Air Pollution Ts Report (Final)

Visvesvaraya Technological University
BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA
Technical seminar report on
“IOT based air pollution monitoring and control system”
Submitted by
Prathiksha H P 4JN20IS060
Under the guidance of
Vishwas C.G.MB.E, M. Tech

Assistant Professor
Department of IS&E
JNNCE, Shivamogga
Department of Information Science & Engineering

J N N College of Engineering
Shivamogga - 577 205
2023-24
3
National Education Society ®
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NEW COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SHIVAMOGGA-577204
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Technical
seminar entitled
“IOT based Air pollution monitoring and

control system”
Submitted by
Prathiksha H P 4JN20IS060
Student of 8th semester B.E., IS&E, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Information Science and Engineering under
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2023-24.
Signature of Guide Signature of HOD
Vishwas C.G.M B.E, M. Tech Dr. R Sanjeev Kunte M. Tech, Ph D

Assistant Professor, Professor & Head,
Dept of IS&E, Dept of IS&E,
JNNCE, Shivamogga JNNCE, Shivamogga
ABSTRACT
Pollution related deaths increase every year and leading factor for these deaths
is air pollution. Air pollution is caused due to various elements among which pollution
due to automobiles plays a pivotal role. In this work considers pollution due to
automobiles and provides a real time solution which not just monitors pollution levels
but also take into consideration control measures for reducing traffic in highly polluted
areas. The solution is provided by a sensor based hardware module which can be
placed along roads. These modules can be placed on lamp posts and they transfer
information about air quality wirelessly to remote server. This information can be used
for traffic control. The proposed system also provides information about air quality
through a mobile application which enables commuters to take up routes where air
quality is good.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On presenting the Technical seminar report on “IOT based air pollution monitoring and
control system” I feel great to express my humble feeling of thanks to all those who have helped us
directly or indirectly in the completion of the project work.
I would like to thank Dr. R Sanjeev Kunte, Professor and Head of Dept of IS&E, JNNCE
Shimoga and Dr. Y. Vijaya Kumar, Principal JNNCE, Shimoga for their support and
encouragement.
I would like to thank our respected guide Vishwas C.G.M, Assistant Professor, Department
of IS&E for his continuous encouragement and guidance.
I would like to thank our project Co-Ordinator for their support. We are grateful to
Department of Information science and Engineering and our institution JNN College of Engineering
for imparting us the knowledge with which we could do our best.
Finally,I would like to thank the whole teaching and non- teaching staff of Information
Science and Engineering Department.
Prathiksha H P (4JN20IS060)
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO
ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEGEMENT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-7

1.1 Air pollution 1
1.2 Preamble 2-3
1.3 Air Quality measurement 3-4
1.4 Internet of things(IOT) 4-5
1.5 Sensors 5-6
1.6 Problem description 7
1.7 Organization of report 7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 8-13
CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN 14-24

3.1 Proposed methodology 14-16
3.2 Use case of proposed methodology 16-20
3.2 Implementation 20-21
3.3 Results and discussion 21-24
CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION 25
REFERENCES
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO
Figure 1.1 Statistics of death due to air 2

pollution
Figure 1.2 Air quality monitoring 4
system architecture
Figure 1.3 IOT Platform 5
Figure 1.4 Sensors and their usage 6
Figure 3.1 Block diagram of proposed 14

system
Figure 3.2 Use case of proposed 17
system
Figure 3.3 Technology stack of 19
proposed system
Figure 3.4 Environmental setup of 21
proposed system
Figure 3.5 Test case 1 22
vi
IOT based air pollution monitoring and control system
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble
Air pollution in vehicles mainly causes due to incomplete combustion of fuel. It releases
many harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and Nitrogen oxides. These gases give bad effect
to our environment, human beings, plants and animals. These harmful gases can monitor by a
device which based on internet of thing technique. With the help of sensors, microcontroller,
a computer and buzzer we can monitored the air pollution causing vehicle. Pollutant makes
changes in the ecosystem and affects the climate. All forms of pollution are harmful for
environment but the main form which should noticed is air pollution. Air pollution is the
biggest problem not only in India but also in the world. Pollution control circuits are focused
on detection of pollution level and control on pollution.
Air pollution affects the atmosphere and health of human beings which causes the
premature death. It is widely believed that urban air pollution has a direct impact on human
health especially in developing and industrial countries, where air quality measures are not
available or minimally implemented or enforced. Recent studies have shown substantial
evidences that exposure to atmospheric pollutants has strong links to adverse diseases
including asthma and lung inflammation. In terms of economic impact, the association
between air pollution and human health inevitably results in increase of healthcare services
costs in terms of hospital admissions and emergency room visits.
As time is going on air pollution increased day by day which results increased in mortality
rate. Now a day’s numbers of vehicles increasing with increase of population day by day. We
have found that 30% of air pollution is because of fuel used in the transport nodes. Air pollution
is namely of 2 types. The 1st is indoor and 2nd One is outdoor air pollution. In indoor air
pollution includes usage of plant waste, coal, etc. power plants used for generating electricity
which leads to outdoor air pollution. According to results, WHO said that 90/100 people take
contaminated air inside. For cities air pollution is one of the main challenging problems.
Traditionally when urbanization started then various problems occurs such as

environmental pollution, Traffic system etc. there is so much loss of resources in crowded
cities due to urbanization. The concept of smart sustainable user can used to balance the
resources. Develops city is a part of developing people quality on IOT network, everything in
the city is smart water, electricity and so on. Air pollution is increasing day by day with the
Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 1

increase in use of vehicles. An environmental problem is also growing faster.
Air pollution affects the atmosphere and health of human beings which causes the
premature death. It is widely believed that urban air pollution has a direct impact on human
health especially in developing and industrial countries, where air quality measures are not
available or minimally implemented or enforced. Recent studies have shown substantial
evidences that exposure to atmospheric pollutants has strong links to adverse diseases
including asthma and lung inflammation. In terms of economic impact, the association
between air pollution and human health inevitably results in increase of healthcare services
costs in terms of hospital admissions and emergency room visits.
In recent times the health of human beings has been directly impacted by pollution.
According to statistics by Lancet, India has topped the list of countries with pollution-related
deaths in 2015, with 2.51 million people dying prematurely in the country that year due to diseases
linked to air, water and other forms of pollution. The statistics is shown in Fig.1.1.According to
the Lancet report, air pollution was the biggest contributor, linked to 6.5 million deaths in 2015,
ahead of water pollution (1.8 million) and workplace-related pollution (0.8 million). Some of the
air pollutants are SO2, CO, CO2, NO, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulates,
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), etc.
Figure.1.1.Statistics of death due to air pollution
Air pollution presents a serious threat to human health, especially in densely populated
urban areas where the pollution levels continue to increase above the safe limits . Statistics also
show that about 30% of air pollution on an average is attributed to pollutants from automobiles.

Such kind of pollution can lead to various health implications like heart and lung disorder. The
purpose of air quality monitoring is not merely to collect data but to provide the information
required by scientists, policy-makers and planners to enable them to make informed decisions on
managing and improving the environment, in addition to presenting useful information for public
end-users.
This takes into consideration this growing problem of air pollution and provides a solution
by constantly monitoring air quality and controlling vehicular flow if air is polluted beyond a
threshold value. India’s capital Delhi is known for being one of the worst air polluted city in the
world. Air pollution control was brought about by following the even odd policy of vehicles on
road. Rather than blindly cutting down the number of vehicles on road, system will ensure that
vehicle traffic can be reduced or rerouted depending on the air quality. In this work achieves this
solution by installing independent modules which are to be placed on available infrastructure like
lamp posts which also have solar panels. The module can be powered using solar power. These
modules contain sensors which acquires pollution statistics processes the same and transfers
essential information to the server or traffic control station. This information can be used to reroute
and control traffic in areas where air pollution is high.
1.2 Air Quality Index(AQI)
Air quality index (AQI) plays a pivotal role in sustenance and functioning of habitat and hence
the whole ecosystem. With rapid economic and industrial development followed by large influx
of automobile industry, emitting unwieldy amount of toxic gasses and particulate matter (PM) in
the air results in polluting the atmosphere causing air pollution. Air pollution occurs because of
impurities (particles) and gases that mix with the air and can reach harmful concentrations both
outside and indoors. Breathing dirty air makes human beings vulnerable to various toxins in the
air causing great harm.
It may also affect ecosystem and may even cause destruction to it. These toxins may reach
human lungs, heart, bloodstream and brain resulting in respiratory problems like asthma attacks,
chronic pulmonary diseases, lung cancer, pneumonia, coronary artery disease, chronic bronchitis,
and can even cause rise in mental illness. Those people who work in factory or in constructional
sites are very vulnerable of falling ill because of emissions and dust particles. As Developing
countries are most prone to extreme air pollution and India being one of the rapidly developing
economy is also one of the most polluted country .
According to the world health organization (WHO), nine out of ten people breathe air
with high levels of pollutants. Real time pollution statistics can be collected and monitored by
using smart sensors. In addition to that IoT technology can be integrated remotely to detect

pollution without any human intervention. IoT is the network of physical objects that contain
embedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the
external environment. Each IoT device may have unique ID and unique identifier and convey
information. IoT enable devices to communicate with each other, to access the information on
the internet, to collect & store data and then sharing with the users, thus creating smart,
ubiquitous and perpetually connected network. Data can be interpreted via any electronic device,
where every physical will have sensors, displays and other embedded devices installed on it and
connected through a network. Sensors are those hardware units that are used to monitor the
environmental and physical conditions. A sensor senses changes in the ambient conditions and
processes this information in a certain manner.
Figure 1.2. Air Quality Monitoring System Architecture.
1.3 Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) weaves a fascinating tapestry where everyday objects transcend
their physical form and connect to the digital world. IoT is a platform through which data transfer
is made reliable. An IoT device has the ability to generate a huge amount of data which can be then
used by Artificial Intelligence. At its core, IoT revolves around connecting physical devices – like
sensors, appliances, and wearables – to the internet, enabling them to collect, share, and analyze
data. This data exchange creates a network of "smart" devices that can interact with each other and
their environment, automating tasks and generating insights. Industrial IoT (IIoT) refers to the
application of IoT technology in industrial settings, especially with respect to instrumentation and
control of sensors and devices that engage cloud technologies. Industries have used machine-to-
machine communication (M2M) to achieve wireless automation and control. But with the

emergence of cloud and allied technologies (such as analytics and machine learning), industries
can achieve a new automation layer and with it create new revenue and business models.
The Internet of Things (IoT) traversed the world to a new paradigm of having daily used
objects connected to the internet. Devices are now able to use sensors, communication hardware
and other forms of network technologies to yield better information and enhanced capabilities for
users. Today, modern technology had played a significant role in educational institutions providing
solutions like computer systems for control and management due to the increasing demand for
modernization. This technology, however, had the initiative to reinvent the design ofhow electrical
appliances are to be in future university classrooms and smart homes and to re-examine new ways
of promoting good practices to conserve energy.
Using Io T the following benefits are achieved:
Easier data transmission.
Communication and control are simplified.
Cost effective, saves time.
Figure 1.3.IOT Platform

1.4 Sensors
Sensors come in diverse shapes and sizes, each designed to detect specific environmental
changes. From the pressure sensor in your smartphone's fingerprint reader to the temperature
sensor in your thermostat, they constantly gather information.
Sensors are put in mobiles, vehicles etc. which are wireless. There are 2 luminosity sensors
& noise sensor has been introduced. It is now focusing on environment monitoring at temporal
scales. It is usually working on gathering information about pollutant lives by the vehicles. It is
usually design and operates the system by usage sensor network. it is making progress in overall
ways. it is consisting of sensors node which can detect factors likes. air pressure, quality H2O &
composition of air. it’s used in places like personal space, floors, agriculture hence utility etc. it is
related to IOT. It is interconnected to sends data. Terrestrial wireless sensor network - In this type
of wireless sensor network 100 to 1000 of sensor nodes is present in structure and unstructured
mode. It has limited battery and solar power is used as another battery source. Underground
wireless sensor network - The equipment and maintenance cost of underground sensor network is
more than terrestrial wireless sensor network. Sensors come in diverse shapes and sizes, each
designed to detect specific environmental changes. From the pressure sensor in your smartphone's
fingerprint reader to the temperature sensor in your thermostat, they constantly gather information.
In this type of wireless sensor network sensor nodes are used to monitor the condition below
ground. Mobile wireless sensor network - In this type of network sensor nodes can be moved and
interact with their surroundings. The energy efficiency and capacity are better than static wireless
sensor network. Underground wireless sensor network - The equipment and maintenance cost of
underground sensor network is more than terrestrial wireless sensor network. . Terrestrial wireless
sensor network - In this type of wireless sensor network 100 to 1000 of sensor nodes is present in
structure and unstructured mode. . It has limited battery and solar power is used as another battery
source. Underground wireless sensor network - The equipment and maintenance cost of
underground sensor network is more than terrestrial wireless sensor network. Sensors come in
diverse shapes and sizes, each designed to detect specific environmental changes. From the
pressure sensor in your smartphone's fingerprint reader to the temperature sensor in your
thermostat, they constantly gather information. Underground wireless sensor network - The
equipment and maintenance cost of underground sensor network is more than terrestrial wireless
sensor network. . Terrestrial wireless sensor network - In this type of wireless sensor network 100
to 1000 of sensor nodes is present in structure and unstructured mode. . It has limited battery and
solar power is used as another battery source. Underground wireless sensor network - The

equipment and maintenance cost of underground sensor network is more than terrestrial wireless
sensor network.
In this type of wireless sensor network sensor nodes are used to monitor the condition
below ground. Mobile wireless sensor network - In this type of network sensor nodes can be moved
and interact with their surroundings. Sensors come in diverse shapes and sizes, each designed to
detect specific environmental changes. From the pressure sensor in your smartphone's fingerprint
reader to the temperature sensor in your thermostat, they constantly gather information. . The
energy efficiency and capacity are better than static wireless sensor network. Underground
more than terrestrial wireless sensor network. . Terrestrial wireless sensor network - In this type
of wireless sensor network 100 to 1000 of sensor nodes is present in structure and unstructured
mode. . It has limited battery and solar power is used as another battery source. Underground
more than terrestrial wireless sensor network. Sensors come in diverse shapes and sizes, each
designed to detect specific environmental changes.
In this type of wireless sensor network sensor nodes are used to monitor the condition
below ground. It is more useful wireless sensors network in comparison of static wire.
Figure 1.4.Sensors and their usage.

1.5 Problem Description

Considering the air pollution due to automobiles and provides a real time solution which
not just monitors pollution levels but also take into consideration control measures for reducing
traffic in highly polluted areas. The solution is provided by a sensor based hardware module which
can be placed along roads. These modules can be placed on lamp posts and they transfer
information about air quality wirelessly to remote server. This information can be used for traffic
control. The proposed system also provides information about air quality through a mobile
application which enables commuters to take up routes where air quality is good.
1.6 Organization of report
This report consist of four chapters. In chapter 1 consist of Introduction,chapter2 consist

of Literature survey,chapter3 consist of System Design and Implementation,chapter4 consist of
conclusion and Reference.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
This chapter gives information about related literature survey based on the IoT
based air pollution monitoring and control system.
A research-oriented low-cost air pollution monitoring IoT platform

Author: Yassine Ben-Aboud, Mounir Ghogho, Abdellatif Kobbane
Description:
This paper presents an IoT platform designed for air pollution monitoring. It aiming to
facilitate the testing of different data collection strategies, to simplify the air quality monitoring
process, to provide the citizens with real-time information about air pollution, to allow citizens
to participate in the air quality monitoring process, and to help the authorities identify zones of
high air pollution and take the most appropriate measures to improve air quality. The sensor
nodes have been developed using low-cost off-the-shelf hardware. Both nomadic and mobile
sensor nodes have been developed. A novel sensor management middleware has been designed
and developed to have the flexibility to remotely control the operational settings of the sensor
nodes and to reduce the volume of transmitted data. Finally, two applications have been
developed and implemented for data visualization. The first is a mobile friendly air pollution
meter. The second offers a spatial visualization of air pollution levels using a Geographic
Information System (GIS). The developed platform has been tested in multiple measurement
campaigns. The results of one of these campaigns (conducted in Hay Nahda II, Rabat, Morocco)
is presented in this paper to showcase the platform.
The presented an IoT Platform covering the data collection process from the sensing
nodes to visualization for the end users. With the chosen components, the sensors are easy
to replicate and deploy while being very affordable. It is a low level middleware, meaning
that it can be implemented directly on top of the physical layer of low consumption
protocols such as the Zigbee protocol[2]. Future work will consist of improving IoT
platform. One idea for this is the integration of machine learning-based algorithms to
further optimize the data collection and transmission processes.
The downside of using low-cost sensors is the reduced accuracy of the measurements. To
validate the choice of our PM-sensor (namely, the NOVA PM SDS011), we did three measurement

runs using both our sensor and the more sophisticated OPC-N3 optical particle counter from
Alphasense . The latter’s data quality has already been evaluated and validated in different studies.
Advantages
• Mobile friendly air pollution meter , Spatial visualization of air pollution levels
using a Geographic Information System (GIS).
Disadvantages
• When there is a large volume of polluted gas, handling enormous them is will be difficult.
Prediction and Monitoring of Air Pollution Using Internet of Things (IoT)
Authors: Sarita Jiyal , Rakesh Kumar Saini

Description:
In all developing countries such as India the main problem of premature death is air
pollution which also effect the economy of country. When urbanization started then various
problem occurs such as environmental pollution, traffic system etc. there is so much loss of
resources in crowded cities due to urbanization. The concept of smart sustainable city can be used
to balance the resources[3]. If do loss of resources excessively than will definitely create
problems to future generation and excessive use of resources causes air pollution. Than it is
necessary to predict air pollution timely by which it can be monitored. Using Internet of Things
monitoring of air pollution is necessary to save this environment from all harmful pollutants.
Vehicles are the main cause of air pollution. Electric Vehicles and cycles can be used in place of
other vehicles for controlling the air pollution. This research teaches that prediction of air pollution
level is very important by which peoples can divert there route of travelling.
Air pollution is one of the major problems in India. Because of air pollution there is decrease in
economy of India. It also affecting the life of human, animals and plants. Air pollution mainly
occurs through traffic jam, vehicles, industries, burning of crackers etc. The can reduce the level
of pollution by using public transports instead of private vehicle, say no to crackers, and by taking
proper care of it. The use lot of resources which also leads to air pollution[3]. The main motivation
is to reduce air pollution as much as it possible. Air pollution is also affecting public health. It
leads to diseases like heart attack respiratory problems, coughing and also breathing problem,
decrease in functioning of lungs etc. Can also use electric vehicle and bicycle to reduce air
pollution. The only thing can do is to reduce it if have to overcome with this various problem. In

all weather condition the equipment’s maintenance is a challenge. Can easily made changes in
this model and
can control the vehicular air pollution completely.
Advantages
• Reduce the level of pollution by using public transports instead of private vehicle, say no to
crackers, and by taking proper care of it.
Disadvantages
• Air pollutants monitoring mistake .
Urban Air Pollution Monitoring System With Forecasting Models
Authors: Khaled Bashir Shaban, Abdullah Kadri, Eman Rezk

Description:
A system for monitoring and forecasting urban air pollution is presented in this paper. The
system uses low-cost air-quality monitoring motes that are equipped with an array of gaseous and
meteorological sensors. These motes wirelessly communicate to an intelligent sensing platform
that consists of several modules. The modules are responsible for receiving and storing the data,
preprocessing and converting the data into useful information, forecasting the pollutants based on
historical information, and finally presenting the acquired information through different channels,
such as mobile application, Web portal, and short message service. The focus of this paper is on
the monitoring system and its forecasting module[4].
Three machine learning (ML) algorithms are investigated to build accurate forecasting
models for one-step and multi-step ahead of concentrations of ground-level ozone (O3), nitrogen
dioxide (NO2), and sulphur dioxide (SO2). These ML algorithms are support vector machines,
M5P model trees, and artificial neural networks (ANN). Two types of modelling are pursued: 1)
univariate and 2) multivariate. The performance evaluation measures used are prediction trend
accuracy and root mean square error (RMSE).
The results show that using different features in multivariate modelling with M5P
algorithm yields the best forecasting performances. For example, using M5P, RMSE is at its
lowest, reaching 31.4, when hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is used to predict SO2. Contrarily, the worst

performance, i.e., RMSE of 62.4, for SO2 is when using ANN in univariate modelling[2]. The
outcome of this paper can be significantly useful for alarming applications in areas with high air
pollution levels. These motes wirelessly communicate to an intelligent sensing platform that
consists of several modules. The modules are responsible for receiving and storing the data,
preprocessing and converting the data into useful information, forecasting the pollutants based on
historical information, and finally presenting the acquired information through different channels,
such as mobile application, Web portal, and short message service. The focus of this paper is on
the monitoring system and its forecasting module.
Air quality is an important problem that directly affects human health. Air quality
data are collected wirelessly from monitoring motes that are equipped with an array of gaseous
and meteorological sensors. These data are analysed and used in forecasting concentration values
of pollutants using intelligent machine to machine platform[4]. The platform uses ML-based
algorithms to build the forecasting models by learning from the collected data. These models
predict 1, 8, 12, and 24 hours ahead of concentration values. The outcome of this paper can be
significantly useful for alarming applications in areas with high air pollution levels. The results
show that using different features in multivariate modelling with M5P algorithm yields the best
forecasting performances.
Advantages
• Significantly useful for alarming applications in areas with high air pollution levels.
Disadvantages
• Time-Consuming tasks

Wireless Sensor Network for Real-Time Air Pollution Monitoring
Authors: Abdullah Kadri, Elias Yaacoub, Mohammed Mushtaha, and Adnan Abu-Dayya
Description:
This paper presents an ambient real-time air quality monitoring system. The system
consists of several distributed monitoring stations that communicate wirelessly with a backend
server using machine-to-machine communication. Each station is equipped with gaseous and
meteorological sensors as well as data logging and wireless communication capabilities. The
backend server collects real time data from the stations and converts it into information delivered
to users through web portals and mobile applications[5]. The system is implemented in pilot phase
and four solar-powered stations are deployed over an area of 1 km2. Data over four months has
been collected and performance analysis and assessment are performed. As the historical data bank
becomes richer, more sophisticated operations can be performed.
In this paper, an end-to-end system for ambient real-time air quality monitoring and
prediction is presented. Four solar powered multi gas monitoring stations have been deployed and
the data of four months have been collected, cleaned, and analyzed[5]. The monitoring stations
communicate in an M2M fashion with a backend server using GPRS communications. Web and
mobile applications have been developed to allow authorized personnel to access the data.
Additional techniques under current investigation include the use of prediction algorithms based
on neural networks in order to estimate pollution information. In addition to this prediction in time,
prediction in space is also an interesting research topic: given the pollution levels at the locations
of the monitoring stations, it would be interesting and challenging to estimate the pollution levels
over the whole area of interest. Another challenging research topic includes system has two main
components, the multi gas monitoring stations and the M2M platform. The monitoring stations
communicate in an M2M fashion with a backend server using GPRS communications. Web and
mobile applications have been developed to allow authorized personnel to access the data.
Advantages
• Web and mobile applications have been developed to allow authorized personnel to access the
data.
Disadvantages
• High power consumption

Monitoring Pollution: Applying IoT to Create a Smart Environment
Authors: Anwar Alshamsi, Younas

Anwar, Maryam
Description:
Air quality has been negatively affected by industrial activities, which have caused
imbalances in nature. The issue of air pollution has become a big concern for many people,
especially those living in industrial areas. Air pollution levels can be measured using smart
sensors. Additionally, Internet of Things (IoT) technology can be integrated to remotely detect
pollution without any human interaction. The data gathered by such a system can be transmitted
instantly to a web based application to facilitate monitoring real time data and allow immediate
risk management[6]. In this paper, describe an entire Internet of Things (IoT) system that monitors
air pollution by collecting real-time data in specific locations[6]. This data is analyzed and
measured against a predetermined threshold. The collected data is sent to the concerned official
organization to notify them in case of any violation so that they can take the necessary measures.
Furthermore, if the value of the measured pollutants exceeds the threshold, an alarm system is
triggered taking several actions to warn the surrounding people.
The aim of this paper is to aid in reducing respiratory problems due to industrial activities
a monitor the level of air pollution. The paper’s main focus is on finding solutions to the increasing
problem of harmful gasses amounting from industrial practices in the country[6]. In research,
implemented sensors to be used to detect the presence of undesired gases in the air of residential
areas near factories and industrial activities. The sensors provide continuous monitoring and
record data for air pollution continuously, where these results are reported and analyzed using
Internet of Things technology.
Advantages
• Alarm system
Disadvantages
• Initial investment

Chapter 3
SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
This chapter provides a brief ideology of the system design for air pollution monitoring system.
3.1 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

The block diagram of the proposed the system is shown in Figure.3.1this proposed
system acquires inputs from various sensors which detect air quality. These acquired inputs are
conditioned and provided to the control unit which processes these signals. The algorithm in the
control unit predicts the air quality and this information are transmitted to the traffic control
station. Based on this information traffic can be regulated to control air quality. This information
can also be viewed using a mobile application. This additional feature allows users to follow less
polluted routes thereby indirectly bringing down pollution in highly polluted areas. The use case
diagram of the proposed system is shown in Figure.3.1 The technology stack of the proposed
system is shown in Figure.3.2.
Figure.3.1.Block Diagram of Proposed system

The diagram above shows a block diagram of a smart street light, which uses the Internet of
Things (IoT) to monitor air quality and control light output. Here's a breakdown of the components
and how they work together:

Solar Panel: The solar panel converts sunlight into electricity to power the street light and its
various components.
Buck-Boost Converter and DC-DC Converter : These converters regulate the voltage from the
solar panel to provide stable power to the other components. The buck-boost converter can step
up or down the voltage, while the DC-DC converter maintains a constant voltage
Battery: The battery stores excess solar energy so that the street light can continue to operate at
night or during periods of low sunlight.
Wireless Device and Air Quality Measuring Wireless Device: These devices collect data from the
various sensors and transmit it wirelessly to a central monitoring system. The air quality measuring
device specifically measures the levels of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon
monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ammonia (NH3).
Array of Sensors: The array of sensors includes:
Sulphide oxide sensor: This sensor detects SO2, a pollutant that can irritate the respiratory system
and aggravate asthma.
Ammonia sensor: This sensor detects NH3, a pollutant that can cause respiratory problems, eye
irritation, and skin irritation.
Methene sensor: This sensor detects CH4, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.
Carbon monoxide sensor: This sensor detects CO, a poisonous gas that can cause headaches,
dizziness, and even death.
Oxygen sensor: This sensor measures the level of oxygen (O2) in the air.
Nitrous sensor: This sensor detects nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas that is 265 times more
potent than CO2 at trapping heat in the atmosphere.
Microcontroller: The microcontroller is the brain of the system. It collects data from the sensors,
processes it, and controls the operation of the street light based on the air quality data and other
programmed parameters.

I/O Port and LCD Display: The I/O port allows the microcontroller to communicate with other
devices, such as the LCD display. The LCD display can show the current air quality readings
and other information. Signal Conditioning Circuit: The signal conditioning circuit amplifies and
filters the signals from the sensors so that the microcontroller can read them accurately.Internet
Access Point: The internet access point allows the wireless devices to transmit data to the central
monitoring system.
3.2 Use Case of proposed system
A use case diagram doesn't go into a lot of detail—for example, don't expect it to model
the order in which steps are performed. Instead, a proper use case diagram depicts a high-level
overview of the relationship between use cases, actors, and systems. Experts recommend that use
case diagrams be used to supplement a more descriptive textual use case.
UML, or Unified Modeling Language, acts as a visual language for software design,
offering a versatile toolbox of diagrams to depict different aspects of a system. Its core strength
lies in promoting clarity and communication. Visual elements enhance understanding for both
technical and non-technical audiences, bridging the gap between developers, business analysts,
and other stakeholders.
This shared language fosters smoother collaboration and ensures everyone is on the same
page. Additionally, UML serves as comprehensive documentation, aiding future development,
maintenance, and ensuring institutional knowledge persists. Beyond that, UML empowers early-
stage design exploration, allowing teams to brainstorm and discuss potential system architectures
visually, leading to better-informed decisions. While UML offers key diagrams like use case,
class, sequence, and activity diagrams to model functionalities, interactions, workflows, and object
structures, it's important to remember it's not a one-stop solution. For highly specialized aspects,
other modeling languages might be necessary. But if you're looking to bring clarity,
communication, and structure to your software design process, UML is definitely worth exploring.
With a plethora of online tutorials, courses, and reference guides available, diving into the world
of UML is easier than ever. UML, or Unified Modeling Language, acts as a visual language for
software design, offering a versatile toolbox of diagrams to depict different aspects of a system.
Its core strength lies in promoting clarity and communication. Visual elements enhance
understanding for both technical and non-technical audiences, bridging the gap between

developers, business analysts, and other stakeholders. This shared language fosters smoother
collaboration and ensures everyone is on the same page. Additionally, UML serves as
comprehensive documentation, aiding future development, maintenance, and ensuring
institutional knowledge persists. Beyond that, UML empowers early-stage design exploration,
allowing teams to brainstorm and discuss potential system architectures visually, leading to better-
informed decisions. While UML offers key diagrams like use case, class, sequence, and activity
diagrams to model functionalities, interactions, workflows, and object structures, it's important to
remember it's not a one-stop solution. For highly specialized aspects, other modeling languages
might be necessary. But if you're looking to bring clarity, communication, and structure to your
software design process, UML is definitely worth exploring. With a plethora of online tutorials,
courses, and reference guides available, diving into the world of UML is easier than ever.
UML is the modeling toolkit that you can use to build your diagrams. Use cases are
represented with a labeled oval shape. Stick figures represent actors in the process, and the actor's
participation in the system is modeled with a line between the actor and use case. To depict the
system boundary, draw a box around the use case itself.
UML use case diagrams are ideal for:
• Representing the goals of system-user interactions
• Defining and organizing functional requirements in a system
• Specifying the context and requirements of a system
• Facilitating communication and collaboration
• Identifying test cases
• Early-stage system design
• Modeling the basic flow of events in a use case

Figure 3.2 .Use Case of proposed system
The air quality monitoring system depicted in the diagram appears to be designed to collect
and transmit data on various air quality metrics. It consists of several key components they are
Sensors: An array of sensors is positioned at the top of the system, likely to ensure they are
unobstructed and can take representative air samples. These sensors seem to include:
Particle sensors ,these sensors likely measure the concentration of particulate matter (PM) of
different sizes, such as PM2.5 and PM10, which can have negative health effects. Gas sensors
these sensors might detect the presence and concentration of harmful gases like ozone (O3),
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Microcontroller this
central unit processes the data collected by the sensors and performs necessary calculations. It may
also house a GPS module to record the location of the readings.
Communication module is a This module transmits the processed data wirelessly to a
central monitoring system or data centre. The specific technology used (cellular, Wi-Fi, etc.)
would depend on the desired range and application. Power supply is the system is likely powered

by a combination of solar panels and a battery. The solar panels provide renewable energy during
the day, while the battery ensures continuous operation at night or during periods of low sunlight.
Data platform that is the central system receives, stores, and analysis the air quality data collected
from multiple monitoring stations. It may also have features for data visualization, alerting
authorities in case of exceeding pollution levels, and providing public access to air quality
information.
Microcontroller this central unit processes the data collected by the sensors and performs
necessary calculations. It may also house a GPS module to record the location of the readings.
Communication module is a This module transmits the processed data wirelessly to a central
monitoring system or data centre. The specific technology used (cellular, Wi-Fi, etc.) would
depend on the desired range and application. Power supply is the system is likely powered by a
combination of solar panels and a battery. The solar panels provide renewable energy during the
day, while the battery ensures continuous operation at night or during periods of low sunlight. .
depend on the desired range and application. It may also house a GPS module to record the location
of the readings. Communication module is a This module transmits the processed data wirelessly
to a central monitoring system or data centre. The specific technology used (cellular, Wi-Fi, etc.)
depend on the desired range and application. It may also house a GPS module to record the location
of the readings. Communication module is a This module transmits the processed data wirelessly
to a central monitoring system or data centre. The specific technology used (cellular, Wi-Fi, etc.)
depend on the desired range and application. Power supply is the system is likely powered by a

combination of solar panels and a battery. Data platform that is the central system receives, stores,
and analyzes the air quality data collected from multiple monitoring stations. It may also have
features for data visualization, alerting authorities in case of exceeding pollution levels, and
providing public access to air quality information.
Figure.3.3.Technology stack of proposed system
Mobile App is the user interface that people interact with. It likely displays visualizations
of data, allows users to input information, and provides control over connected devices. In this
specific diagram, the mobile app seems to have different sections for the "Dashboard," "Device
Hardware," "Device Software," and "IoT Module," suggesting it might be used for monitoring and
controlling internet-connected devices. Server or Database this part stores and manages data. It

might hold historical data collected from devices, user preferences, and any other information
needed by the app and dashboard. The server or database could be located on-premises or in the
cloud, depending on the system's design and needs.
Dashboard is a web-based interface that provides an overview of key data and metrics. It
may include charts, graphs, and other visual elements to help users understand the information
quickly. In the diagram, the dashboard seems to show sections for "Application," "User "Events,"
and "CSS/Bitmaps," suggesting it might be used for monitoring user activity and app performance.
Connections are the arrows in the diagram show how the different parts communicate with each
other. The mobile app sends and receives data from the server or database, and the server or
database provides data to the dashboard. The specific communication protocols used will depend
on the system's design, but they might include HTTP, web sockets, or other methods . Additional
components in he diagram also mentions "Device hardware," "Device software," and "IoT
Module," which suggests the system might connect to physical devices. These devices could be
sensors, actuators, or other internet-connected objects. specific hardware and software used will
depend on the intended application of the system. This diagram seems to represent a typical
architecture for a mobile app that connects to a server or database and provides data to a dashboard.
This type of architecture is commonly used in various applications, such as home automation,
industrial monitoring, and remote device management.
3.3. Implementation
The proposed system was developed using the PIC16F877A(Peripheral Interface controller ,it
belongs to the microcontrollers, they are widely used in various electronic applications and
projects due to its versatility ,ease of use, and rich peripheral set). The PIC16F877A is a versatile
and popular 8-bit microcontroller from Microchip Technology. It boasts a powerful 20MHz RISC
CPU and packs a punch with features like 14KB Flash memory: Store your code and data with
ample space.,256 bytes EEPROM: Retain data even after power cycles for non-volatile storage.,8-
channel 10-bit A/D converter: Interface with analog sensors and signals seamlessly, comparators:
Make precise comparisons for control applications. two Capture/Compare/PWM modules:
Generate precise pulse-width modulated signals for motor control, LEDs, and more. This feature
set makes the PIC16F877A suitable for various applications, from simple sensor data logging to
complex motor control systems. Interface with analog sensors and signals seamlessly,

comparators: Make precise comparisons for control applications. two Capture/Compare/PWM

modules: Generate precise pulse-width modulated signals for motor control, LEDs, and more. This
feature set makes the PIC16F877A suitable for various applications, from simple sensor data
logging to complex motor control systems.
Its ease of programming with a simple instruction set and readily available development
tools make it a favorite among hobbyists and professionals alike. While newer devices like the
PIC16F18877 offer enhancements, the PIC16F877A remains a reliable and cost-effective choice
for many projects, thanks to its proven performance and wide availability. Retain data even after
power cycles for non-volatile storage.,8-channel 10-bit A/D converter: Interface with analog
sensors and signals seamlessly, comparators: Make precise comparisons for control applications.
two Capture/Compare/PWM modules: Generate precise pulse-width modulated signals for motor
control, LEDs, and more. This feature set makes the PIC16F877A suitable for various
applications, from simple sensor data logging to complex motor control systems. Its ease of
programming with a simple instruction set and readily available development tools make it a
favorite among hobbyists and professionals alike. While newer devices like the PIC16F18877
offer enhancements, the PIC16F877A remains a reliable and cost-effective choice for many
projects, thanks to its proven performance and wide availability.
Serial communication options: Connect with other devices using SPI, I2C, or USART. The
environmental setup for the developed system is shown in Figure 3.2 .The work was prototyped
and have considered sensors, MQ-7 which measures carbon-monoxide, MQ135- which measures
ammonia, MQ4-which measures methane gas, and G37-for amount of oxygen. The sensor inputs
are acquired and undergo signal conditioning. Connect with other devices using SPI, I2C, or
USART. The environmental setup for the developed system is shown in Figure 3.2 .The work was
prototyped and have considered sensors, MQ-7 which measures carbon-monoxide, MQ135-
which measures ammonia, MQ4-which measures methane gas, and G37-for amount of oxygen.
The sensor inputs are acquired and undergo signal conditioning. The output from the signal
conditioning circuit is then provided as input to an analog to digital converter of 10 bit resolution,
which inputs these PIC16F877A. The inputs are given to an air quality monitor algorithm which
gets input values and compares them with threshold values. The air quality information is then
transmitted via a WiFi transceiver-ESP 8266 to a remote server from where this information can
be accessed by the traffic control station. This information can also be accessed through a mobile

application. The designed system not only sends a message but also displays the status of the
parameters of air quality through a CLCD display.
Figure.3.4. Environmental setup of proposed system
3.4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Testcase
The proposed system was prototyped and tested. The system
was validated using various test cases
Test case-1: Acquiring inputs from sensor
Test case-2: Processing data
Test case-3: Wireless Transmission
Test case-4: Display of gases present in CLCD.
Test case1 of proposed system in shown in Figure.3.5.
Test case3 of proposed system is shown in Figure 3.6

Test case4 of proposed system in shown in Figure.3.7.
Figure.3.5. Test case1

In test case 1 Acquiring inputs from sensors involves transforming physical phenomena into
meaningful digital data for further processing and analysis. It's a crucial step in various
applications, from robotics and industrial automation to environmental monitoring. Raw sensor
data may contain noise or artifacts. Signal processing techniques can be applied to filter unwanted
noise and extract meaningful information. Ensure accuracy by calibrating the sensor regularly
using known reference values.
This corrects for inherent sensor drift and manufacturing tolerances. Interface and Signal
Conditioning are the most sensors don't output data directly compatible with digital systems. An
interface circuit is often needed to convert sensor signals (e.g., voltage, current) into a format
readable by microcontrollers or computers. This may involve amplification, filtering, or analog-
to-digital conversion (ADC).

Acquiring sensor inputs effectively requires careful consideration of these aspects. By

selecting appropriate sensors, interfacing them correctly, and incorporating data processing and
error handling, we can ensure reliable and accurate data acquisition for our application.
Figure.3.6.Test case 3
Wireless transmission has revolutionized the way information travels, freeing us from the
constraints of physical cables. This invisible magic has permeated our lives, from connecting our
devices to the internet to powering our homes and even enabling contactless payments. At its core,
wireless transmission relies on various electromagnetic waves, each with its own characteristics
and applications. Radio waves, for example, carry data over long distances, forming the backbone
of cellular networks and radio broadcasts. Microwaves offer high bandwidth for short-range
applications like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, while infrared waves facilitate communication between
nearby devices with line-of-sight requirements. The benefits of wireless transmission are
numerous. It offers flexibility and convenience, eliminating the need for bulky cables and
facilitating deployment in challenging environments. It enables mobility, allowing devices to
connect seamlessly while on the move. Additionally, wireless transmission promotes scalability,

making it easier to expand networks and connect more devices. However, it's not without its
challenges. Range limitations and interference from other signals can affect performance. Security
concerns also exist, as wireless transmissions are inherently more vulnerable to interception.
Despite these challenges, wireless transmission continues to evolve, with advancements in
technologies like millimeter wave and Li-Fi promising even faster and more efficient data transfer.
As we move towards a more connected future, wireless transmission will undoubtedly play a
pivotal role, keeping us unplugged and seamlessly connected.
Figure.3.7. Test case4
Monitoring gas presence is crucial in various fields, from industrial safety to environmental
protection. Fortunately, sensors and LCDs come together to offer a solution: displaying the
presence and concentration of different gases in real-time. Gas Sensors are those that workhorses,
detecting specific gases like methane, carbon monoxide, or ammonia. Different types exist, each
with its range of sensitivity and target gas. Choosing the right sensor is crucial for accurate
detection. The LCD displays the processed information in a user-friendly format. Text, numbers,
or even simple graphs can visually represent gas presence and concentration. Gas Sensors are
those that workhorses, detecting specific gases like methane, carbon monoxide, or ammonia.

Different types exist, each with its range of sensitivity and target gas. Choosing the right sensor is
crucial for accurate detection. The LCD displays the processed information in a user-friendly
format. Text, numbers, or even simple graphs can visually represent gas presence and
concentration.
Our proposed system displays the presence of carbon monoxide gas with 007% of carbon
monoxide content.

Chapter 4
CONCLUSION
The proposed system was designed and tested. The proposed system measures the air
quality of a particular area with the help of the hardware module fixed at certain locations like
lamp posts. The proposed system collected real time pollution statistics using various sensors
which monitored percentage of gases like ammonia, oxygen and carbon monoxide. Using these
inputs the algorithm predicted the air quality. Although there are a huge number of existing
systems, the proposed system provides a unique feature by transmitting calculated information for
traffic control purposes if air quality is detrimental. The additional benefit of the proposed system
is the mobile application which will help the common man understand and be aware of the
pollution status of localities. This awareness can also lead to people making a contribution directly
to reduce pollution levels.
Future Enhancement
The proposed system can be further optimized to consume less power as this will be a
battery or solar powered module. This module can be deployed in all cities selected for the smart
city project in country. This will make smart cities places where people can live a healthier life.

REFERENCES
[1] S.Muthukumar, W. Sherine Mary, Jayanthi.S, Kiruthiga.R, Mahalakshmi.M, “IoT based

air pollution monitoring and control system”, IEEE conference,pp 1286-1288,2020.
[2] Sarita Jiyal , Rakesh Kumar Saini ,” Prediction and Monitoring of Air Pollution Using
Internet of Things (IoT)”,IEEE,2020
[3] Khaled Bashir Shaban, Abdullah Kadri, Eman Rezk, “Urban Air Pollution Monitoring
System With Forecasting Models” IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 16, No.8,April 15,2019.
[4] Abdullah Kadrl, Elias Yaacoub, Mohammed Mushtaha, Adnan Abu Dayya, “Wireless
Sensor Network for Real-time Air Pollution Monitoring” Qatar Mobility Innovations
Centre (QMIC), Qatar Science and Technology Park, Doha, Qatar.
[5] Anwar Alshamsi, Younis Anwar, Maryam Almulla, Mouza Aldohoori, Nasser Hamad,
Mohammad Awad, “Monitoring
Pollution: Applying IOT to Create a Smart Environment”, IEEE conference,pp1-4,2021
[6] Yassine Ben-Aboud, Mounir Ghogho, Abdellatif Kobbane,” A research-oriented low-cost
air pollution monitoring IoT platform”, IEEE,2020.

Air Pollution Ts Report (Final)

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Air Pollution Ts Report (Final)

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Visvesvaraya Technological University

Technical seminar report on

“IOT based air pollution monitoring and control system”

Under the guidance of

Vishwas C.G.MB.E, M. Tech

Department of Information Science & Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

“IOT based Air pollution monitoring and

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD

Vishwas C.G.M B.E, M. Tech Dr. R Sanjeev Kunte M. Tech, Ph D

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-7

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 8-13

CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN 14-24

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

Figure 1.1 Statistics of death due to air 2

Figure 1.4 Sensors and their usage 6

Figure 3.1 Block diagram of proposed 14

Figure 3.5 Test case 1 22

Figure 3.6 Test case 3 23

Figure 3.7 Test case 4 24

Traditionally when urbanization started then various problems occurs such as

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 1

Figure.1.1.Statistics of death due to air pollution

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 2

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 3

Figure 1.2. Air Quality Monitoring System Architecture.

1.3 Internet of Things

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 4

Figure 1.3.IOT Platform

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 5

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 6

Figure 1.4.Sensors and their usage.

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 7

1.5 Problem Description

1.6 Organization of report

This report consist of four chapters. In chapter 1 consist of Introduction,chapter2 consist

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 8

A research-oriented low-cost air pollution monitoring IoT platform

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 9

Prediction and Monitoring of Air Pollution Using Internet of Things (IoT)

Authors: Sarita Jiyal , Rakesh Kumar Saini

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 10

• Air pollutants monitoring mistake .

Urban Air Pollution Monitoring System With Forecasting Models

Authors: Khaled Bashir Shaban, Abdullah Kadri, Eman Rezk

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 11

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 12

Wireless Sensor Network for Real-Time Air Pollution Monitoring

• High power consumption

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 13

Monitoring Pollution: Applying IoT to Create a Smart Environment

Authors: Anwar Alshamsi, Younas

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 14

3.1 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

Figure.3.1.Block Diagram of Proposed system

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 15

Array of Sensors: The array of sensors includes:

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 16

3.2 Use Case of proposed system

Dept. of IS&E, JNNCE, Shivamogga. Page No 17

UML use case diagrams are ideal for: