AIR QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM USING

ARDUINO

by

Arsh Meharwal (1703231048)

Anurag Sharma (1703231040)

Anshul Singhal (1703231042)

Ankit Kumar (1703231033)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ABES Engineering College

Campus 1, 19th Km Stone, NH-09, Ghaziabad
May, 2021
AIR QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO
by
Arsh Meharwal (1703231048)

Anurag Sharma (1703231040)

Anshul Singhal (1703231042)

Ankit Kumar (1703231033)

Submitted to the department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in

Electronics & Communication Engineering

ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Uttar Pradesh Lucknow

May, 2021
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work that, to the best of our knowledge
and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor
material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree
or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Signature:
Name: Arsh Meharwal
Roll number:
1703231048 Date:

Signature:
Name: Anurag Sharma
Roll number:
1703231040 Date:

Signature:
Name: Anshul Singhal
Roll number:
1703231042 Date:

Signature:
Name: Ankit Kumar
Roll number:
1703231033 Date
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project report entitled “Air Quality Monitoring System using
Arduino” which is submitted by Arsh Meharwal, Anurag Sharma, Anshul Singhal and
Ankit Kumar in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree B.Tech. in
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam,
Technical University, is a record of the candidates’ own work carried out by them under
my supervision. The matter embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted
for the award of any other degree.

Date: (Supervisor Signature)

Name
Designatio
n
Electronics & Communication Engineering
ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B.Tech. Project undertaken
during B.Tech Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Associate Professor Mrs.
Rakhi Kumari and Associate Professor Mr. Rajneesh Kumar Department of Electronics
& Communication Engineering, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad for their constant
support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and
perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant
efforts that our endeavours have seen light of the day.

We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Professor (Dr.) S. K.

Singh, Head of Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, ABES
Engineering College, Ghaziabad for his full support and assistance during the
development of the project.

We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty
members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the
development of our project. Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their
contribution in the completion of the project.

Signature: Signature:
Name: Arsh Name: Anshul Singhal
Meharwal Roll No. 1703231042
Roll No. 1703231048 Date:
Date:

Signature:
Signature: Name: Ankit Kumar
Name: Anurag Roll No. 1703231033
Sharma Date:
Roll No.
1703231040
Date:
 ABSTRACT

Where pollution has become a major problem around the world, air pollution is the most
dangerous, shocking and severe pollution among other pollutions e.g. water pollution, soil
pollution, noise pollution, light pollution, thermal pollution etc. Air pollution is the major cause
of diseases like asthma, cancer, bronchitis, birth defects and immune system like diseases. This
system implements the combination of an android app, server, gas sensors (CO2, CO, LPG, and
CH4) to sense the air quality of the environment and shows the real condition of air. Solving the
draw backs of existing air quality sensors this device can be used to monitor various gasses at a
time. The most demanding thing would be this system will give the real time data and will show
the quality of the air based on the standard air quality. The system will give the user the
indication of the air quality and based on given parameters it will let the user know how much
the environmental air is polluted or safe. This system will do everything on behalf of human in
such a way that for a smart city when people will have less time for spending and there will be
more industry and air will be more polluted this device will let people know how safe the air is.
The goal is to make the system as reasonable as possible so that people from every society
background can use this and if some research organization wants to do further research then if
some nominal amount of money is invested then it would be a great solution to install a weather
station thus air quality monitoring system.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page No.
Declaration ii
Certificate iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-3

1.1 1
1.2 2
1.3 3

CHAPTER 2 LITURATURE SURVEY 4 – 10

2.1 5–8
2.2 8 - 10
2.2.1 8-9
2.2.2 10
2.2.3 10
2.3 10

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY USED 11

3.1 11 - 12
3.2 12 - 14
3.3 14 - 27
3.3.1 14 - 23
3.3.1.1 14 - 15
3.3.1.2 15 - 17
3.3.1.3 17 - 20
3.3.1.4 20 - 23
3.3.2 23 - 24
3.3.3 24 - 26
3.3.4 26 - 27

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 - 30

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 31 - 32

5.1 31
5.2 31 - 32
REFERENCES 33 - 35
PUBLICATION DETAILS
 LIST OF TABLES
No. Title Page No.
1 Component List 12
2 Pin Description 24
3 Pin Configuration 25
4 MQ 135 Data 29
 LIST OF FIGURES
No. Title Page No.
1 Pollution Graph 7
2 Pollution Control using monitoring 8
3 Block Diagram of proposed system 11
4 Circuit Diagram 13
5 Microprocessor 15
6 Microcontroller 15
7 Basic Microcontroller system 16
8 Microcontroller Processing unit 18
9 Arduino Uno Board 23
10 LCD Pinout 24
11 MQ135 25
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The introduction of additional undesired biological molecules, particles, or other undesirable

items into the earth's atmosphere is referred to as air pollution. It is a leading cause of
infections, allergies, and, in severe cases, mortality in humans. It also causes harm to other
living things, such as animals and food crops, as well as the natural and constructed
environments [1-2]. They are also responsible for a variety of respiratory diseases (such as
asthma) and the development of many types of cancer in people who are exposed to these
poisons or chemicals for an extended length of time. Carbon monoxide (CO), for example, is
exceedingly dangerous to humans, causing significant asphyxiation, headaches, and death if
left unprotected for an extended period of time due to the carboxy-hemoglobin composition.
In 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 7 million people died globally
as a result of air pollution. The International Energy Agency (IEA) came close to the same
approximation [3]. These chemicals or pollutants are also to blame for environmental
disasters such as acid rain and ozone depletion. Air pollution is on the rise as a result of a
variety of human activities, and regulating it is critical to alleviate particular actions to limit it
[4Sensors for monitoring air quality used to be quite large, non-portable, and costly. Most air
pollution sensors are now designed to detect the five most prevalent air pollutants: nitrous
oxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide, and particle matter. Air pollution and
quality monitoring are extremely important in today's society since they have a significant
impact on human health. The designed air-quality measuring sensor can detect and monitor
air pollution in the surrounding environment. It is suitable for both indoor and outdoor use.
With future technology advancements, these sensors will become more affordable and
common, as well as portable air quality sensors that individuals may wear to monitor local air
quality [5-7].

1.2 OBJECTIVE

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The amount of pollution has risen through time due to a variety of causes such as population
growth, increasing vehicle usage, industrialization, and urbanization, all of which have
negative consequences on human welfare by directly impacting the health of those who are
exposed to it. In order to keep track of things, We will construct an Air Pollution Monitoring
System in which we will monitor the Air Quality System will trigger an alert when the air
quality drops below a specific level, which implies when there are significant amounts of
dangerous gases like as CO2, smoking, alcohol, benzene, and NH3 present in the air. On the
LCD, the air quality will be shown in PPM.• To measure and display temperature and
humidity level of the environment.

• To create an air quality sensing system with improved capabilities that can provide low-
cost, comprehensive monitoring by combining modern detecting technologies.

• To present the detected data on an LCD display screen in a user-friendly fashion.

• make background concentration measurements easier;

• keep track of current levels as a starting point for evaluation;

• compare air quality to norms or set a limit

• Recognize the significance of specific sources

• Allow for the comparison of air quality data from various regions and nations.

• Gather information for AQM, traffic, and land-use planning.

• keep an eye on trends (in terms of emissions);

• devise measures for reducing pollution;

• determine exposure and assess effects of air pollution on health, vegetation or building
materials

• Informing masses of air quality and raise awareness.

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1.3 METHODOLOGY

We developed an arduino-based air pollution detector using an Arduino UNO, MQ-135 air
quality sensor, humidity sensor, LCD display, pcb, jumper wires, and potentiometer (Figure
1). A serial connection connects the gadget to a computer. The data is taken from the sensor
and sent to the Arduino microcontroller. It will then be sent to computer software, where it
will be recorded and mapped in real time. It is relatively compact and may be used as a hand-
held measuring equipment to detect a variety of gases in real time.

3
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Pollution is increasing in an alarming rate every day. Air is the most sensitive element of the
environment which is polluted momentarily by the elements emitted to air. To know the level
of air pollution and air quality this proposed system is a wireless sensor network that works
mainly monitoring the pollution happening in a smart city. It is a low budget monitoring
system with cheap but efficient sensors. Some previous works like Smart environment
monitoring system [8] on vehicles was introduced on 2015. It basically figured out the
emission rate of poisonous gasses which are responsible for air pollution. Industrial air
pollution [9] monitoring system for safety and health enhancement was introduced to know
the hazardous gasses and their impact. Low cost air quality system [10] was discussed on
2008 as because at that time the sensors were quiet expensive and also the system. By using
mobile GPRS [11] system air pollution could be detected. Wireless sensor network based
pollution monitoring system in metropolitan cities was introduced to know the air quality
[12]. Pollution Dynamic Monitoring System [13] is also done previously. By reviewing the
future researches which has done before we can say that air pollution has increased in an
alarming rate. If it is not stopped immediately the whole world is going to face a filthy and
extreme weather for the future. There are more pollutions e.g. water pollution, noise
pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination but from the future studies we can say that air
pollution is the most alarming issue and this should be studied for the sake of saving the
world. According to World Health Organization: WHO, from smog hanging over cities to
smoke inside the home, air pollution poses a major threat to health and climate. The
combined effects of ambient (outdoor) and household air pollution cause about 7 million
premature deaths every year, largely as a result of increased mortality from stroke, heart
disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and acute respiratory infections.
More than 80% of people living in urban areas that monitor air pollution are exposed to air
quality levels that exceed the WHO guideline level of 10µg/m3, with low- and middle-
income countries suffering from the highest exposures. The major outdoor pollution sources
include vehicles, power generation, building heating systems, agriculture/waste incineration
and industry. In addition, more than 3 billion people worldwide rely on polluting
technologies and fuels (including biomass, coal and kerosene) for household cooking, heating
and lighting, releasing smoke into the home and leaching pollutants outdoors. From 9 out of

4
10 people worldwide breathe polluted air. To prevent the air pollution there should be
launched green energy. World Health Organization: WHO estimates that ambient pollution
alone caused some 4.2 million deaths in 2016, while household air pollution from cooking
with polluting fuels and technologies caused an estimated 3.8 million deaths in the same
period. So, the idea was to make such a system which will let people know what amount of
toxic air is inhaled. This system includes the studies from previous research how much it is
important to work on such a topic. To make such a device which will be portable and can
easily be installed was the main idea. Android device user and internet user has increased
tremendously. For ease of people the result of the device can be seen in a website as well as
in android app. By measuring pollution about air, water and sound on everyday life it would
be great significance for the health of human if the level of pollution is measured. For
detecting the air pollution different types of pollution monitoring gas sensors will be placed
in different points of the city. The main priority will be the polluted area and the area that
contains harmful particles to human. These sensors will collect practical data in real time
from different affected areas on different gases (for air and water) which are present in the
environment e.g. nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) and
humidity. It will also collect data about the pollution level of the sound inside the city. The
proposed system allows monitoring mainly air quality, water quality, sound quality and the
pollution condition of a smart city on a desktop/laptop computer through an application
designed using graphical User Interface (GUI) programming that gives signal when pollution
nature exceeds the acceptable levels.

2.1 RELATED WORK

The difficulty of the conventional monitoring instruments is their large size, heavy weight
and extraordinary costlier. These lead to inadequate deployment of the monitoring stations. In
order to be effective, the locations of the monitoring stations need careful placement because
the air pollution situation in urban areas is highly related to human activities (e.g.
construction activities) and location-dependent (e.g., the traffic choke-points have much
worse air quality than average). IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System monitors the Air
Quality over a webserver using internet and will activate an alarm when the air quality goes
down beyond a certain level, means when there is amount of harmful gases present in the air
like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene, NH3, NOx and LPG. The system will show the air
quality in PPM on the LCD and as well as on webpage so that it can be monitored very
easily. Temperature and Humidity is detected and supervised in the system. An Air Pollution

5
Monitoring System for monitoring the combination of major air pollutant gases has been
designed, developed, and observed with the wireless standard. This system measures
combination of gases such as CO, NO2 and SO2, and using semiconductor sensors. The
hardware unit integrates a single-chip microcontroller, air pollution sensors array, a GSM-
Module and a GPS-Module[14]. The Central-Server is a high-end personal computer
application server with internet connectivity. The hardware unit gathers air pollutants levels
(CO, NO2, and SO2), and packs them in a frame with the GPS physical location, time, and
date. The frame is finally uploaded to the GSM-Modem and transmitted to the Central-Server
via wireless network. The Environmental air pollution has significant influence on the
combination of constituents in the atmosphere leading to effects like global warming and acid
rains. To avoid such harmful imbalances in the nature, an air pollution measuring system is
utmost important. The traditional air quality monitoring system, controlled by the Pollution
Control Department, is extremely costlier. Wireless Sensor Networks are a new and very
challenging research field for embedded system design automation, as their design must
enforce stringent constraints in terms of power and cost. This attempts to develop an effective
solution for pollution measuring using wireless sensor networks (WSN). It focuses on
development of a prototype for a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) that supervises various
environmental guidelines of interest in urban areas based on ZigBee protocol. This is
observed through a small device that can be placed anywhere in a city. First, it is studied the
operation of ZigBee protocol. Second, it was chosen and tested a ZigBee module and sensors
from the market. Then, it was developed a module that supervises: humidity, temperature,
light, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen. These data are measured and sent
regularly to a base station connected to a computer. These data are stored and processed for
presentation on the Internet in this Environment Observation and Forecasting System (EOFS)
is an application for supervising and providing a forecasting about environmental
circumstances. The air pollution Monitoring system which involves a context model and a
flexible data acquisition policy. The context model is used for understanding the status of air
pollution on the remote Place. It can provide an alarm and safety guideline depending on the
condition of the context model. It also supports the flexible sampling interval change for
effective the tradeoff between sampling rates and battery lifetimes. In this Pollution Map is a
new automated system that monitors the air quality of urban cities and displays the
information using a web service. The system collects pollution data using mobile hardware
modules, transmits the data regularly using GPRS to a back-end server, and integrates the
data to generate a pollution map of the city using its geographical information system. The

6
pollution map is available at any time from an easy-to-view website. The proposed system
consists of a Mobile Data Acquisition Unit (Mobile DAQ) and a fixed Internet-Enabled
Pollution Monitoring Server (Pollution-Server). The Mobile-DAQ unit combines a single-
chip microcontroller, air pollution sensors array, a General Packet Radio Service Modem
(GPRS-Modem), and a Global Positioning System Module (GPS-Module). The Pollution-
Server is a high-end personal computer application server with Internet connectivity. The
Mobile-DAQ unit gathers air pollutants levels (CO, NO2, and SO2), and packs them in a
frame with the GPS physical location, time, and date.

Some of the current technique for the air pollution monitoring are described as below, in plug
and sense device method, it uses multiple sensors with location co-ordinate, and AQI LED
indicator is induced as per pollution level and the Real time pollution level visualized using
line graph. In distributed sensor data computing, it uses distributed intelligence for the sensor
nodes and uses spatial database for locations. In Arduino based method it uses sensor devices
for data, Uses ESP8266 Wi-Fi module for connection to server [15], Uses Node.js and Node
RED for displaying data on the server side. In personal assessment methods, Biochemical
dose assessment methods are used ex. Biomarkers. In ZigBee technology, ZigBee
transmitters and receivers are used, GPS module is used for locations for pollution level on
map.

Fig. 2.1 Pollution Increasing Graph

7
 Fig. 2.2 Pollution Control Using Monitoring System

2.2 TECHNIQUE USED FOR POLLUTION MONITORING

Previously the air pollution monitoring is done via computerized tomography technique
which generate a two dimensional map of pollutant concentration. It provides a many
advantages over the differential absorption method. In this system there is a single laser
source located at the centre of the area. This laser beam is rotated and directed towards the
circumference of the circle. There is a cylindrical mirror so that incident laser beam is
reflected in a fan beam over angle across the circle. The beam from the mirrors is the circular
region and strikes a set of detectors lie in same plane parallel to the ground. This technique
focus on lower transmitted laser energy increasing the range and ability to monitor the area
that contains several pollutant sources [16]. Another way of monitoring the air pollution is
via the online GPRS sensors array which has been designed, implemented and tested. This
system unit that consists at a single chip of microcontroller and a pollution server which is a
high end personal application server with a internet connectivity where the mobile data
acquisition unit that collect the pollution level & pack it into a frame with GPS location, date
and time. This frame is uploaded to the GPRS modem and transmitted to the pollution server
via the public mobile network. A data base server which is attached to the pollution level
which is used by the various client. Pollution server for storing the pollution level which is
used by the various clients. Pollution server having a interfaced with the Google map to
provide a real time pollutants level as well as the location in large metropolitan area [17].

2.2.1 Wireless sensor network for real time monitoring

8
A distributed infrastructure consists of a wireless sensor network and grid computing
technology for air pollution monitoring as well as mining. However, the two layer network
architecture and peer to peer e-science grid architecture and distributed data mining
algorithms are used in order to collect the data and tiny operating system is used to examine
the operation and performance of the wireless sensor network [18].Wireless sensor network is
the great achievement in this field. An effective solution for the pollution monitoring using a
wireless sensor network to provide a real time pollution data. The various gases like CO2,
NO2 are calibrated by using a appropriate calibration technologies and these pre-calibrated
sensors are integrated with the wireless sensor using a multi hop data aggregation algorithm.
A light weight middleware and web interface in order to view the one pollution data in the
form of charts and number. It is also available on the internet. The other parameters like
temperature and humidity are also sensed along with the gas concentrations which enable the
data analysis through the data fusion techniques this system provide accurate pollutant data
[19]. The air quality monitoring system combines with the virtual instrument technology &
frequency hopping communication technology to achieve the wireless data transmission. By
using a spectrum hole detection specimens that adjust a carrier frequency according to the
result & made a full use of available radio spectrum with this specimen there is no signal
interference during the wireless transmission process & the system can receive the real time
information effectively and the gas concentration can show clearly and easy to read by the
non professional staff also [20]. The air quality monitoring station are used to monitor the
quality of air but most of this method are expensive and provide a low resolution sensing data
and these stations are less densely deployed therefore the system consist of sensor mode
gateway and back end platform controlled by the lab view program through which the data
can be stored in the database the system deployed to the main road in the city to monitor the
carbon monoxide concentration caused by the vehicle emission the advantages of these
wireless sensor network is that it is easy to set up, inexpensive and also provide a real time
data[21]. The system in which several monitoring station communicate wirelessly with the
backend server using machine to machine communication & each station equipped with the
metro logical sensor and gaseous sensor for data logging and wireless communication
capabilities. The backend server collects the real time data from station and converts it in to
the information which is used by the user through the web portals and mobile application
[22]. The small scale of wireless sensor station to communicate with the backend server and
provide their measurement in a real time however the collected data are process and analyse
in order to provide these data in different format to the end user [23].

9
2.2.2 Centralized monitoring

Different sensors are deploying to the different region and each sensor must send their
collected information to server so that the end user can easily see the pollution information in
the different area. Centralize monitoring ensure the quality, improve the ability and integrity
of data. Collected data are uploaded to the cloud dataset so that it can be analyze or viewed
for future use. All these uploaded data are managed in database management system over the
centralize database with this available information the user can search the record as per their
requirement.

2.2.3 Pollution level monitor over the google map

The main objective of monitoring is to display the collected information in user friendly
format. The mobile application and websites are developing in order to display the real time
data that contains previous history and recent measurement of pollution level. Only the
authorized user can access the website which is easily available to the public when the
permission is granted. Website allows displaying the different level of pollution in different
area over the Google map. with the help of internet connectivity it is possible to display the
different level of pollution at different area on the Google map [24].

2.3 Types of sensor

There are different types of sensors are available for collecting the atmospherically data. Such
as Temperature sensor, Humidity sensor, Rain sensor, Gas Sensor etc...different types of gas
sensors are available to collect the different gases from the road traffic emission such as CO2
sensor,NO2 sensor,SO2 sensor etc. Wireless sensor network built a node where each node is
connected to one sensor. With the additional sensors may help to enhance the network and
monitoring the additional pollutants. With the help of sensors it may possible to collect the
environment related information. It is deployed in several cities to monitor the concentration
of dangerous gases for citizen. Air quality measurement can process and presented in a real
time to the end user in a friendly format to spread environmental awareness among the
population and allow taking appropriate precaution when it is needed.

10
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY USED

In this proposed "Air Quality Monitoring System" is basically an embedded system consisted
of input unit, control unit and display unit. Block diagram of proposed system is shown
below in in figure 3.1. An arduino based controller board is used to read sensory information
and to display on connected LCD. LCD used in this diagram is a 16x2 alphanumeric LCD, to
sense air humidity and temperature DHT11 sensor is used and to sense air pollution
parameters MQ135 sensor is used.

Figure 3.1 Block Diagram of Proposed Work

MQ 135 sensor is capable of sensing various types of gases like NH3, NOx, CO2, smoke and
benzene. A power supply of 12v and 1A rating is used to power-up arduino as well as other
sensors and display.

3.1 LIST OF COMPONENTS

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List of components used to implement project is shown below in table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Component List

S. No. Component Specifications Qty

1 Arduino Uno 8- bit Processor 1

2 PCB General Purpose 1

3 Voltage Regulator 7809 1

4 Capacitor 470uF, 100uF 2

5 Humidity & Temperature DHT11 1

Sensor

6 Power Supply 12V, 1A 1

7 Air Quality Sensor MQ135 1

8 Wires

9 Potentiometer 10kohm 1

3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit diagram of proposed air quality monitoring system is shown in figure 3.2. Arduino
has two types of pins used here in this project digital pins and analog pins. LCD is connected
on digital pins of arduino. RS pin is connected to arduino pin of 13, E is connected to aruino
pin of 12, and data pins D4, D5, D6 &D7 to arduino pins 6, 5, 4 &3. And pin number 1 & 16
of LCD is connected to ground pin of arduino, pin number 2 & 15 of LCD is connected to 5v
of arduino. R/W pin of LCD is connected to ground pin.

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 Figure 3.2 Circuit Diagram

DHT11 data pin is connected to arduino pin 11 and MQ135 is analog sensor hence connected
to analog pin A0 of arduino.

The model is for monitoring smoke levels in the atmosphere to make the environment
intelligent. The proposed prototype model is shown in above fig2, which is more adaptable
and flexible to monitor the environmental parameters. The goal of developing pollution
observing is to augment quality of life by mistreatment technology to augment the potency of
services and meet resident’s desires. Consider an area that is being surveyed for estimating
how much the area is affected by pollution. The constituents of air along with its proportion
are calculated and if it above traditional then the officers intimated and desire air filter and

13
exhaust fan start according to the threshold which are predefined in the controller. In the
proposed Arduino Uno based Air Quality Monitoring and Filtering System consist of
different types of sensors which are used for measuring the different gases and Temperature
and Humidity of the surrounding environment. In proposed system the different sensors used
for MQ135, DHT11 which are used for measuring different gases present in the environment
and and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. Photovoltaic
modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the
photovoltaic effect. Most modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells.
The structural (load carrying) member of a module can be either the top layer or the back
layer. Cells must be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are
rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells are
connected electrically in series, one to another to a desired voltage, and then in parallel to
increase amperage. The wattage of the module is the mathematical product of the voltage and
the amperage of the module. DHT11 sensor is used for measuring Temperature and Humidity
of the environment.

3.3 COMPONENTS DISCRIPTION

3.3.1 MICROCNTROLLER

The term microcomputer is used to describe a system that includes at minimum a

microprocessor, program memory, data memory, and an input-output (I/O) device. Some
microcomputer systems include additional components such as timers, counters, and analog-
to-digital converters. Thus, a microcomputer system can be anything from a large computer
having hard disks, floppy disks, and printers to a single-chip embedded controller.

We are going to consider only the type of microcomputers that consist of a single silicon
chip. Such microcomputer systems are also called microcontrollers, and they are used in
many household goods such as microwave ovens, TV remote control units, cookers, hi-fi
equipment, CD players, personal computers, and refrigerators. Many different
microcontrollers are available on the market. In this book we shall be looking at
programming and system design for the 8051 series of microcontrollers.

3.3.1.1 MICROCONTROLLERS VERSUS MICROPROCESSORS

Microcontroller differs from a microprocessor in many ways. First and the most important is
its functionality. In order for a microprocessor to be used, other components such as memory,

14
or components for receiving and sending data must be added to it. In short that means that
microprocessor is the very heart of the computer. On the other hand, microcontroller is
designed to be all of that in one. No other external components are needed for its application
because all necessary peripherals are already built into it. Thus, we save the time and space
needed to construct devices.

Fig. 3.3 microprocessor and its component block diagram

Fig. 3.4 Microcontroller unit

3.3.1.2 MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEM

In today present a lot of microcontroller manufactures appeared almost every major

electronic company produce their own microcontroller to use into their own devices each

15
microcontroller type may add or improve existing features but all microcontrollers share
basic features that is microprocessor (CPU), memory and an input-output (I/O) device.

Fig. 3.5 the basic microcontroller system

 The input components would consist of digital devices such as, switches, push buttons,
pressure mats, float switches, keypads, radio receivers etc. and analogue sensors such as
light dependent resistors, thermistors, gas sensors, pressure sensors, etc.

 The control unit is of course the microcontroller. The microcontroller will monitor the
inputs and as a result the program would turn outputs on and off. The microcontroller
stores the program in its memory, and executes the instructions under the control of the
clock circuit.

 The output devices would be made up from LEDs, buzzers, motors, alpha numeric
displays, radio transmitters, 7 segment displays, heaters, fans etc.

The most obvious choice then for the microcontroller is how many digital inputs, analogue
inputs and outputs does the system require. This would then specify the minimum number of
inputs and outputs (I/O) that the microcontroller must have. If analogue inputs are used then
the microcontroller must have an Analogue to Digital (A/D) module inside.

The next consideration would be what size of program memory storage is required. This
should not be too much of a problem when starting out, as most programs would be relatively
small.

The clock frequency determines the speed at which the instructions are executed. This is
important if any lengthy calculations are being undertaken. The higher the clock frequency
the quicker the micro will finish one task and start another.

Other considerations are the number of interrupts and timer circuits required how much data
EEPROM if any is needed.

16
Microcontrollers have traditionally been programmed using the assembly language of the
target device. Although the assembly language is fast, it has several disadvantages. An
assembly program makes learning and maintaining a program written using the assembly
language difficult. Also, microcontrollers manufactured by different firms have different
assembly languages, so the user must learn a new language with every new microcontroller
he uses.

Microcontrollers can also be programmed using a high-level language, such as BASIC,

PASCAL, or C. High-level languages are much easier to learn than assembly languages.
They also facilitate the development of large and complex programs.

A microcontroller is a very powerful tool that allows a designer to create sophisticated input-
output data manipulation under program control. Microcontrollers are classified by the
number of bits they process. 12

Microcontrollers with 8 bits are the most popular and are used in most microcontroller-based
applications. Microcontrollers with 16 and 32 bits are much more powerful, but are usually
more expensive and not required in most small- or medium-size general purpose applications
that call for microcontrollers.

3.3.1.3 MICROCONTROLLER BASIC ARCHITECTURE

The simplest microcontroller architecture consists of a microprocessor, memory, and input-

output. The microprocessor consists of a central processing unit (CPU) and a control unit
(CU). The CPU is the brain of the microcontroller; this is where all the arithmetic and logic
operations are performed. The CU controls the internal operations of the microprocessor and
sends signals to other parts of the microcontroller to carry out the required instructions.

Central Processing Unit

As its name indicates, this is a unit which monitors and controls all processes inside the
microcontroller. It consists of several smaller units, of which the most important are:

 Instruction Decoder: is a part of electronics which recognizes program instructions

and runs other circuits on the basis of that. The ―instruction set‖ which is different
for each microcontroller family expresses the abilities of this circuit.

17
  Arithmetical Logical Unit (ALU): performs all mathematical and logical operations
upon data.

 Accumulator: is a SFR closely related to the operation of ALU. It is a kind of

working desk used for storing all data upon which some operation should be
performed (addition, shift/move etc.). It also stores results ready for use in further
processing.

 Status Register (PSW): One of SFRs is close to the accumulator. It shows at any
moment the ―status of a number stored in the accumulator (number is greater or less
than zero etc.)..

Fig. 3.6 Microcontroller central processing unit

Memory Unit

Memory, an important part of a microcontroller system, can be classified into two types:
program memory and data memory. Program memory stores the program written by the
programmer and is usually nonvolatile (i.e., data is not lost after the power is turned off).
Data memory stores the temporary data used in a program and is usually volatile (i.e., data is
lost after the power is turned off).

There are basically six types of memories, summarized as follows:

(a) RAM

RAM, random access memory, is a general purpose memory that usually stores the user data
in a program. RAM memory is volatile in the sense that it cannot retain data in the absence of
power (i.e., data is lost after the power is turned off). Most microcontrollers have some
amount of internal RAM, 1KB being a common amount, although some microcontrollers

18
have more, some less. The ATMEGA328P microcontroller, for example, has 1KB bytes of
RAM. Memory can usually be extended by adding external memory chips.

(b) ROM

ROM, read only memory, usually holds program or fixed user data. ROM is nonvolatile. If
power is removed from ROM and then reapplied, the original data will still be there. ROM
memory is programmed during the manufacturing process, and the user cannot change its
contents. ROM memory is only useful if you have developed a program and wish to create
several thousand copies of it.

(c) PROM

PROM, programmable read only memory, is a type of ROM that can be programmed in the
field, often by the end user, using a device called a PROM programmer. Once a PROM has
been programmed, its contents cannot be changed. PROMs are usually used in low
production applications where only a few such memories are required.

(d) EPROM

EPROM, erasable programmable read only memory, is similar to ROM, but EPROM can be
programmed using a suitable programming device. An EPROM memory has a small clear-
glass window on top of the chip where the data can be erased under strong ultraviolet light.
Once the memory is programmed, the window can be covered with dark tape to prevent
accidental erasure of the data. An EPROM memory must be erased before it can be
reprogrammed. Many developmental versions of microcontrollers are manufactured with
EPROM memories where the user program can be stored. These memories are erased and
reprogrammed until the user is satisfied with the program. Some versions of EPROMs,
known as OTP (one time programmable), can be programmed using a suitable programmer
device but cannot be erased. OTP memories cost much less than EPROMs. OTP is useful
after a project has been developed completely and many copies of the program memory must
be made.

(e) EEPROM

EEPROM, electrically erasable programmable read only memory, is a nonvolatile memory

that can be erased and reprogrammed using a suitable programming device. EEPROMs are
used to save configuration information, maximum and minimum values, identification data,

19
etc. Some microcontrollers have built-in EEPROM memories. For instance, the PIC18F452
contains a 256-byte EEPROM memory where each byte can be programmed and erased
directly by applications software. EEPROM memories are usually very slow. An EEPROM
chip is much costlier than an EPROM chip.

(f) Flash EEPROM

Flash EEPROM, a version of EEPROM memory, has become popular in microcontroller

applications and is used to store the user program. Flash EEPROM is nonvolatile and usually
very fast. The data can be erased and then reprogrammed using a suitable programming
device. Some microcontrollers have only 1K flash EEPROM while others have 32K or more.
The ATMEGA328P microcontroller has 1K bytes of flash memory.

Input / Output ports

In order that the microcontroller is of any use, it has to be connected to additional electronics,
i. e. peripherals. For that reason, each microcontroller has one or more registers (called "port"
in this case) connected to the microcontroller pins. Why input/output? Because you can
change the pin‘s function as you wish. simply performed by software, which means that pin‘s
function can be changed during operation. One of more important feature of I/O pins is
maximal current they can give/get. For the most microcontrollers, current obtained from one
pin is sufficient to activate a LED or other similar low-current consumer (10-20 mA). If the
microcontroller has many I/O pins, then maximal current of one pin is lower. each I/O port is
under control of another SFR, which means that each bit of that register determines state of
the corresponding microcontroller pin. For example, by writing logic one (1) to one bit of that
control register SFR, the appropriate port pin is automatically configured as input. It means
that voltage brought to that pin can be read as logic 0 or 1. Otherwise, by writing zero to the
SFR, the appropriate port pin is configured as output. Its voltage (0V or 5V) corresponds to
the state of the appropriate bit of the port register.

3.3.1.4 SOME OF MICROCONTROLLER FEATURES

Supply Voltage

Most microcontrollers operate with the standard logic voltage of + 5V. Some
microcontrollers can operate at as low as + 2.7V, and some will tolerate + 6V without any
problem. The manufacturer‘s data sheet will have information about the allowed limits of the

20
power supply voltage. At89c52 microcontrollers can operate with a power supply of + 2V to
5.5V. Usually, a voltage regulator circuit is used to obtain the required power supply voltage
when the device is operated from a mains adapter or batteries. For example, a 5V regulator is
required if the microcontroller is operated from a 5V supply using a 9V battery.

The Clock

All microcontrollers require a clock (or an oscillator) to operate, usually provided by external
timing devices connected to the microcontroller. In most cases, these external timing devices
are a crystal plus two small capacitors. In some cases they are resonators or an external
resistor-capacitor pair. Some microcontrollers have built-in timing circuits and do not require
external timing components. If an application is not time-sensitive, external or internal (if
available) resistor-capacitor timing components are the best option for their simplicity and
low cost. An instruction is executed by fetching it from the memory and then decoding it.
This usually takes several clock cycles and is known as the instruction cycle. Thus the
microcontroller operates at a clock rate that is one-quarter of the actual oscillator frequency.
The AVR series of microcontrollers can operate with clock frequencies up to 40MHz.

Timers

Timers are important parts of any microcontroller. A timer is basically a counter which is
driven from either an external clock pulse or the microcontroller‘s internal oscillator. A timer
can be 8 bits or 16 bits wide. Data can be loaded into a timer under program control, and the
timer can be stopped or started by program control. Most timers can be configured to
generate an interrupt when they reach a certain count (usually when they overflow). The user
program can use an interrupt to carry out accurate timing-related operations inside the
microcontroller. Microcontrollers in the AVR series have at least three timers. For example,
the ATMEGA328P microcontroller has three built-in timers. Some microcontrollers offer
capture and compare facilities, where a timer value can be read when an external event
occurs, or the timer value can be compared to a preset value, and an interrupt is generated
when this value is reached.

Reset Input

21
A reset input is used to reset a microcontroller externally. Resetting puts the microcontroller
into a known state such that the program execution starts from address 0 of the program
memory. An external reset action is usually achieved by connecting a push-button switch to
the reset input. When the switch is pressed, the microcontroller is reset.

Interrupts

Interrupts are an important concept in microcontrollers. An interrupt causes the

microcontroller to respond to external and internal (e.g., a timer) events very quickly. When
an interrupt occurs, the microcontroller leaves its normal flow of program execution and
jumps to a special part of the program known as the interrupt service routine (ISR). The
program code inside the ISR is executed, and upon return from the ISR the program resumes
its normal flow of execution.

The ISR starts from a fixed address of the program memory sometimes known as the
interrupt vector address. Some microcontrollers with multi-interrupt features have just one
interrupt vector address, while others have unique interrupt vector addresses, one for each
interrupt source. Interrupts can be nested such that a new interrupt can suspend the execution
of another interrupt. Another important feature of multi-interrupt capability is that different
interrupt sources can be assigned different levels of priority. The ATMEGA328P
microcontroller has 8 interrupts source.

Analog-to-Digital Converter

AVR series has 10 bit resolution inbuilt ADC. ATMEGA328P has eight channel, 10 bit
resolution.

ARDUINO UNO

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital

input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
get started.. You can tinker with your Uno without worrying too much about doing something
wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

22
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE)
1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of
Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB
Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of
current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.

Figure 3.7 Arduino Uno board and Pinout

3.3.2 LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting
the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed
on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

23
 Figure 3.8 LCD Pinout
Table 3.2 Pin Description: 
 Pin
 Function  Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V)  Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor  VEE

4 Selects command register when low; and data register when Register Select
high
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
 

3.3.3 POLLUTION SENSOR (MQ135)

Air quality sensor for detecting a wide range of gases, including NH3, NOx, alcohol,
benzene, smoke and CO2. Ideal for use in office or factory. MQ135 gas sensor has high
sensitivity to Ammonia, Sulfide and Benze steam, also sensitive to smoke and other harmful
gases. It is with low cost and particularly suitable for Air quality monitoring application.

24
 Figure 3.9 MQ135

Pin Configuration:
Pin Pin Description
No: Name:
For Module
1 Vcc Used to power the sensor, Generally the operating voltage is +5V.
2 Ground Used to connect the module to system ground.
3 Digital You can also use this sensor to get digital output from this pin, by setting a
Out threshold value using the potentiometer.
4 Analog This pin outputs 0-5V analog voltage based on the intensity of the gas.
Out
For Sensor
1 H -Pins Out of the two H pins, one pin is connected to supply and the other to
ground
2 A-Pins The A pins and B pins are interchangeable. These pins will be tied to the
Supply voltage.
3 B-Pins 13031. A pins and B pins are interchangeable. One pin will act as
output while the other will be pulled to ground.
 
MQ-135 Sensor Features
 Wide detecting scope
 Fast response and High sensitivity
 Stable and long life
 Operating Voltage is +5V
 Detect/Measure NH3, NOx, alcohol, Benzene, smoke, CO2, etc.

25
  Analog output voltage: 0V to 5V
 Digital output voltage: 0V or 5V (TTL Logic)
 Preheat duration 20 seconds
 Can be used as a Digital or analog sensor
 The Sensitivity of Digital pin can be varied using the potentiometer

3.3.4 DHT11

Humidity is the measure of water vapour present in the air. The level of humidity in air
affects various physical, chemical and biological processes.  In industrial applications,
humidity can affect the business cost of the products, health and safety of the employees. So,
in semiconductor industries and control system industries measurement of humidity is very
important.  Humidity measurement determines the amount of moisture present in the gas that
can be a mixture of water vapour, nitrogen, argon or pure gas etc…  Humidity sensors are of
two types based on their measurement units.  They are a relative humidity sensor and
Absolute humidity sensor. DHT11 is a digital temperature and humidity sensor.

DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and humidity.  This sensor can be
easily interfaced with any micro-controller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to measure
humidity and temperature instantaneously.

DHT11 sensor consists of a capacitive humidity sensing element and a thermistor for sensing
temperature.  The humidity sensing capacitor has two electrodes with a moisture holding
substrate as a dielectric between them. Change in the capacitance value occurs with the
change in humidity levels. The IC measure, process this changed resistance values and
change them into digital form.

For measuring temperature this sensor uses a Negative Temperature coefficient thermistor,
which causes a decrease in its resistance value with increase in temperature. To get larger
resistance value even for the smallest change in temperature, this sensor is usually made up of
semiconductor ceramics or polymers.

The temperature range of DHT11 is from 0 to 50 degree Celsius with a 2-degree accuracy.
Humidity range of this sensor is from 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy. The sampling rate of this
sensor is 1Hz .i.e. it gives one reading for every second.  DHT11 is small in size with
operating voltage from 3 to 5 volts. The maximum current used while measuring is 2.5mA.

26
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

27
We have taken the some data from designed and developed air quality monitoring system.
Temperature, humidity and pollution measuring parameters are calculated.

For temperature:

Mean of System data:

350
T s= =350 C [T s=System Temperature]
T

Standard Data

371
T sd= =37.10 C [T sd =Standard Temperature ]
T

Percentage Error

37.1−35
e= ×100=5.66 %
37.1

Percentage Accuracy

A=( 100−5.66 )=94.34 %

For Humidity:

Mean of System data:

752
Hs= =75.2[ H s=System Temperature ]
10

Standard Data

764
H sd = =76.4 [H sd =Standard Temperature ]
10

Percentage Error

76.4−75.2
e= ×100=1.57 %
76.4

Percentage Accuracy

28
A=( 100−1.57 )=98.43 %

Here, we have seen that our device is capable of taking almost accurate results of temperature
and humidity. Though there is a margin of error and it is 5.66% for temperature and 1.57%
for humidity. So, we can say that our device is working perfectly.

There are some problems for which the data are not exact as the found in the website. The
sensors are cheap and fragile and they intend to damage quicker. There range of taking data’s
is also low and limited and that’s why we couldn’t take more and accurate results.

Our device working rate is very good and it has a very high accuracy. If we use more
expensive sensors, our result would have been more accurate and perfect.

MQ135 DATA

C02 CO H2
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
641 15 287
643 15 287
641 13 287
641 11 287
641 15 287
647 15 287
648 16 287
641 15 287
641 15 287
654 15 287
648 14 290
648 15 290
648 14 288
648 14 290
648 14 290
648 14 310
Here is the chart of the sensors that is used to take the readings of a certain place. In this chart
we have seen that CO2 result is in between 350-1000 ppm, which states that concentrations
typical of occupied indoor spaces with good air exchange. It mean that CO2 level, is good for
human.

The chart shows the result of the level of CO below 35 ppm, which is in tolerable range but if
anyone stays in this area with prolonged exposure it may cause them heart disease.

29
 CHAPTER 5

CONLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 CONCLUSION

30
The smart way to monitor environment and air as well as air pollution being a low cost but
efficient and embedded system is presented in this paper. In the proposed architecture
functions of different sensors and their working procedure were discussed. How they work,
their functionality, their optimal uses and their data taking procedures and comparison with
standard base data’s are also discussed here. The noise and air pollution monitoring system
was tested for monitoring the gas levels on different parts of the country. Our project device
showed that it is effective and cheap and with some highly working sensors it can really be a
reliable one to everybody and its data’s will be a key to take some necessary steps for the
betterment of the society as it will help to identify the affected area so that we can take early
steps to reduce damages for the next generation.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Our work can demonstrate vast opportunities to work on the device, on the app and also on
the field using the device that we have worked with. The device can be used any time
efficiently in different locations of a city and then research with the achieved data for that
particular area in that city. The device can be updated with additional sensors that can sense
data from the existence of other gases such as O2 and H2. These gases will provide the
condition of the atmosphere and authority can take into further decisions accordingly. The
sensors that we have been worked with can also be reset according to most recent time
update. The android app which we have developed for turning on and off the device can be
updated with newer features by implementing necessary codes. In future time, our device can
be kept testing for checking whether the sensors still runs properly and give real time data.
The webpage that we have designed, there is more opportunities to add options like related
tables, pie chart, diagram that will be implemented by back-end programming(server side) so
that those options can be visible to the administrator and user as well. With the future plan
programmer can add PHP programs to create additional tables to show amount of O2 or H2
and pie chart to show which color represents which particular gas and also diagram that can
show relations with gas and time. Like Through-out the year on which time the amount of
gases are in what level and also the increase and decrease level and rates of the gases. Related
app can notify when it is actual time to take data reading by sending the notification to user
that will be programmed on the server-side by PHP language. Also other language can be
used. In the hardware device it can be added light system. Light system will be work like

31
automatic way. Such as, there are four lights for four types of gases. While a particular sensor
detects the gas for that sensor, the related light beside that gas will be on and while the sensor
stops getting that particular gas the light will be off automatically. For this matter, there will
be necessity of PHP back-end code implementation also that is must.

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32
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