In terms of patient
isolation and safe transportation, respiratory infectious illnesses offer considerable problems.
The creation of a negative pressure hood for isolating and transferring individual patients with
respiratory infectious illnesses is investigated in this research study. To produce a negative
pressure hood suited for patient isolation and transportation, the researchers most likely used a
multidisciplinary strategy, integrating literature evaluation, experimental design, and
technology development. However, no specifics about their methods were revealed.

Akira Umeda et al.[8], “Recent Insights into the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide
Concentrations for Clinical Practice in Respiratory Medicine” This journal provides an
overview of the measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in clinical practice for
respiratory medicine. The authors address the significance of precisely monitoring CO2 levels
as a critical indicator in assessing patients' respiratory conditions and general health. They go
through several CO2 measuring techniques and instruments, such as capnography, capnometry,
and transcutaneous monitoring. This sheds light on the monitoring of CO2 concentrations in
respiratory medicine. The article addresses numerous measuring techniques and technologies,
highlighting clinical uses and possible patient care improvements.

D.M. Hudson et al.[9], “Review of Claustrophobia Incidence in MRI: A Service Evaluation

of Current Rates Across a Multi-Centre Service.” (March 2022). This study investigates the
incidence of claustrophobia in MRI exams across different healthcare centers. The study's goal
is to assess and compare the rates of claustrophobia experienced by patients getting MRI scans
at various facilities. Claustrophobia, a typical worry during MRI treatments, can cause severe

5
anxiety and impede imaging study completion. This study gives an in-depth analysis of
claustrophobia incidence in MRI exams. The study emphasizes the need of treating patient
anxiety and applying steps to improve the MRI experience for claustrophobic patients, which
proved to be of much help for the development of our device.

2.2 Objectives

 To design and develop a mini-isolation cabin that goes over the head of infected
viral patients, and to drive out the contaminated air through a high-efficiency filter.
 To find out the existence of negative pressure inside the device when it is under
operation.
 To ensure Oxygen flow inside the cabin.
 To carry out steady and unsteady analysis including transient species transport to find
out about the concentration of different species in the air when the device is operated.
 To fabricate the proposed design and carry out experimental validation on the device.

6
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Project Description

Developing AshLi was a challenge for us. We had to satisfy a set of constraints like an
isolated “mini” cabin to be used for infectious patients having viral contagious diseases, and to
be able to handle it better, and also for it to be suitably placed over the head of the patient, that
no sign of panic or anxiety attacks happen to the patients when the device is mounted or
operated. The device is capable of filtering out diseases like the common cold, Influenza,
Chickenpox, Mumps, Measles, and COVID-19, a pandemic that caused a global outbreak of
coronavirus, an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. It is safe to say that our research was more inclined toward mitigating
the viral spread of COVID-19-infected patients with the help of an isolated cabin.

The ultimate aim of developing our design was to make a cabin capable of sustaining
negative pressure throughout the operation of the device. The negative pressure was critical for
the successful operation of this device so as to keep the viral particles inside the cabin and to
prevent the diffusion of these particles to the surroundings. This design is heavily inspired by
the Negative Pressure rooms that are found in Hospitals.

Negative pressure rooms, also known as isolation rooms, are specialized hospital
rooms designed to separate patients with contagious diseases from those who are vulnerable
to infections like other patients, visitors, and healthcare personnel.

Fig 3.1 Negative Pressure Room schematic diagram [10]

7
 The basic principle behind a negative pressure isolation room is to create a controlled
airflow that prevents contaminated air from escaping the room and spreading to other areas of
the hospital.

The isolation room is equipped with a ventilation system that creates negative pressure,
ensuring that air flows into the room while preventing its escape. This method takes advantage
of the natural movement of air from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure, effectively
containing any contaminated air within the room.[10]

Stable negative pressure is an effective means of preventing the spread of pathogenic

microorganisms to the environment. The continuous and stable existence of pressure
differences can form a stable air flow from the high-pressure to the low-pressure area,
preventing the diffusion of harmful substances.

This isolated cabin must contain the respiratory droplets which are to be filtered by
some media and to be filtered out to the atmosphere. Furthermore, a suitable component to
drive the probable virus-infected air out of the cabin was also discussed. A pressure sensor
must be provided to physically validate the existence of a negative pressure inside the cabin.

3.2 Structural Design

As shown in the figure, AshLi consists of a transparent acrylic box which acts as the
structural part of this design. In this device towards the inlet, there is a sponge where the neck
of the patient goes. The HEPA filter is situated on the inside of the cabin. Just outside of the
cabin is an exhaust fan through which the air is filtered out. Handles are provided on either side
for easier handling of the device. The cabin is put on top of the patient and only the patient’s
head is inside the cabin, having a negative pressure.

Fig 3.2 Components of AshLi

8
3.3 Detailed Overview

A square box having dimensions 44cmx44cmx40cm was constructed out of a

transparent acrylic sheet having a thickness of 5mm, making ample space for the patient’s head.
Cuts were made on the front of the box to house the patient’s neck while providing provisions
for sponges to be placed to ease the pressure which is felt on the neck by the thin acrylic sheets.
The average circumferential length around the neck is found to be 15 inches. Moreover, a hole
is cut out in the backside of diameter Φ85mm to house the Exhaust Fan. The HEPA Filter is
connected to the inside of the box and the exhaust fan is made to sit in a way the exhaust air is
driven out into the atmosphere through the HEPA Filter, as per the figure. A digital pressure
gauge is also supplied to give a physical validation to the design. Handles are also provided on
the sides for easier handling of the device.

Fig 3.3 AshLi Structural Design

The transparent acrylic sheet owes a see-through design for both the operator and the
user of this device. The way we concluded on these dimensions for this structure and for the
transparent acrylic sheet as the material forming this device is by keeping in mind about a
condition called Claustrophobia.

Claustrophobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational fear of confined

spaces. About 12.5% of the population has claustrophobia [11]. Claustrophobia is more
common in females than males. [11]

9
 Fig 3.4 Distribution of claustrophobia-related premature MRI termination by age
group. Patient-based analysis.[12]
Claustrophobia can be overcome in a variety of ways.
 Making the Cabin Transparent
 Giving Enough Space Inside: We ensured that there is enough space inside
the device having ample room for the patient to rest the head.
 Ambient Lighting inside the cabin: Appropriate Lighting inside the cabin
also ensures the patient feels calm and gets to know what is happening around him at
all times. This is said to reduce the impact of claustrophobia to a considerable extent.

Claustrophobia is minimized by incorporating these mitigation measures into our design.

3.4 Design of Exhaust System

The Exhaust System of AshLi contains a HEPA Filter and an exhaust fan arranged in
series with each other. This arrangement is adopted so that the air that is drawn out through the
exhaust fan passes through the HEPA filter only. The speed of the fan is controlled by means
of a dimmer stat, so that sufficient negative pressure is created inside the cabin. The Exhaust
System also contains a differential Pressure Gauge, that gives the pressure difference between
the ambient atmospheric air and the inside of the cabin as a gauge pressure reading of pressure
in Pascal units (Pa). As the pressure inside the cabin is less than the surrounding air, the pressure
value is read as negative.

10
 The Selection of a HEPA filter was the most crucial part of our design because HEPA
filters are available in a multitude of grades and sizes. So, an extensive study of HEPA Filters
was conducted on par with the development of this device.

3.4.1 HEPA Filter

HEPA filters, also known as High-Efficiency Particulate Absorbing filters or High-

Efficiency Particulate Arrestance filters, adhere to a specific efficiency standard for air
filtration. These filters are required to remove at least 99.95% (ISO, European Standard) or
99.97% (ASME, U.S. DOE) of particles with a diameter of 0.3 μm, with varying levels of
efficiency for particles larger or smaller than that size. HEPA filters effectively capture a range
of particles, including pollen, dirt, dust, moisture, bacteria (0.2–2.0 μm), viruses (0.02–0.3 μm),
and submicron liquid aerosols (0.02–0.5 μm). Some microorganisms can also be captured using
HEPA filters with photocatalytic oxidation[13]. A HEPA filter is also able to capture floor dust
which contains bacteroidia, clostridia, and bacilli. Commercialized in the 1950s, HEPA became
both a registered trademark and a generic term for highly efficient filters.

Table 3.1 Approximate sizes of different viruses

11
 HEPA filters are made up of a mat of randomly arranged fibers, typically composed of
polypropylene or fiberglass with diameters between 0.5 and 2.0 micrometers, forming tangled
bundles, creating a narrow and convoluted pathway for air to pass through. When large particles
encounter this pathway, the fiber bundles act like a sieve, physically blocking the particles from
passing. However, smaller particles, due to their inability to keep up with the twisting motion
of the air, collide with the fibers. The smallest particles, with minimal inertia, move around air
molecules through Brownian motion and ultimately crash into the fibers.

Fig 3.5 HEPAFigure

Filter Functioning[14]
1

The efficiency of HEPA filters is influenced by factors such as fiber diameter, filter
thickness, and face velocity. HEPA filters are designed to target a range of particle sizes. These
filters trap particles through three mechanisms:

1. Diffusion: Particles below 0.3 μm are captured through diffusion. Smaller particles collide
with gas molecules, similar to Brownian motion, and are blown or bounced around, eventually
colliding with the filter fibers. This mechanism becomes dominant at lower airflow.

2. Interception: Particles following the airflow come within one radius of a fiber and adhere to
it. Intermediate-sized particles are captured through this process.

3. Impaction: Larger particles are unable to follow the curving contours of the air stream and
are forced to embed directly in the fibers. This effect increases with decreasing fiber separation
and higher air flow velocity.

12
 Fig 3.6 Primary Filtration mechanisms [15]

Diffusion is more prominent for particles below 0.1 μm, while impaction and
interception prevail for particles above 0.4 μm. Around the most penetrating particle size
(MPPS) of approximately 0.21 μm, both diffusion and interception are comparatively less
efficient. HEPA filter specifications use the retention of particles near the 0.3 μm size to classify
the filter, as this is the weakest point in its performance. However, particles smaller than the
MPPS may not have greater filtering efficiency than the MPPS due to their role as nucleation
sites for condensation, leading to the formation of particles near the MPPS.

Fig 3.7 Classic collection efficiency curve, with filter

collection mechanisms [15]

13
Within the medical field, there are different types of HEPA filters designed for specific
applications. Here are several examples:

1. True HEPA Filters: These filters possess the capability to capture at least 99.97% of particles
as small as 0.3 microns. Medical-grade air purifiers and ventilation systems commonly utilize
True HEPA filters to remove allergens, airborne pathogens, and pollutants.

2. ULPA (Ultra-Low Penetration Air) Filters: ULPA filters offer even higher filtration
efficiency compared to True HEPA filters. They can capture 99.999% of particles down to 0.12
microns in size. In critical medical environments like operating rooms and isolation units,
ULPA filters are crucial to maintaining extremely clean air.

3. HEPA H13 and H14 Filters: These filters conform to the European standard EN1822 for
HEPA filters. H13 filters capture at least 99.95% of particles down to 0.3 microns, while H14
filters provide even higher efficiency by capturing at least 99.995% of particles down to 0.3
microns. Medical applications that demand stringent air quality control, such as cleanrooms or
laboratories, commonly employ these filters.

4. Activated Carbon HEPA Filters: These filters combine the filtration capabilities of HEPA
filters with activated carbon to effectively remove particulate matter, gases, odors, and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs). They are utilized in healthcare facilities to enhance air quality and
mitigate unpleasant odors.

5. Antimicrobial HEPA Filters: These filters incorporate antimicrobial agents into the filter
media to inhibit the growth of bacteria, viruses, and fungi on the filter surface. This feature
prevents the filter itself from becoming a potential source of contamination. Antimicrobial
HEPA filters play a critical role in environments where infection control is of utmost
importance, such as hospitals and cleanrooms.

3.4.1.1 HEPA Selection

Upon analysis of negative-stained SARS-CoV-2 articles by electron microscopy,

different researchers have had varying results, but the diameter of the virus has been found to
range between 50 nm to 140 nm.[6]

Respiratory infections can be transmitted through droplets of different sizes: when the
droplet particles are >5-10 μm in diameter they are referred to as respiratory droplets, and when
they are <5μm in diameter, they are referred to as droplet nuclei. According to current evidence,

14
COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted between people through respiratory droplets and
contact routes. In an analysis of 75,465 COVID-19 cases in China, airborne transmission was
not reported.

Several classes of HEPA filters by their retention at the given most penetrating particle
size (MPPS) according to European Norm 1882:2009:

HEPA Retention(total) Retention(local)

class

E10 > 85% ---

E11 > 95% ---
E12 > 99.5% ---
H13 > 99.95% > 99.75%
H14 > 99.995% > 99.975%
U15 > 99.9995% > 99.9975%
U16 > 99.99995% > 99.99975%
U17 > 99.999995% > 99.9999%

Table 3.2 Classes of HEPA Filters by their retention at the given MPPS [16]

Through these references, we were able to adopt H14 HEPA Filter for our design
because it is the highest-grade medical HEPA Filter available and it can filter out particles up
to 0.3 microns with 99.995% efficiency.

HEPA filters are capable of capturing particles that contain coronavirus. When
individuals breathe, cough, or speak, they release droplets of respiratory fluid, saliva, and
potential viruses into the surrounding air. Even if the moisture in these droplets evaporates,
they still retain salts, proteins, and other substances along with any viruses. As a result, the
remaining particles are usually a few microns in dimension, making it fairly easy to trap it with
a HEPA Filter.

3.4.2 Exhaust Fan

The exhaust fan is an important driving element in this device. We looked for a high-
speed exhaust fan, with great efficiency that provided the required suction while being portable.

15
A 100mm high-speed ventilation fan by Panasonic was selected for the device. It is lightweight
and also offers silent operation.

Fig 3.8 Exhaust Fan

3.5 Pressure Gauge

A differential pressure gauge which is capable of measuring both positive and negative
pressure was incorporated into the design. This negative differential pressure gauge has a
diameter of 114.3mm with a depth of 30mm. The accuracy of this pressure gauge is +/-0.5%
of Full Scale and a resolution of 1 Pascals / 0.1 mm. w.c. with a range of -10.0 to +10.0
mm.w.c/ -100 to +100 pascal. This differential pressure sensor houses a Built in Buzzer Alarm
for Process Violation Alert and if the pressure goes below a set value.

Fig 3.9 Ace Digital Differential Pressure Gauge

3.6 CFD Analysis

In this section, the methodology adopted for carrying out the simulations as well as the
study for the transient state Species Transport. Transient Analysis using species transport study
was carried out to find out about the concentration of different species inside AshLi up to a
particular time period. Here, we ran the simulation for 600 seconds or 10mins.

16
 Here, the composition of different species in air is taken mainly O₂, N₂ and CO₂ while
neglecting other gases like neon, and hydrogen. The transient analysis with species transport
of non-reactive species was given into the nose part as a named expression. The concertation
of O₂, CO₂ and N₂ (in mass fraction) are 0.164, 0.044 and 7.92 respectively and this data is
taken on the basis of mass fractions of constituents of air under normal exhalation by an average
human. This data is fed into the boundary conditions of the nose, as a pressure outlet.

3.6.1 Governing Equations

The k-epsilon turbulence model is one of the most commonly used turbulence models
in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It is based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes
(RANS) equations and provides a closure for the turbulent viscosity term. The governing
equations for the k-epsilon turbulent model are as follows:

Conservation of mass (the continuity equation):

∇ ⋅ (ρu) = 0

Conservation of momentum (Navier-Stokes equations):

∂(ρu)/∂t + ∇ ⋅ (ρu ⊗ u) = -∇p + ∇ ⋅ τ + ρg

Here, “u” is the velocity vector, “ρ” is the density, “t” is time, “p” is the pressure, “g” is the
gravitational acceleration, and “⊗” represents the tensor product.

Conservation of turbulence kinetic energy (k equation):

∂(ρk)/∂t + ∇ ⋅ (ρku) = ∇ ⋅ (μeff ∇k) + Pk – ε

Here, “k” is the turbulence kinetic energy, “μeff” is the effective viscosity, “Pk” represents the
production of turbulence kinetic energy, and “ε” is the turbulent dissipation rate.

Conservation of turbulence dissipation rate (epsilon equation):

∂(ρε)/∂t + ∇ ⋅ (ρεu) = ∇ ⋅ (μeff ∇ε) + Cε1Pε - Cε2ρε^2/k

In the epsilon equation, “ε” is the turbulence dissipation rate, “Cε1” and “Cε2” are model
constants, and “Pε” is the turbulence dissipation production term.[17]

17
To close the equations, additional models and assumptions are used to calculate the turbulent
viscosity (μeff) and other terms in the equations. These models include the turbulent viscosity
model, which relates the turbulent viscosity to k and ε, and the Pk and Pε models, which relate
the production terms to the mean flow quantities. It is important to note that different variations
and enhancements of the k-epsilon model exist, such as the standard k-epsilon model, RNG k-
epsilon model, and the realizable k-epsilon model. Each variant incorporates different
turbulence closure models and constants to improve the accuracy of the predictions in specific
flow regimes.

3.6.2 k-epsilon Turbulence Model

The k-epsilon model consists of two transport equations: one for the turbulence kinetic
energy (k) and another for the turbulence dissipation rate (epsilon). These equations describe
the transport and production of turbulent energy and its dissipation in the flow.

The k equation governs the transport of turbulence kinetic energy and is given by:

∂(ρk)/∂t + ∇ ⋅ (ρku) = ∇ ⋅ (μeff ∇k) + Pk - ε

The epsilon equation governs the transport of the turbulence dissipation rate and is given by:

∂(ρε)/∂t + ∇ ⋅ (ρεu) = ∇ ⋅ (μeff ∇ε) + Cε1Pε - Cε2ρε^2/k

Here, u is the velocity vector, ρ is the density, t is time, μeff is the effective viscosity, Pk and
Pε are the production terms, and Cε1 and Cε2 are model constants.

The species transport equation for a general species scalar φ is given by:

∂(ρφ)/∂t + ∇ ⋅ (ρφu) = ∇ ⋅ (Deff ∇φ) + Sφ

Here, φ represents the species scalar variable, u is the velocity vector, ρ is the density, t is time,
Deff is the effective diffusivity, and Sφ represents the source term for the species transport
equation.[18]

18
3.6.3 Named Expression

For conducting the CFD analysis, we have put in a named expression for flow into and
out of the nose. If we consider the inhalation and exhalation cycle to be simple harmonic, then
we can have the equation for simple harmonic motion as

X(t) = Asin(ωt+Φ),

Where A is the Amplitude,

ω is the Angular Frequency,

Φ is the phase shift.

Here we have the simple harmonic pressure function as

P(t) = psin(ωt)

Where p is the exhalation pressure in pascal.

ω is the angular frequency

As per a journal published by the National Library of Medicine, the diaphragm and
related thoracic muscles can exert maximum exhalation pressures of 44 to 88 mmHg and
maximum inhalation pressures of negative 29 to 74 mmHg. For this analysis, we have taken a
maximum exhalation pressure of 98Pa or 73.5mmhg as the pressure of air exhaled out through
the nose.

And furthermore, the angular frequency can be found out as follows:

ω = 2*π*N
60
i.e.,

ω = 2*π*15
60
=1.57 rad/s

19
N is the number of cycles per minute of volume flowing from the cabin to the surroundings.

Therefore expression for flow is 98.0[Pa]*sin(1.57[s^-1]*t) .

3.6.4 Mesh

The 3-D flow domain of Ashli is discretized using a tetrahedral mesh. The total number
of elements in the mesh is 15,48,986 elements. Tetrahedral mesh is used because it is able to
well approximate the surface contour. This mesh is further used to carry out analysis using
Computational Fulid Dynamics.

Fig 3.10 Computational Mesh

3.6.5 Grid Independence Test

The goal of the grid independence study is to see how sensitive numerically calculated
flow properties and to eliminate/reduce the influence of the number of grids/grid size on the
computational results. Before modelling the flow, a grid independence test is performed to
determine the best mesh. Three distinct grids were chosen for the grid independence test.
Mainly, 10,00,000cells, 15,00,000 cells and 20,00,000 cells, ranging from a fine mesh to a
coarse mesh.

20
 Fig 3.11 Mass Fraction CO₂ Vs No. of cells

Mass Fraction of O2

0.2105
0.21045
0.2104
Mass Fraction of O2

0.21035
0.2103
0.21025
0.2102
0.21015
0.2101
0.21005
0.21
10L 15L 20L
No of cells

Fig 3.12 Mass Fraction O₂ Vs No. of cells

21
 Mass Fraction of N2
0.7899
0.78985
0.7898
Mass Fraction of N2

0.78975
0.7897
0.78965
0.7896
0.78955
0.7895
0.78945
0.7894
10L 15L 20L
No. of cells

Fig 3.13 Mass Fraction N₂ Vs No. of cells

Over these grids, the mass fraction of CO₂, O₂, and N₂ was evaluated by keeping the same. The
grids with 15L cells and 20L cells produced the most similar results of the three.

22
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 CFD Results

As mentioned in the previous chapter, we have conducted a transient analysis using

species transport by Fluid Simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics. The species taken
were non-reactive. The fluid media was taken to be incompressible. Through this simulation
we were able to get the following results.

The contours of mass fraction of O₂, CO₂ and N₂ were found out.
The obtained results are:

Fig 4.1 Contours of mass fraction of CO₂

Fig 4.2 Contours of mass fraction of O₂

23
 Fig 4.3 Contours of mass fraction of N₂

Here it is worth noting that the mass fraction of CO₂ is about 3.15e-06 between O₂ and
N₂ concentrations. This is because of the fact that the air is driven out continuously from the
system

Fig 4.4 CO₂ Isosurface(Mass Fraction Value 5.35e-06)

24
 Fig 4.5 O₂ Isosurface(Mass Fraction Value-0.2102592)

Fig 4.6 N₂ Isosurface(Mass Fraction Value-0.7897355)

Through this study we can further establish that there is no contamination of CO₂ or
there is negligible concentration inside of the cabin, for which we’ve taken as the computational
domain. The critical concentration of CO₂ in a confined space is above 1000ppm where slight
symptoms of nausea may be noticed. The concentration of CO₂ inside the cabin is below this
limit

25
Transient analysis was used to find the existence of negative pressure inside the cabin.

Fig 4.7 Pressure Contour inside the cabin

We obtained the result as follows. The pressure inside the cabin is negative and is
having a value of -6.721725 Pa (Gauge Pressure), with greater pressure drops near the exhaust
fan which is expected.

The velocity of air intrailed through the HEPA filter and out through the exhaust fan
was also analyzed and found.

Fig 4.8 Velocity Contour

26
The velocity of air displaced was found out to be around t 1.7 m/s towards the exit of the
exhaust fan as well as near the nose of the patient considered for analysis. It is worth noting
only the parts around the exhaust outlet was considered for determining the velocity of air
discharged.

4.1.1 Validation - Velocity of Air Entrailed

To find the velocity of air displaced from AshLi, we are considering the following factors
• Volume of air inside AshLi.

• 4-16 L/min of O2 flow.

• Air entrailed.

Here the air entrailed is taken as the mass flow through the sponge to the cabin. Considering
there is 20 cycles/min constraint, that is, the model should pump the entirety of the volume
inside of AshLi to the surroundings through the HEPA Filter in an hour, we obtained the results
both numerically as well as through steady state analysis. The mass flow rate through the inlet
sponge was found out to be 0.008995291 kg/s.

Velocity of air entrailed:

(a) Oxygen supplied:
= 4 to 16 L/min
= ((4 to16) x10-3)/60 m3/s

(b) Volume of air discharged per hour for 20 Cycles:

= (20 x volume of cabin)/hour
= (20x(lxbxh))/hour
= (20x(45x45x40) x10- 6)/60x60
= (20x0.081)/60*60
= 4.5x10-4m3/s

27
(c) Volume of air entered through sponge:
= (mass flow rate of air/ density of air)
= (0.00899529/ 1.168)
= 7.701446918x10-3 m3/s

Total Volume of air displaced(Q) = Total Volume of air displaced(Q)

Cross-sectional area of exhaust outlet (A)

Total Volume of air displaced(Q)

A = 0.0050265 m2
Q = (a+b+c)
= ( ((4to16x10-3)/60) + (4.5x10-4 ) + (7.701446918x10-3) )m3/s

• At Minimum oxygen flow(4L/min) :

V = Q/A
= (((4x10-3)/60) + (4.5x10-4) + (7.701446918x10-3))
0.0050265
= 1.63m/s
• At Maximum oxygen flow(16L/min) :
V = Q/A
= (((16x10-3)/60) + (4.5x10-4) + (7.701446918x10-3))
0.0050265
= 1.67m/s

Furthermore, the velocity streamlines inside AshLi are displayed which velocity streamlines
from different sources like the inlet sponge, the inlet O₂ pipe, the nose, and also the exhaust
through the porous HEPA filter, where the air is driven out by the exhaust fan.

28
 Fig 4.9 Velocity Stream Lines

4.2 Experimental Validation

4.2.1 Smoke Test

A smoke test was conducted on AshLi to prove that the air inside the cabin always
passes through the exhaust. This gives a sense of negative pressure inside the cabin. We can
also prove that there is no backflow of air through the inlet sponge.

Fig 4.10 Smoke filled inside cabin Fig4.11 Smoke filtered out from the
(t=0sec) )
cabin (t=15sec)

29
4.2.2 Physical Tests
The cabin has negative pressure inside, as confirmed by a physical negative differential
pressure gauge, effectively containing and filtering out contagious viruses through
the HEPA Filter. This is one par with the results obtained by transient state CFD Analysis.

Fig 4.12 Negative pressure as a physical manifestation

User trials was also conducted to evaluate the overall performance and usability of the
device. The user trials turned out to be a success as most of the test subjects found the device
satisfactory. Some of them felt a slight dizziness, as there was no oxygen mask provided for
the users at the time of testing the device.

Fig 4.13 Conducting user trials

30
4.3 Discussion

Respiratory pathogens rely on air transmission while non-respiratory particles may not
entirely depend on air transmission rather, they can spread through contact. Very few individual
virions or cells of respiratory pathogens such as adenoviruses, tuberculosis, plague, and SARS
virus are required to cause human infections. Approximately 1/10 tuberculosis pathogens cause
infections and as little as 200 rhinovirus particles cause the common cold.[19]

Coughing produces thousands of particles, while sneezing produces hundreds of

thousands of particles and contagious colds produce 6200 active viral droplets per hour that
can spread in the air for ≥10 min.[20] During the latent period of infection, i.e., the time
between the initial infection with a pathogen (such as a virus or bacteria) and the onset of
symptoms or signs of the disease for an affected individual, a large number of pathogenic
microorganisms is released into the surrounding air which can infect other surrounding
individuals.

The major mechanism employed to prevent the spread of these disease-causing

pathogens is by using a mask, PPE kits, or using a negative pressure isolation cabin found in
hospitals, negative pressure wards, and negative pressure ambulances. The efficiency of
individual masks is low and overall provides limited protection. Negative pressure ambulances
do not solve the problem of pathogenic microorganism spread when patients are transferred
from their homes, epidemic areas, or complex environments to the ambulance.

At present, the major mechanism to prevent pathogenic microorganisms from spreading

to the outside environment is physical isolation, including the wearing of masks, isolation
clothes, the use of negative pressure isolation cabins, negative pressure ambulances, and
negative pressure wards. The efficiency of individual masks is low and provides limited
protection. Negative pressure ambulances are unable to effectively address the issues
surrounding the diffusion of pathogenic microorganisms when patients are being transported
from their homes, areas with epidemics, or complex environments to ambulances. Negative
Pressure Isolation Transfer Cabins like AshLi is effective in filtering disease-causing
pathogenic microorganisms, because of the HEPA Filter, during transport processes. In this
study, we have developed a “Mobile Isolation Cabin” which we like to call AshLi which is
basically a virus filtration and air conditioning device which focuses on pathogenic filtration

31
and conditioning of air, from a cabin. Bedridden patients have been benefitted because they
can breathe with ease through the oxygen mask provided and also the doctors or medical
personnel standing beside the infected patient is not at all affected by any pathogens. This type
of arrangement makes it easier for the transit of patients between wards or between hospitals
in ambulances. Ample space is provided inside the cabin for accommodating the head of the
individual and handling the device is fairly easy.

32
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

Through this project, we have designed and developed a negative pressure isolation
cabin capable of conditioning and filtering out probable pathogenic microorganism-
contaminated air or droplets exhaled by the infected patient. Transient state analysis was
conducted in order to prove the existence of negative pressure inside the cabin. The negative
pressure came out to be -6.7 Pa (Gauge Pressure), which corresponds to about 1mm W.C.
Experimental validation using Smoke Test was also conducted to establish the negative
pressure and also to prove that there is no backflow of air from inside the cabin. User trials
were also conducted accompanying different types on the overall performance of the device.
The concentration of different species inside the air domain at a particular instant in the cabin
is also further studied, using species transport. Further, the velocity of air entrailed through the
fan was also found out, both numerically as well as through CFD Simulations.

The development of AshLi provided a useful supplement for negative pressure isolation
cabins. This cabin is an ideal choice for mild and suspected patients. AshLi is very much
versatile and can be used by numerous patients at a time. It not only provides isolation, but it
is also portable It can be used to transfer infected induvial from one place to another
accompanying a hospital bed with it. It can also be used for mass transit of a large number of
individuals, at times of an outbreak. This ensures greater isolation during transport. This
approach enables the swift and adaptable transportation of infected individuals, preventing
public health emergencies and curbing the spread of respiratory infectious diseases.

33
 CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES

[1]. Edouard Mathieu, Hannah Ritchie, Lucas Rodés-Guirao, Cameron Appel, Daniel
Gavrilov, Charlie Giattino, Joe Hasell, Bobbie Macdonald, Saloni Dattani, Diana
Beltekian, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, and Max Roser. (2023). "Coronavirus Pandemic
(COVID-19)". Our World in Data. Retrieved 19 June 2023

[2]. Shandong Huirui Medical Technology Co. “Movable Anti-Virus Infection Negative
Pressure Isolation Transfer Cabin.” https://hrmedical.en.made-in-
china.com/product/QZmGYlyLazrO/China-Movable-Anti-Virus-Infection-Negative-Pressure-
Isolation-Transfer-Cabin.html

[3]. Byung Uk Lee. (2020). “Minimum Sizes of Respiratory Particles Carrying SARS-CoV-2
and the Possibility of Aerosol Generation”

[4]. Benedette Cuffari, (2021). “The Size of SARS-CoV-2 and its Implications”

[5]. Kim Martineau. (2021). “Do HEPA Filters Really Catch Coronavirus Particles?”

[6]. Hiroshi Ueki, Michiko Ujie, Yosuke Komori, Tatsuo Kato, Masaki Imai, Yoshihiro
Kawaoka. (2022). “Effectiveness of HEPA Filters at Removing Infectious SARS-CoV-2 from
the Air”

[7]. Limei Hao, Jinhui Wu, Jinming Zhang, Zhangyi Liu, Ying Yi, Zongxing Zhang, Enlei
Zhang, Jian-cheng Qi. (2019). “Development of a negative pressure hood for isolation and
transportation of individual patient with respiratory infectious disease”

[8]. Akira Umeda, Masahiro Ishizaka, Akane Ikeda, Kazuya Miyagawa, Atsumi
Mochida, Hiroshi Takeda, Kotaro Takeda, Isato Fukushi, Yasumasa Okada, David
Gozal. (2021). “Recent Insights into the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations for
Clinical Practice in Respiratory Medicine”

[9]. D M Hudson, C Heales, R Meertens. (2022). “Review of claustrophobia incidence in

MRI: A service evaluation of current rates across a multi-center service”

34
[10]. N Pavelchak, K Cummings, R Stricof, E Marshall, M Oxtoby, M London. (2001).
“Negative-Pressure monitoring of tuberculosis isolation rooms within New York State
hospitals”

[11]. Iris Eshed, MD, Christian E. Althoff, MD, Bernd Hamm, MD, and Kay-Geert A.
Hermann MD. (2007). “Claustrophobia and premature termination of magnetic resonance
imaging examinations”

[12]. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health April 2003.

[13]. Christopherson, David A.; Yao, William C.; Lu, Mingming; Vijayakumar, R.; Sedaghat,
Ahmad R. (2020). "High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters in the Era of COVID-19: Function and
Efficacy"

[14]. “HEPA Filters and DOP Testing” https://www.tecomak.com/service/hepa-filters-dop-testing/

[15]. Gupta, Shakti Kumar; Kant, Sunil. (2007). “Modern Trends in Planning and Designing of
Hospitals: Principles and Practice.”

[16]. “Cleanroom HEPA Filters Specifications” https://www.cleanroom-

industries.com/index.php/resources/cleanroom-hepa-filters-specifications/298

[17]. H. Versteeg and W. Malalasekera. (2007). “An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics:
The Finite Volume Method”

[18]. David C. Wilcox. (1993). “Turbulence Modeling for CFD"

[19]. Limei Hao, Jinhui Wu, Jinming Zhang, Zhangyi Liu, Ying Yi, Zongxing Zhang, Enlei Zhang,
and Jiancheng Qi. (2019). “Development of a negative pressure hood for isolation and transportation
of individual patient with respiratory infectious disease”

[20]. Y.Z. Ji. (2005). “Numerical Study on Air Organization and Negative Pressure Control in
Infectious Isolation Ward”(in Chinese).

35
APPENDIX I
AshLi -V2

36
Introduction

In the second version, Ashli 2.0, significant improvements have been made to enhance
its functionality and overall performance.

Fig A.1 Ashli V2 Prototype

Dual Cabin Configuration: One of the key changes in Ashli 2.0 is the introduction of a dual
cabin configuration. Unlike the previous version, the HEPA filter and exhaust system are now
placed in a separate box, away from the main cabin. This design modification ensures better
isolation and prevents any potential contamination.

37
 Fig A.3 HEPA Filter Exhaust System
Fig A.2 Primary Cabin
Cabin

Fig A.4 HEPA Filter Exhaust System Cabin (Sectional View)

Air Sealed Air Duct: To maintain the integrity of the system, an air-sealed air duct is used to
connect the main cabin and the HEPA filter/exhaust system. This implementation ensures that
the exhaled air from the patient is effectively routed through the HEPA filter without any
leakage or bypass.

Differential Pressure Gauge and Negative Pressure Control: To monitor the pressure
inside the cabin, a differential pressure gauge has been incorporated into Ashli V2. This
gauge helps monitor a negative pressure environment within the cabin, ensuring that the
filtered air remains isolated and contained.

38
Regulated Suction Rate and Constant Pressure: A significant improvement in Ashli V2 is
the addition of a modified exhaust system that allows for the regulation of the suction rate.
By adjusting the speed of the exhaust, constant pressure is maintained inside the cabin,
optimizing the filtration efficiency and patient comfort. This regulation is achieved using an
Arduino controller.

CO2 Monitoring and Visual Indicators: To ensure patient safety, a CO₂ sensor has been
integrated into Ashli 2. This sensor continuously monitors the CO₂ levels within the cabin.
When the desired rate exceeds the set threshold, a red light is activated to alert the healthcare
provider, ensuring any prompt action to mitigate potential risks.

Fig A .5 Ashli 2 Prototype (Without Stand)

Enhanced Communication System: AshLi V2 features an improved communication system

with the inclusion of a microphone and a speaker. This enhancement facilitates clear and
effective communication between healthcare providers and patients during the procedure,
ensuring better patient experience and reassurance.

Adjustable Stand with Lifting Mechanism: To provide flexibility and ease of use, a stand
has been designed to hold the main cabin, bottom cabin, and HEPA exhaust system. This
stand incorporates a gear mechanism that allows the main cabin and bottom cabin to be lifted
or lowered as required, providing optimal positioning and accessibility.

39
 Fig A.6 Custom Made Stand
Redesigned Main Cabin: In Ashli 2, the main cabin has undergone a design change,
incorporating improvements based on user feedback and ergonomic considerations. The new
design prioritizes patient comfort, ease of access, and effective sealing to minimize any
potential leakage.

Conclusion

Ashli 2 represents a significant advancement in contiguous virus filtration and infection

control. With its dual cabin configuration, regulated suction rate, CO₂ monitoring, enhanced
communication system, and improved design, it provides a comprehensive solution for
ensuring patient safety and reducing the risk of virus transmission.

40
APPENDIX II
Manufacturing Drawings

41
 4 3 2 1
ITEM LIST
SL NO. NAME
F 1 EXHAUST FAN F
2 HEPAFILTER
3 HANDLE
4 O2 PIPE
5 O2 MASK
6 SPONGE

FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
E E

85.00
50.00

400.00
190.00

50.00
135.00

D 444.00 3.00 100.00 D

110.00
200.00 1
ISO VIEW
TOP VIEW 2

C C
444.00

B B
FINISH: DEBURR AND
BREAK SHARP DO NOT SCALE DRAWING REVISION: 00
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE PROJECT GROUP: 8 EDGES
IN MILLIMETERS
COLLEGE NAME: GEC THRISSUR
NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE:

AshLi V1
DRAWN

CHK'D

APPV'D

A MFG
Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO.
A
ACRYLIC GECT-S8-MECH-GRP. 8 A4

WEIGHT: SCALE:1:10 SHEET 1 OF 1

4 3 2 1
 4 3 2 1

F 444.00 340.00
F

350.00
240.00

E E

D D

C C

B B
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: FINISH: DEBURR AND
BREAK SHARP DO NOT SCALE DRAWING REVISION
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
SURFACE FINISH: EDGES
TOLERANCES: PROJECT TEAM -8
LINEAR:
ANGULAR:

NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE:

ASHLI V2 TOP CABIN

DRAWN

CHK'D

APPV'D

A MFG
Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO.
A
ACRYLIC GECT-S8-MECH-GRP 8 A4

WEIGHT: SCALE:1:8 SHEET 1 OF 1

4 3 2 1
 4 3 2 1

ITEM LIST
F SL NO. NAME F
1 PATIENT HEAD
2 O2 MASK
3 O2 PIPE
4 PILLOW

FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW

E E

100.00
447.00 100.00

D D

ISOMETRIC VIEW
TOP VIEW 1

2
430.00

3 C
C

10.00 430.00
10.00

200.00

B B
FINISH: DEBURR AND
BREAK SHARP DO NOT SCALE DRAWING REVISION 00
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE
EDGES
IN MILLIMETERS PROJECT GROUP: 8

NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE:

DRAWN

CHK'D AshLi V2 - BOTTOM WITH

APPV'D
PILLOW A
A MFG
MATERIAL: DWG NO.
Q.A
A4
ACRYLIC GECT-S8-MECH-GRP.8
WEIGHT: SCALE:1:10 SHEET 1 OF 1

4 3 2 1
 4 3 2 1

ITEM LIST
SL NO. NAME
F 1 HEPA FILTER F
2 EXHAUST FAN
EXHAUST AIR
3 LOUVERS

45°
E E

70.60
286.00

186.00 143.00
D D

2
30.00
143.00

C 3 C

B B

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE

FINISH: DEBURR AND
BREAK SHARP
DO NOT SCALE DRAWING REVISION: 00
EDGES
IN MILLIMETERS
PROJECT GROUP 8

NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE:

DRAWN

CHK'D
AshLi V2 - HEPA FILTER
APPV'D
EXHAUST SYSTEM A
A MFG
Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO.

ACRYLIC GECT-S8-MECH-GRP. 8 A4

WEIGHT: SCALE:1:5 SHEET 1 OF 1

4 3 2 1
 4 3 2 1

F F

E E

D D

322.00
C 760.00 C

547.00

B 316.00 760.00 B
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: FINISH: DEBURR AND
BREAK SHARP DO NOT SCALE DRAWING REVISION
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
SURFACE FINISH: EDGES
TOLERANCES: PROJECT GROUP: 8
LINEAR:
ANGULAR:

NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE:

ASHLI V2- STAND

DRAWN

CHK'D
APPV'D

A MFG A
Q.A MATERIAL: DWG NO.

MILD STEEL GECT-S8-MECH-GRP.8 A4

WEIGHT: SCALE:1:20 SHEET 1 OF 1

4 3 2 1