COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY

ILOILO CITY, PHILIPPINES
Tel. Nos. (033) 3291971 (to 79) Local 1085
Fax No. (033) 3203004
Email: chem.engg@cpu.edu.ph

MODULE 3
EVAPORATION
 Evaporation generally refers to the removal of water, by vaporization, from aqueous
solutions of non-volatile substances. It is an operation that converts a liquid into a vapor leaving
behind a concentrated solution or a higher boiling liquid

Points to Remember:

1. In an evaporation operation, a solution is concentrated by boiling off the solvent.

Example:

Usually, the desired product is the concentrated solution (thick liquor) but occasionally
the evaporated solvent is the primary product, for example, in the evaporation of sea water
to yield potable water.

2. In evaporation, several rate processes occur. First, heat is transferred from the heating
medium to the solution. Second, mass and heat are simultaneously transferred from the
liquid to the vapor phase.

Two basic processes involved in evaporation

 Transfer of Heat
Heat must be supplied to the solution to provide the energy required for the
vaporization of the solvent.

 Transfer of Mass
The volatile solvent changes to a vapor that must be removed.

3. The heat supplied includes

 The sensible heat for the solution to reach its boiling point.
 Latent heat of vaporization for the water evaporated
The transfer of heat from the heater to the solution controls the overall rate of evaporation
and the effect of the other transfer processes is only minor.

The heat required for evaporation is generally provided by the condensation of a vapor,
such as steam, on one side of a metal surface with the evaporating liquid on the other side.

It is necessary to remove the vapor from the evaporator for the continuation of
vaporization. Otherwise, the pressure above the solution soon equals the v.p. of the water and
boiling stops.
 An evaporator consists of Heat Exchanger capable of boiling the solution and a device to
separate the vapor phase from the boiling liquid.

Assumption which are typical t evaporator calculation:

1. The solution in the evaporator body is violently mixed and therefore homogeneous
in composition, except in the case of long tube vertical evaporators and turbulent
evaporators.
2. The vapor leaving at the top is pure water vapor @ the temperature of the boiling
solution and its pressure.
3. The condensate leaving is saturated liquid @ the steam pressure.
4. This is no heat loss from the evaporator body to the surroundings

Single Stage Evaporation

V enthalpy of the vapor
at given P and T = boiling point of
the solution
Evaporator
t=tsol’n = temperature of the solution
𝐻𝑜 , 𝑉𝑜 , 𝑡𝑜
Steam

Feed F L
Product
XF, tf, hf 𝑋𝐿 , ℎ𝐿 , 𝑡𝐿 = 𝑇

D
Condensate or Drips

mass  of  solute
where: x 
mass  of  total  stream
H= enthalpy of vapor
h= enthalpy of liquid solution
q= amount of heat transferred
A= heating surface
U= overall heat transfer coefficient
OMB:
𝐹 + 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉 + 𝐿 + 𝐷, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷
𝐹 = 𝑉+𝐿
Solute Balance:
FX F  LX L
Enthalpy Balance: assuming no heat loss due to radiation
𝐹ℎ𝐹 + 𝑉𝑜 (𝐻𝑜 − ℎ𝑜 ) = 𝑉𝐻𝑣 + 𝐿ℎ𝐿
but 𝑉𝑜 (𝐻𝑜 − ℎ𝑜 ) = 𝑞
𝐹ℎ𝐹 + 𝑞 = 𝑉𝐻𝑣 + 𝐿ℎ𝐿

To find 𝐻𝑜 , ℎ𝑜 , ℎ𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆𝑜 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

To find ℎ𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝐿 :
1. Use concentration-enthalpy diagram if available
2. If concentration-enthalpy diagram is not available, instead specific heat of the feed should
be given, use boiling point of the solution as base temperature and then,
ℎ𝐹 = 𝐶𝐹 (𝑡𝐹 − 𝑡)
hL  CL t  t   0
The enthalpy 𝐻𝑣 is the enthalpy of the vapor less that of liquid water @ the base
temperature. In practice however, it is sufficiently accurate and considerably simple to use the
latent heat of vaporization, 𝜆 at the pressure of the vapor space.
𝐹𝐶𝐹 (𝑡𝐹 − 𝑡) + 𝑞 = 𝑉𝜆𝑉
Heat transfer rate Equation
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡)
where: 𝑡𝑜 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Boiling Point Rise or Elevation
BPR  BPsolution  BPH 2O

BPR  t sol 'n  t H 2O

If Tsol 'n  Tsat at given P

 vapor is superheated
For superheated vapor:

H v  H sat 'd vapor + degree superheat

Btu
H v  H s  0.45BPR ,
lb

kJ
H v  H s  1.87BPR ,
kg

For saturated steam:

Q  Vo o

Steam Economy

mass  of  vapor  produced V

SE  
mass  of  steam  consumed Vo
PROBLEM SET 1
kg
A single-effect evaporator will handle 18,000ℎ𝑟 of a feed solution of an organic solid in

water. The solution will be concentrated from 15% to 60% solids. Steam is available @ 275kPa,
100mmHg absolute pressure shall be maintained in the vapor space. Feed is @ 24℃. BPR is
𝑊 𝐾𝐽
negligible. U is 2840𝑚2 𝐾 Specific heat of the feed is 3.768𝑘𝑔.𝐾. Calculate the steam economy and the

heating area.

V, mass of the vapor

produced at 100mmHg

Steam
@ 275 kPa
𝑉𝑜 , mass of the steam
consumed

L
𝑘𝑔
F=18,000 ℎ𝑟 Product
𝑋𝐿 = 0.6

\\

Organic solid in 𝐻2 𝑂 Drips

𝑋𝐹 = 0.15 BPR=0

W
𝑇𝐹 = 24℃ U (overall heat transfer coefficient) = 2,840
m2  K
kJ
CF  3.768
kg  C

Required:
a. steam economy
b. A

Solution:
Organic Solids Balance:

FX F  LX L
18,000(0.15) = L (0.6)
 𝑘𝑔
L =4,500
ℎ𝑟
Total Mass Balance:
F=V+L
18,000 = V +4,500
𝑘𝑔
V = 13,500 ℎ𝑟

BP of the solution:
0.101325MPa
P  100mmHg   0.013332MPa
760mmHg
Use steam table: Perry’s Handbook 8th edition (Table 2-305 of page 2-413)
P=0.013332MPa
P(MPa) T(K)
0.010546 320
0.013332 t H 2O
0.017213 330
t H 2O  324 .179 K  51 .029 C
t sol 'n  t H 2O  BPR but BPR is negligible, so BPR=0
tsol 'n  324.179K  0
tsol 'n  t  324.179K  51.029

Enthalpy Balance:
FC F t f  t   q  Vv

For saturated liquid: P=0.013332MPa

P(MPa) H(kJ/mol)
0.010546 3.5340
0.013332 hl
0.017213 4.2876
kJ kJ
hl  3.8489  213.83
mol kg
For saturated vapor: P=0.013332MPa
P(MPa) H(kJ/mol)
0.010546 46.582
0.013332 Hv
0.017213 46.900
kJ kJ
H v  46.715  2,595.3
mol kg
 v  H v  hl

v  2,595.3  213.83
kJ
kg
kJ
v  2,381.5
kg
FC F t f  t   q  Vv ; q  Vv  FC F t f  t 
kg  kJ  kg  kJ 
q  13,500  2,381.5   18,000  3.768 24  51.029C
hr  kg  hr  kg  K 
kJ
q  33,983,464.9
hr
But q  Vo H o  ho  ; Vo 
q
H o  ho
Using steam table: at P=275kPa  0.275MPa
For saturated liquid:
P(MPa) H(kJ/mol)
0.24577 9.6013
0.275 ho
0.33045 10.371
kJ kJ
ho  9.867  548.17
mol kg

For saturated vapor:

P(MPa) H(kJ/mol)
0.24577 48.924
0.275 Ho
0.33045 49.170

kJ kJ
H o  49.009  2,722.7
mol kg
kJ
33,983,464.9
Vo  hr
2,722.7  548.17  kJ
kg
kg
Vo  15,628
hr
 P(MPa) T(K)
0.24577 400
0.275 to
0.33045 410

to  403.45K  130.3C

mass  of  vapor  produced V

Steam Economy SE   
mass  of  steam  consumed Vo
kg
13,500
SE  hr
kg
15,628
hr
SE  0.8638

Heat Transfer rate Equation:

q  UAto  t 
 1kW  3,600 sec 
 A403.45  324.179K
kJ
33,983,464.9  2,840W  
hr  1000W  hr 
kJ 1W  hr
33,983,464.9 
A hr 3.6kJ
2,840 2
W
130.3  51.029C
m K
A  41.931m2
PROBLEM SET 2
Example:
A 15% brine solution is to be concentrated to 50% brine in a single effect evaporator.
1MT⁄ℎ𝑟 of product are obtained. Calculate the steam consumption and the heating area.

Data:
Steam temperature and pressure 1500 C, 100kPa
Feed Temperature 25℃
Condenser Temperature 67℃
𝐾𝐽
Specific heat of feed solution 3.35𝑘𝑔℃
𝑊
Heat transfer coefficient 1700 𝑚2𝐾
Given:
V Vapor 100mmHg
𝑇𝑐 = 67℃

𝑉𝑜
Steam
@ 1500 C,
100kPA

L Product
Feed
𝑋𝐿 = 0.5
Brine Solution
𝑋𝐹 = 0.15 Drips
𝑇𝐹 = 25℃ 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷
𝐾𝐽
𝐶𝐹 = 3.35
𝑘𝑔℃

Required: 𝑉𝑜 and A

Solution:

Solute Balance:
FX F  LX L
F (0.15) = 1000(0.5)
kg
F =3333.33 hr

Total Mass Balance:

F=V+L
kg
3333.33 = V +1000
hr
kg
V = 2333.33
hr
BP of the solution:
BPR  t sol 'n  t H 2O ; t sol 'n  t H 2O  BPR
where t H 2O  Tcondenser  67 C  152 .6 F

From page 11-115, 8𝑡ℎ edition Handbook

Method for finding the BPR

Step 1: Assume t sol 'n

tsol 'n  207F

BPRcomputed  t sol 'n  t H 2O

BPRcomputed  207  152 .6  F  54 .4 F

Step 2: Using Fig. 11-124

at 207°F and 50% NaCl BPR=54.6°F

BPRcomputed  BPRreadings from graph

so tsol 'n  207F  97.222C  370.372K

Enthalpy Balance:
FC F (t f  t )  q  V

Using Steam Table:

Saturated Vapor

T(K) H(kJ/mol)
370 48.111
370.372 Hv
380 48.393

kJ 1mole 1000 g
H v  48.121  
mol 18 g 1kg

kJ
H v  2,673.4
kg

Saturated Liquid

T(K) H(kJ/mol)
370 7.3121
370.372 hl
380 8.0725
 kJ kJ
hl  7.3404  407.8
mol kg

  H v  hl  2,673.4  407.8
kJ
kg

kJ
  2,265.6
kg

Enthalpy Balance:

FC F (t f  t )  q  V

kg  kJ  kg  kJ 
3333.33  3.35 25  97.222C  q  2333.33  2,265.9 
hr  kgC  hr  kg 
kJ
q  6,093,570.6
hr

Use steam table:

at T  150C  423.15K , P  100kPa  0.1MPa

T(K) P(MPa)
420 0.43730
Psat = 0.4792MPa
423.15 Psat P<Psat  superheated
430 0.57026

Saturated Liquid:
P  100kPa  0.1MPa
M(MPa) H(kJ/mol)
0.090535 7.3121
0.1 ho
0.12885 8.0725

kJ kJ
ho  7.4999  416.66
mol kg
Superheated Vapor:
P  100kPa  0.1MPa, T  423.15K
P(MPa) H(kJ/mol)
400 49.189
423.15 H0
500 52.759
 kJ kJ
H o  50.015  2,889.7
mol kg

q
q  Vo ( H o  ho ) ; Vo 
H o  ho
kJ
6,093,570.6
Vo  hr
2,889.7  416.66 kJ
kg
kg
V0  2,464.0
hr

Heat Transfer Rate Equation

q  UAto  t  ; A 
q
U to  t 
kJ 1W  hr
6,093,570.6 
A hr 3.6kJ
1,700
W
150  97.222C
m2  K
A  18.865m2

Answers:
kg
V0  2,464.0
hr
A  18.865m2
PROBLEM SET 3
𝑘𝑔
A single effect evaporator is used to concentrate 5000 of 10% NaOH solution to 40%.
ℎ𝑟

Steam is available at 127℃ and 150𝑘𝑃𝑎. The feed enters the evaporator at 18℃ and the
𝐾𝑊
evaporation takes place at30𝑘𝑃𝑎. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is1.25 𝑚2 .𝐾, calculate the

heating surface required and the amount of steam used.

Given:
V
30kPa

𝑉𝑜
Steam
@ 1270 C,
150kPA

𝑘𝑔 L
5000
ℎ𝑟
Feed Product
NaOH Solution XL = 0.4
𝑋𝐹 = 0.1 Drips T
𝑇𝐹 = 18℃ 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷
𝐾𝑊
𝑈 = 1.25 2
𝑚 𝐾
Required:
a) A
b) 𝑉𝑜

Solution:

Solute Balance:
FX F  LX L
5000(0.1) = L (0.4)
kg
L = 1,250 hr

Total Mass Balance:

F=V+L
V = 5,000 - 1,250
kg
V = 3750 hr
Use steam table: @ P  30kPa  0.03MPa

P(MPa) T(K)

0.017213 330

0.03 t H 2O
0.027188 340

Interpolate:

t H 2O  342 .82 K  69 .67 C  157 .41  F

Using Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram:

 Figure 19.13
kJ
Btu kg kJ
hF (10% NaOH @18℃ or 64.4℉) = 30 x2.326 = 69.78
lb Btu kg
1 lb
kJ
Btu kg kJ
hL (40% NaOH @94.444℃ or 202.92℉) = 180 x2.326 = 418.68
lb Btu kg
1
lb
Use Duhring Lines for the NaOH-𝐻2 𝑂 system
 Figure 19.11

At t H 2O  157 .41  F , 40%NaOH

t  tsol 'n  202F  94.444C
BPR  t sol 'n  t H 2O
BPR  94.444  69.67C
BPR  24.774C

Use steam table:

At T = 127°C  400.15K , P = 150kPa  0.15MPa
T(K) P(MPa)

400 0.24577
Psat = 0.24704
400.15 Psat P<Psat  superheated

410 0.33045

Double Interpolate:
T = 400.15K, P=0.15MPa

At P=0.1MPa, T= 400.15K
T(K) H(kJ/mol)

400 49.189

400.15 Ho

500 52.759

kJ kJ
H o  49.194  2733
mol kg

At P=1MPa, T=400.15K
T(K) H(kJ/mol)

400.15 Ho

453.03 50.030

500 52.086

kJ kJ
H o  47.715  2650.8
mol kg
 P(MPa) H(kJ/kg)

0.1 2733

0.15 Ho

1 2650.8

kJ
H o  2,728.4
kg

For Saturated liquid:

P=0.15 MPa
P(MPa) H(kJ/mol)

0.12885 8.0725

0.15 ho

0.17964 8.8354

kJ kJ
ho  8.3902  466.12
mol kg

For superheated vapor:

H v  H sat 'd vapor  1.87 BPR ,

At saturated vapor P = 0.03MPa

P(MPa) H(kJ/mol)

0.027188 47.212

0.03 Hsat’d vapor

0.041682 47.519

kJ kJ
H sat 'd vapor  47.272  2626.2
mol kg

H v  H sat 'd vapor  1.87 BPR

H v  2,626.2  1.8724.774
 kJ
H v  2,672.5
kg

Enthalpy Balance:
FhF  q  VHv  Lhl
kg  kJ  kg  kJ  kg  kJ 
5,000  69.78   q  3,750  2,672.5   1,250  418.68 
hr  kg  hr  kg  hr  kg 
kJ
q  10,196,325
hr

q  Vo H o  ho  ;
q
Vo 
H o  ho
kJ
10,196,325
Vo  hr
2,728.4  466.12 kJ
kg
kg
Vo  4,507.1
hr

Heat Transfer Rate Equation

q  UAto  t  ;
q
A
U to  t 

kJ 1hr

10,196,325
hr 3,600 sec
A
kW
1.25 2 
1kJ
127  94.444C
m  K 1kW  s

A  69.599m2

Answer:

A  69.599m2
kg
Vo  4,507.1
hr