CHAPTER 4

HEAT EFFECTS
CHAPTER 4 TOPICS
INTRODUCTION

Heat transfer is a common operation in

chemical engineering applications.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

The following important heat effects are

considered in this chapter:
• Sensible heat effects, characterized by
temperature changes
• Heat capacities as a function of
temperature and their use through
defined functions
• Heats of phase transition, i.e., latent
heats of pure substances
INTRODUCTION

• Heats of reaction, combustion, and

formation
• Heats of reaction as a function of
temperature
• The calculation of heat effects for
industrial reaction
SENSIBLE HEAT EFFECTS
INTRODUCTION

Heat transfer to or from a system in which

there are no phase transitions, no
chemical reactions, and no changes in
composition causes a sensible heat
effect, i.e., the temperature of the
system is caused to change.
SENSIBLE HEAT EFFECT
SENSIBLE HEAT EFFECT

If the system is a homogeneous

substance of constant composition, two
intensive properties establishes its state.
The molar or specific internal energy of a
substance may therefore be expressed
as a function of two other state variables.
SENSIBLE HEAT EFFECT

Given U = U(T, V),

Then
SENSIBLE HEAT EFFECT

The final term is zero in two situations:

• For any closed-system constant-volume
process.
• Whenever the internal energy is independent
of volume, as for the ideal-gas state and the
incompressible liquid.
SENSIBLE HEAT EFFECT

The only possible mechanically reversible

constant-volume process is simple heating
(stirring work is inherently irreversible),
for which Q = ΔU.
SENSIBLE HEAT EFFECT

Given H = U(T, P),

Then
INTRODUCTION

The final term is zero in two situations:

• For any closed-system constant-pressure
process.
• When the enthalpy is independent of pressure,
regardless of process. This is exactly true for
the ideal-gas state and approximately true for
real gases at low P and high T
INTRODUCTION

For mechanically reversible, constant-pressure,

closed-system processes and for the transfer of
heat in steady-flow processes where ΔEP and
ΔEK are negligible and Ws = 0, Q = ΔH.
SENSIBLE HEAT EFFECT
HEAT CAPACITY
HEAT CAPACITY
HEAT CAPACITY
HEAT CAPACITY
LATENT HEAT
LATENT HEAT
LATENT HEAT
LATENT HEAT
LATENT HEAT
LATENT HEAT
HEAT OF REACTION
HEAT OF REACTION
HEAT OF REACTION
HEAT OF REACTION
HEAT OF REACTION
HEAT OF REACTION
HEAT OF REACTION
HEAT OF REACTION
HEAT OF REACTION
HEAT OF REACTION
HEAT OF REACTION
CHAPTER 4

PROBLEMS
CHAPTER 4
SYNOPSIS
After studying this chapter, including the end-
of-chapter problems, one should be able to:
• Define sensible heat effects, latent heat, heat
of reaction, heat of formation, and heat of
combustion
• Formulate a heat-capacity integral, decide
whether to use CP or CV in it, and evaluate it
with the heat capacity expressed as a
polynomial in temperature
CHAPTER 4
SYNOPSIS
• Use a heat-capacity integral in an energy
balance to determine the energy input
required
to achieve a given temperature change or to
determine the temperature change that will
result from a given energy input
• Look up or estimate latent heats of phase
change and apply them in energy balances
CHAPTER 4
SYNOPSIS
• Apply the Clayperon equation
• Compute a standard heat of reaction at
arbitrary temperature from heats of formation
and heat capacities
• Compute standard heats of reaction from
standard heats of combustion
• Compute heat requirements for a process with
specified chemical reactions and specified
inlet and outlet temperatures