Case Study 9: TIME ESTIMATION OF PROJECT

Estimating the time required for project activities is a critical aspect of project management.
Accurate time estimation helps in planning, resource allocation, and tracking progress. Here
are some key steps and techniques for time estimation of project activities:
 Define Project Scope: Before estimating time, ensure that you have a clear
understanding of the project's scope and objectives. A well-defined scope is essential
for accurate time estimation.
 Break Down the Project: Divide the project into smaller, manageable tasks or
activities. This breakdown is typically done in a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS),
which organises project work into a hierarchical structure.
 Identify Dependencies: Determine the dependencies between tasks. Some tasks may
need to be completed before others can start, while some may be parallel activities.
 Gather Historical Data: Review similar past projects to gather historical data on how
long certain tasks took to complete. This data can serve as a valuable reference point
for estimation.
 Use Expert Judgment: Consult with subject matter experts, team members, or
stakeholders who have experience with similar tasks. They can provide insights into
the time required.
 Analogous Estimation: This technique involves using the duration of similar activities
from previous projects as a basis for estimating the current project's activities.
 Parametric Estimation: This method involves using mathematical models to estimate
the time required for specific activities based on relevant parameters. For example, lines
of code written per day for a software development project.
 Three-Point Estimation: This technique uses three estimates for each task: an
optimistic estimate (best-case scenario), a pessimistic estimate (worst-case scenario),
and a most likely estimate. The expected duration can be calculated using the formula:
Expected Duration (TE) = (Optimistic + 4 * Most Likely + Pessimistic) / 6
 PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique): PERT is a variation of three-point
estimation. It calculates expected task duration as:
TE = (Optimistic + 4 * Most Likely + Pessimistic) / 6
PERT is often used in situations where uncertainty is high.
 Critical Path Method (CPM): CPM is a network-based technique that identifies the
longest path of dependent activities, called the critical path. The sum of durations on
the critical path is the project duration. CPM is particularly useful for projects with
strict deadlines.
 Consider Resource Constraints: Take into account the availability of resources when
estimating time. If certain resources are limited, it may impact the duration of specific
tasks.
 Buffer Time: Consider adding contingency or buffer time to your estimates to account
for unexpected delays or changes. This is often referred to as "padding" and helps
manage risks.
 Review and Refine Estimates: Time estimates should be reviewed and refined as the
project progresses, and more information becomes available.
 Document Assumptions: Clearly document the assumptions made during the
estimation process. This helps in managing expectations and addressing any changes
that may arise.
  Use Project Management Software: Project management software tools, such as
Microsoft Project, Trello, or Asana, can assist in creating schedules, estimating time,
and tracking progress.
Remember that time estimation is inherently uncertain, and some level of variance is expected.
Regularly monitor the project's progress, and be prepared to adjust your schedule as necessary
based on actual results and any changes in project conditions. Effective communication and
collaboration with your project team and stakeholders are key to successful time management
in a project.