ASAM NUKLEAT

(nucleic acid)
dr. Angelina S.R. Masengi, M.Biomed.
(asrmasengi(a)unsrat.ac.id)

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI
2020-2023
2
TRUE OR FALSE? (Q)
● The building blocks of the single-stranded
polymer are the four ribonucleotide
triphosphates (TTP, CTP, ATP, GTP), each
consisting of a sugar molecule, a
triphosphate group, and one base.

3
TRUE OR FALSE? (A)
The building blocks of the single-
stranded polymer are the four
deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates
(dTTP, dCTP, dATP, dGTP), each
consisting of a sugar molecule, a
triphosphate group, and one base.
4
Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 24th ed (available from ClinicalKey)
TRUE OR FALSE? (Q)
● During DNA synthesis, nucleotides are first
stripped of one phosphate groups and then
enzymatically linked together by
phosphodiester bonds to form a chain.

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TRUE OR FALSE? (A)
● During DNA synthesis, nucleotides
are first stripped of two phosphate
groups and then enzymatically
linked together by phosphodiester
bonds to form a chain.

6
Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 24th ed (available from ClinicalKey)
?
● Asam nukleat/ nucleic acid

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?
● Peran asam nukleat pada perkembangan hasil
fertilisasi (zigot) hingga berkembang menjadi
janin yang matur dan siap bertumbuh-
kembang di luar kandungan

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?
● Asam nukleat vs protein

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OUTLINE
● PENDAHULUAN
● ASAM NUKLEAT
○ DNA
○ RNA

● GAMBARAN UMUM REGULASI EKSPRESI GEN

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ASAM NUKLEAT

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FUNGSI ASAM NUKLEAT
● MEMBAWA INFORMASI GENETIK

○ INFORMASI UNTUK

■ PEMBENTUKAN PROTEIN (STRUKTURAL MAUPUN FUNGSIONAL)

■ SEL BARU

■ GENERASI SELANJUTNYA

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 Bentuk AN/NA
● DNA
● RNA (~90%)

13
Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed.
 STRUCTURE OF DNA
● ANTIPARALLEL DIMER OF NA STRANDS
○ the strands run in opposite directions
○ The nucleotide bases on each strand interact with the nucleotide bases on the other strand to form
base pairs
● COMPOSED OF NTs CONTAINING DEOXYRIBOSE*
● DNA CHAIN
● DUPLEX LINEAR POLYMER OF DEOXYRIBOSE 3’,5’-PHOSPHATE, W/ PURINE &
PYRIMIDINE BASES ATTACHED TO CARBON-1’ OF THE DEOXYRIBOSE SUBUNIT

Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed.

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 STRUCTURE OF DNA
● ANTIPARALLEL DIMER OF NA STRANDS
● COMPOSED OF NTs CONTAINING DEOXYRIBOSE*

○ *W/ OH- GROUP AT THE 2’-POSITION OF RIBOSE

● DNA CHAIN
● DUPLEX LINEAR POLYMER OF DEOXYRIBOSE 3’,5’-PHOSPHATE, W/ PURINE &
PYRIMIDINE BASES ATTACHED TO CARBON-1’ OF THE DEOXYRIBOSE SUBUNIT

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Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed.
 STRUCTURE OF DNA
● ANTIPARALLEL DIMER OF NA STRANDS
● COMPOSED OF NTs CONTAINING DEOXYRIBOSE*
● THE DNA CHAIN POLYMERIZED THROUGH

○ A PHOSPHODIESTER LINKAGE FROM THE 3’-HYDROXYL OF ONE DEOXYRIBOSE TO THE 5’-

HYDROXYL OF THE NEXT DEOXYRIBOSE
● DUPLEX LINEAR POLYMER OF DEOXYRIBOSE 3’,5’-PHOSPHATE, W/ PURINE &
PYRIMIDINE BASES ATTACHED TO CARBON-1’ OF THE DEOXYRIBOSE SUBUNIT

16
Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed.
 STRUCTURE OF DNA
● ANTIPARALLEL DIMER OF NA STRANDS
● COMPOSED OF NTs CONTAINING DEOXYRIBOSE*

○ *MISSING HYDROXYL GROUP AT THE 2’-POSITION OF RIBOSE

● DNA CHAIN: POLYMERIZED THROUGH A PHOSPHODIESTER LINKAGE FROM THE
3’-HYDROXYL OF ONE DEOXYRIBOSE TO THE 5’-HYDROXYL OF THE NEXT
DEOXYRIBOSE
● DUPLEX LINEAR POLYMER OF DEOXYRIBOSE 3’,5’-PHOSPHATE, W/ PURINE &
PYRIMIDINE BASES ATTACHED TO CARBON-1’ OF THE DEOXYRIBOSE SUBUNIT

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Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed.
 Basic structure of purines and pyrimidines

NUCLEOSIDE-NUCLEOTIDE
Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed.

18
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition (© Garland Science 2015)
 Basic structure of purines and pyrimidines

NUCLEOSIDE-NUCLEOTIDE
Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed.

19
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition (© Garland Science 2015)
 PELAJARI LEBIH LANJUT FUNGSI NUKLEOTIDA
AMP, ADP, DAN ATP!

20
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition (© Garland Science 2015)
 BASIC DNA STRUCTURE

Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=6822018_ebc-63-ebc20180038-g1.jpg

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 POLIMERISASI
ASAM NUKLEAT

PELAJARI LEBIH LANJUT BAGAIMANA

POLIMERISASI DNA TERJADI, ENZIM-ENZIM
SERTA MIKROMOLEKUL YANG BERPERAN
DAN BAGAIMANA PROTEIN JUGA BERPERAN
DI DALAMNYA!

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Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition (© Garland Science 2015)
 SINTESIS DNA

DNA synthesis occurs at a

replication fork, producing new
strands termed the leading strand
and the lagging strand.

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Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed.
DNA

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 PERAN PROTEIN DALAM PENGEPAKAN DNA

25
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition (© Garland Science 2015)
 CHROMOSOME PACKAGING

26
Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed.
 DNA STRUCTURE

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Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=6822018_ebc-63-ebc20180038-g2.jpg
 STRUCTURE OF DNA
“two intertwined
complementary strands ,
with hydrogen bonds
holding the strands
together”

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Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed.
 WATSON-CRICK BASE PAIRING RULE
OF NT IN DNA
hydrogen bonding

The AT bps form 2 H bonds, the GC bps form 3 H bonds

à STABILITY: GC-rich regions > AT-rich regions.

29
Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed.
 30
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition (© Garland Science 2015)
 31
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition (© Garland Science 2015)
 32
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition (© Garland Science 2015)
DNA STRUCTURE
● The majority of cellular DNA molecules exist in the B form
● Can alternative forms of DNA help to regulate gene
expression?

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THE HUMAN GENOME
● CONTAINS 20,000-25,000 DIFFERENT PROTEIN CODING GENES SPREAD OVER
23 CHROMOSOME PAIRS
● GENES:

○ UNIQUE DNA SEQUENCES THAT CODE FOR PROTEINS

○ PRESENT IN SINGLE COPIES/ AT MOST ONLY A FEW COPIES PER GENOME

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 NUCLEAR DNA VS MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

Available from: https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/tg/en/illustration/mitochondrial_dna.jpg

35
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition (© Garland Science 2015)
NUCLEAR DNA VS MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

Available from: http://www.mrc-mbu.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/poster-principles.pdf 36

RNA

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 38
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition (© Garland Science 2015)
Kelas RNA
Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed. 39
 RNA

Lippincotts Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry,

fifth edition. (© Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2011)

40
Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed.
 RNA

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Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed.
DNA VS RNA

Available from: https://openstax.org/resources/bc3a815454f5d1242c9a6f137db3fcf32d304b9c 42

 DNA VS RNA

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Available from: https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/tg/en/illustration/nucleic_acid.jpg
DNA VS RNA

44
Available from: https://openstax.org/resources/4ad20385968c3abbe475fa84b880b8bee31d067e
REGULASI EKSPRESI GEN

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 46
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition (© Garland Science 2015)
 47
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition (© Garland Science 2015)
Lippincotts Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry, fifth edition. (© Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2011)

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STRUKTUR mRNA PROKARIOT VS EUKARIOT

Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed. 49

DOGMA SENTRAL
BIOLOGI MOLEKULER

Available from: https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-

images/2b597889d05bc601803a3b4d9ec5ccd5e7b8d3af.png 50
Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition (© Garland Science 2015)
 TRANSKRIPSI

LATIHAN
BAGAIMANA SUSUNAN NUKELOTIDA
PADA PRIMARY TRANSCRIPT
BILA PADA CODING STRAND TERDAPAT
5’-CTCTGGAACGCG-3’?

Available from: https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/55e45fb61bd718907a9feee5987d04c0c2b055c3.png

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Useful link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MfSYnItYvg
TRANSKRIPSI

Transcription involves the synthesis of an RNA by RNA polymerase

using DNA as a template. The RNA polymerase holoenzyme uses
the antisense strand of DNA to direct the synthesis of an RNA
molecule that is complementary to this strand. Medical Biochemistry, 5th ed. 52
KODON-ANTIKODON

LATIHAN
BAGAIMANA SUSUNAN
NUKELOTIDA
PADA ANTICODON
BILA PADA messenger-RNA
TERDAPAT
5’-AUG-3’ DAN APA Lippincotts Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry,
IMPLIKASINYA? fifth edition. (© Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2011)

Available from: https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/3b56f5e430e9c31c1ffd98012a79653ab81e1360.png

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 TRANSLASI

Available from: https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/101244c1c737a118898202d57e9516089cf0967b.pn

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Useful link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfYf_rPWUdY
KODON

Available from: https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/tg/en/illustration/codon.jpg

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KODON

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● Apa yang Anda tahu tentang asam nukleat?
○ Bedanya DNA dan RNA?

○ Bedanya asam nukleat dan protein?

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Belajar mandiri
● Bagaimana peran antiretrovirus terhadap replikasi?

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Belajar mandiri
● Seberapa penting peran asam nukleat pada
perkembangan hasil fertilisasi (zigot) hingga
berkembang menjadi janin yang matur dan
siap bertumbuh-kembang di luar kandungan?
○ Bagaimana kaitan protein dari asupan makanan
dengan peran asam nukleat terhadap tumbuh
kembang anak?
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