Condenser Presentation

L&T Heavy Engineering
SURFACE CONDENSERS
Gasification and Power plant Equipment

Business Unit
3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 1
Topics of Discussion
Condenser Basics Design of Condensers
Construction Details Condenser Manufacturing
Flash Tanks/Pipes Dispatch of Condensers
L&T –HE Supplied Condensers Operation and Maintenance
Trouble‐shooting Question & Answers

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF
SURFACE CONDENSER
It is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger in which steam is
condensed on the shell-side while cooling water flows
through the tubes. The condensate and cooling water
leave the system separately
They are heat exchangers which convert steam from
its gaseous to its liquid state at a pressure below
atmospheric pressure

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF
SURFACE CONDENSER

CONDENSER IN STEAM POWER

PLANT CYCLE
CONDENSER

SURFACE CONDENSER - FUNCTIONS
Primary Functions:
Provide minimum temperature heat sink in the plant.
The rejected heat is carried away by the circulating
water. Extracts latent heat from steam.
Condense steam at turbine exhaust and feed the
condensate to Condensate extraction Pump. Pumping
the liquid condensate into the cycle back is
economical as compared to pumping the low
temperature steam.
This enables the steam condensate to be re-used.

SURFACE CONDENSER - FUNCTIONS
Primary Functions:
The difference between the heat of steam per unit
mass at the inlet to the turbine and the heat of steam
per unit mass at the outlet to the turbine represents the
heat which is converted to mechanical power.
Maintaining a vacuum in the steam condenser, the
efficiency of the steam-power plant can be increased
as greater the vacuum in the system, greater will be the
enthalpy drop of steam. Therefore, more work will be
available per kg of steam condensing.

SURFACE CONDENSER - FUNCTIONS CONTD..
Secondary Functions:
Deaeration of condensate / make-up water
Removal of non-condensable. The non-condensate
(air) can be removed from the condensate-steam
circuit by pulling and maintaining a vacuum in the
steam side. Therefore, the condensate can be used as
boiler feed.
Provide storage capacity of condensate
Act as receiver of system drains

SURFACE CONDENSER - FUNCTIONS CONTD..

Proper functioning of Condenser:
• Uniform distribution of exhaust steam throughout the heat
transfer surface of the Condenser
• Absence of condensate sub cooling
• There should not be any leakage of air into the condenser
• There should not be any tube leakage
• The heat transfer surface in contact with cooling water must be
free from any deposit as scaling reduces the efficiency of heat
exchangers

FEATURES OF GOOD CONDENSER DESIGN
Lowest back pressure for condensing surface provided

Return condensate to cycle at the highest possible
temperature (i.e. minimum subcooling)
Remove oxygen from condensate to reduce system
corrosion
Maximum venting of insoluble gases
Uniform pressure drop through any section of
condenser

SURFACE CONDENSER - TYPES
Surface Condenser
Circular Condenser Rectangular Condenser
No. of Divisions No. of Passes Turbine Exhaust Pressure Steam Entry
Divided Single Pass Single Pressure Vertical
Non - Divided Multi Pass Multi-Pressure Side


Typical Model of Rectangular Condenser


Typical Model of Circular Condenser


Based on Number of Passes
Single Pass Double Pass

Based on Number of Divisions
No Divisions Single Divisions


Based on Number of Pressure Zones
Single Pressure Dual Pressure


Based on Steam Entry Location
Vertical Entry Side Entry


Typical Model of Condenser with
Vertical Steam Entry


Typical Model of Condenser with
Side Steam Entry

SURFACE CONDENSER
DESIGN

Important Definitions
Condenser Back Pressure: The absolute static pressure
maintained within the condenser shell at locations not
greater than one foot from the first tube.
Cleanliness Factor: Ratio of condenser Heat Transfer
Coefficient to the clean Heat Transfer Coefficient.
Condensate Depression/Condensate Sub-cooling: The
difference between condensing steam temperature and
temperature of the condensate in the hotwell.
Effective surface: The total surface measured on the
outside of the tubes between the T/s inside surfaces
and includes the air cooler surfaces.
Effective Tube length: Distance between the inside
surfaces of T/s.
Hotwell capacity: Condensate storage volume of
hotwell.
Initial Temperature Difference (ITD): Difference
between the condensing steam temperature and the
inlet CW temperature.
Temperature rise: Difference between the outlet and
inlet CW temperatures

Terminal Temperature Difference/Approach temp.
(TTD): Difference between the condensing steam
temperature and the outlet CW temperature.
Condenser Duty: The net heat transferred to the CW
water

SURFACE CONDENSER - DESIGN
Design Codes:
ASME SEC. VIII Div.1
HEI for Steam Surface Condensers
TEMA


Thermal Design:
• As per HEI for Steam Surface Condensers - 10th Edition
• Steps in Thermal Design of Condenser
) Calculate total heat duty of condenser
) Determine tube material, tube size & cooling water velocity
inside the tubes
) Calculate total heat transfer area required
As = Q / ( U * LMTD )
As = Heat Transfer area required
Q = Total Heat Load
U = Corrected Heat Transfer Coefficient
LMTD = Log Mean Temperature Difference

Thermal Design:
) Calculate cooling water qty. required
Wg = Q / ( 500 x Sg x Cp x TR )
Wg = Cooling water quantity
Q = Total heat load
Sg = Specific Gravity
Cp = Specific Heat
TR = Temperature Rise
) Calculate number of tubes
) Calculate Straight Effective Tube Length (SETL)
) Calculate Outer Tube Limit (OTL), Shell Diameter & Shell
Length

Tube Material Selection:

• Based on cooling water quality
) Cooling Water with High - Copper Alloy Tubes
chloride content
) Seawater & brackish water - Titanium Tubes
) Cooling water with high - SS Tubes
ammonia, sulfide content

Typical Tube Velocities:

Stainless Steel 2.2 - 3.0 m/s
Admiralty Metal 1.4 - 1.8 m/s
Cupro-Nickel 1.7 - 2.1 m/s
Titanium 2.0 - 3.0 m/s
) Restricted by Pressure Drop

SURFACE CONDENSER ‐ DESIGN
Mechanical Design:
As per 1. HEI for Steam Surface Condensers
2. ASME Section VIII Div.1
3. TEMA
Lowe Exhaust Neck, Tubesheets & waterboxes for rectangular
condensers are analysed using FEM techniques.

SURFACE CONDENSER ‐ DESIGN

Exhaust Neck FEA

TUBE TO TUBESHEET JOINT
Strength Expansion
Mechanical / Hydraulic Expanders
Strength of joint can be enhanced by providing grooves
in tube holes
Welded joints - Titanium, SS Clad Tubesheets
Allowable joint load can be arrived at by using
guidelines of Appendix - A of ASME code

MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
Typical Materials used in construction of Condensers
Shell, Hotwell Carbon Steel - A516 Gr.70

Waterboxes Carbon Steel - A516 Gr.70
Stainless Steels - A240
Clad SS, Ti - A 516 + A240, B265
Tubesheets Carbon Steel - A516 Gr.70
Clad SS - A516 + A240
Clad Non-Ferrous - A516 + B171, B265
MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
Typical Materials used in construction of Condensers
Tubes Stainless Steel - A213/ A249 TP304,316

Ad. Brass - B111 C44300
Al. Brass - B111 C68700
Al. Bronze - B111 C60800
Cupro-Nickel - 90:10, 70:30
Titanium - B338 Gr.1,2
Pipes Carbon Steel - A106 Gr.B
Stainless Steel - A312 TP304,316
Boltings High Tensile - A193, A194
CONDENSER THERMAL EXPANSION
Expansion in vertical direction

• Exerts excessive forces on Turbine exhaust flange
• Can be compensated using
• Expansion Bellows
• Spring Supports
Expansion in horizontal direction
• Use of sliding supports

MULTI SHELL CONDENSER TYPES
¾ Twin Shell Single Pressure

¾ Twin Shell Dual Pressure
¾ Triple Shell Single Pressure
¾ Triple shell Triple Pressure

SELECTION CRITERIA
¾ Turbine Configuration
¾ Size Limitations
¾ Cost

Twin Shell Dual Pressure Condenser


¾ Condenser Features
High Pressure Shell
Low Pressure Shell
Equalized Hotwell

LOW PRESSURE SHELL HIGH PRESSURE SHELL

Equalized Hotwell
¾ Collector Pate on LP shell

¾ Cross Over Pipe with Bellows
¾ Trays

Twin Shell Single Pressure Condenser

¾ Condenser Features
Two Single Pressure Shells
Equalized Exhaust Neck
Equalized Hotwell

SURFACE CONDENSER
PERFORMANCE

SURFACE CONDENSER - PERFORMANCE

SURFACE CONDENSER
CONSTRUCTION

CONDENSER CONSTRUCTION
Condenser Sections
Main Shell
Waterboxes
Hotwell
Exhaust Neck
Internals

Condenser Sections
3-Sep-13 Condenser Sections

© 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 49
Condenser Shell
Section where condensation of steam over tubes takes
place
Consist of Tube Bundle, Tubesheets, Support Plates,
Air Removal Section

Rectangular Condenser Shell

Rectangular Condenser Shell

Circular Condenser Shell

Tube - Bundle

Tubesheets
Hold tubes firmly
Separate shell from waterboxes
Tubesheets
Air-removal Section
Removes accumulated air & non-condensable gases
Isolation of section of tubes

Air-removal Section

Air-removal Section

Support Plates
Provides supporting structure to tubes
Minimises tube vibration
Provides additional stiffening to shell from inside

Support Plates

Condenser Waterboxes
Receives & delivers cooling water to Circulating water
system
Inlet Waterbox: Receives cooling water from
circulating water system in the plant & passes the
water to the tubes
Outlet Waterbox: Receives water from the tubes &
delivers to the circulating water system
Return Waterbox: Acts as transition piece between two
passes in case of multi-pass condensers
Waterboxes
Inlet/Outlet Waterbox Return Waterboxes Rect.

Rectangular Condenser Condenser
Waterboxes
Inlet/Outlet Waterbox Inlet/Outlet & Return

Rectangular Condenser Waterboxes Rect. Condenser
Waterboxes
Inlet/Outlet Waterbox Return Waterbox

Circular Condenser Circular Condenser
Condenser Hotwell
Receives & Stores the condensate falling down from
the tubes
3-Sep-13 Rectangular Condenser

© 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : AllHotwell
rights reserved 65
Exhaust Neck
Transition piece between condenser & turbine

Exhaust Neck

Exhaust Neck

Condenser Support
Circular condensers are supported on saddles
Rectangular condensers are directly mounted on
hotwell bottom plate

CONDENSER MANUFACTURING

MANUFACTURING STAGES
• Tubesheet & Support plate drilling

• Waterbox fabrication
• Lower Exhaust Neck Fabrication
• Shell & Hotwell Fabrication
• Tube bundle

Tubesheet & Support plate drilling

Waterbox Fabrication



LEN Fabrication

LEN Fabrication

LEN Fabrication

Turbine to LEN connection Bellow

Shell & Hotwell Fabrication



Tube Bundle Fabrication


ALIGNMENT OF SUPPORT PLATE

ALIGNMENT OF SUPPORT PLATE

TUBE INSERTION
TUBE INSERTION COMPLETE

TUBE INSERTION 2nd TUBESHEET

ASSEMBLY 2nd TUBESHEET

TRIM FACE & EXPANSION

ORBITAL WELDING TUBE-TO-TUBESHEET

VACUUM TESTING
WELDING DETAIL
Flash Tank Fabrication

CONDENSER
PAINTING, COATING & CORROSION
PROTECTION

CONDENSER PAINTING, COATING &

CORROSION PROTECTION
• Condenser External Surface
) At least one coat primer & finish paint
) Epoxy based coatings, Aluminium paint etc.
• Condenser Shell Internal Surface
) Do not require any coating
) Steam washable paint is applied as per customer
requirement
) Volatile Rust Inhibitors


• Waterbox Internal Surfaces

) Susceptible to corrosion
) Methods of corrosion protection
¾ Coatings
¾ Linings
¾ Galvanic Type Anodes


• Coatings & Linings

) Epoxy based coatings
) Zinc Rich Paints
) Coal Tar Epoxy
) Neoprene Lining
) Fiber reinforced lining


• Galvanic Type Anodes ( Sacrificial Anodes)

)Cathodic Protection by replaceable Anodes
)Anode Materials
¾ Zinc
¾ Magnesium
¾ Aluminum Alloy
DISPATCH ARRANGEMENT
OF
SURFACE CONDENSER
CONDENSER Dispatch
Single Piece
Multiple Sections
• Completely Knocked Down Condition
CONDENSER Dispatch
• Single Piece
CONDENSER Dispatch
• Multiple Sections
CONDENSER Dispatch
• Completely Knocked Down Condition
Final Assembly & Dispatch
Final Assembly & Dispatch
L&T CONDENSERS
FEATURES OF L&T CONDENSER

Tube layout resulting into low pressure drop, minimum sub-
cooling, maximum reheating of condensate
Minimum steam travel distance across the tube bundle
Structural arrangements designed to minimize obstructions
in the high velocity steam paths assure minimum back
pressure
Centrally located and enclosed zone with ample heat
transfer surface effectively cools and removes non-
condensables from the tube bundle
Equal Tube Bundle penetration paths promote effective use
of all condensing surfaces
FEATURES OF L&T CONDENSER CONTD..
Full peripheral entry of steam results in low entry velocities

and negligible pressure drops
Internal provisions to reheat & deaerate the drains
Steam dump system designed to effectively introduce and
distribute large quantities of steam
Optimum design velocities within shell as well as tubes
Use of sacrificial anodes resulting in minimum corrosion of
waterboxes
CRITICAL FEATURES
Tubesheet layout with proper steam distribution path
Maintain Straight Effective Tube Length (SETL).
Reduce bowing effect of tubesheet to minimum
Gasket face of Tubesheet must be flat to have proper sealing
of waterbox
Condenser being a vacuum service equipment, it is very
important to achieve proper sealing i.e soundness of weld
joints & leak proof flanged joints in the equipment
Tube side fouling OR blockage of tubes must be avoided
Typical Tube Layout for RectangularCondenser

Typical Tube Layout for Circular Condenser

L&T CONDENSERS
ALGIERS REFINERY
L&T CONDENSERS
MRPL Cogeneration Plant

L&T CONDENSERS
Gujarat Cement Works, Kovaya Condenser

L&T CONDENSERS
Hindalco Industries, Renusagar CPP

L&T CONDENSERS
AES Srilanka, EPC Baroda Project

L&T CONDENSERS
TDPS, Haidergarh Chini Mills

L&T CONDENSERS
SNM Algeria
L&T CONDENSERS
Shin Nippon Machinery, Thailand Project

CONDENSER
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
CONDENSER OPERATION
• Start-up
• Normal Operating Mode
• Abnormal Operating Mode
• Shut Down
SURFACE CONDENSER - OPERATION

Condenser Start-up
• Ensure readiness of Auxiliary Equipment like CEP,
evacuation system etc, for start-up
• Shell side water fill-up test & tube side hydrotest
• Fill hotwell upto NWL with make-up water and prime
the CEP lines
• Circulate cooling water
• Start Air Evacuation System
• When condenser pressure reaches the desired value,
condenser is ready to receive steam from turbine
exhaust
Condenser Normal Operating Mode

• No dump steam
• Condenser operating at designed parameters
Condenser Abnormal Operating Mode

• Steam Dump Operation
• Higher Back Pressure
• Higher CW flow
Condenser Shut-Down
• All flows to condenser stopped
• Shut down Air Evacuation System
• Condenser vacuum to be broken using vacuum
breaker
• After shell side is cooled down, shut down circulating
water pump.
CONDENSER MAINTENANCE
• Periodic Inspection of Condenser
• Accumulation of Debris, Scale Deposit inside
Waterbox & Tubes
) Mechanical Cleaning
) On-Line Tube cleaning System
• Cathodic Protection Anode Check
• Waterbox painting check
• Gasket replacement
Air Ingress Points
Air Ingress
Tube Cleaning/Debris in W/B
CONDENSER MAINTENANCE CONTD...
• Tube Failure
) Plugging of Tubes
CONDENSER MAINTENANCE CONTD...
• Schedule of Preventive Maintenance

) Every shut-down
) Once in six months
• Condenser Protection during shut-down
CONDENSER
TROUBLE SHOOTING
APPENDIXG
TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
This troubleshooting guide has been prepared to as~ist operators of steam surface condensers. The guide
provides general guidance, and operators are advised to consult with the manufacturer when necessary for spe-
cific instructions regarding their equipment. Many of the items listed below are not in the scope of the condenser
manufacturer; however, these items do affect operation and must be considered by operators.
HEI has produced a computer rating program to assist operators in evaluating the performance of their con-
denser. Contact lIEI at hei@heatexchange.org, or visit the IIEI website at www.heatexchange.org for further details.
Symptoms Possible Causes Possible Solutions
Air In-Leakage Gasket failure Replace gasket
Expansion Joint Failure Replace or repair expansion joint
Weld failure Locate weld failure and repair
Leaks from incoming vents and drains Check all valves on vent and drain lines
Instrumentation Check all flanged connections and valves

of instrumentation
LP Turbine Check all LP turbine seals
Gasket seating surface damaged Repair gasket seating surface
Condensate Tube leak Locate leak and repair

Chemistry
(High Conductivity) Corrosion products in Condenser Clean condenser hotwell
Incoming drains Check drain sources
False Instruments out of calibration Check calibration

Instrumentation
Reading Damaged Instrument Repair or replace as necessary
Improper instrument air/electrical Check manufacturer's recommendations

supply and correct supply
Improper installation Check manufacturers manuals and

comply
Improper or damaged wiring Repair or replace wiring
Incorrect range Check process requirements and ensure

instrument can meet conditions
No pigtail on steam line pressure Install pigtail siphon and replace gauge if
gauges heat damage has occurred
Corroded switch contacts Clean and/or replace contacts as needed
Isolated instrument connection Check that connection is open to

instrument
90
APPENDIXG
Fluctuating or Introduction of drains exceeding design Evaluate internal dispersion design.

Unstable Hotwell parameters Install stilling chambers where
Levels applicable.
Malfunctioning level controller! Check to ensure that level controller and

control valves control valves are functioning properly.
Ensure that control valves are correctly
sized.
Condensate pump malfunction Check condensate pump operating

manual
Transient operating conditions Evaluate after steady state is reached
False instrumentation readings See False Instrumentation Reading

section
High Absolute Back Air in-leakage See Air In-Leakage section

Pressure
Insufficient Cooling Water Validate water flow and temperature.
See Improper Venting of Waterbox
section
Waterbox not full of water See Improper Venting of Waterbox

section
Excessive tube fouling or blockage Clean tubes, tubesheets, and/or

waterboxes
Excessive number of plugged tubes Replace plugged tubes
False instrumentation readings See False Instrumentation Reading

section
Vacuum equipment failure See HEI Vacuum Equipment

Troubleshooting Guide
High condensate level Check condensate levels and adjust to

design
High Dissolved O 2 Air In-Leakage See Air In-Leakage section

in Condensate
High dissolved O 2 in makeup water Check makeup water source.
High dissolved O 2 in return condensate Check return condensate stream sources.

streams
Vacuum equipment failure See HE! Vacuum Equipment

Troubleshooting Guide
Hig'h condensate le\'el resulting in Check condensate levels and adjust to

subcooling oCthe condensate design
Insufficient sparl,>ing steam in the Restore sparging steam to design condi-

hotwell tions
Low load operation Consult HEI design standards
91
APPENDIXG
High Tube Side Severe fouling inside the tubes Clean the inside of the lubes
Pressure Loss
A large percentage of plugged tubes Replace plugged tubes
A restriction or debris located in the Remove the obstructions in the tubes or

tubes or in the waterbox in the waterbox
Improperly vented waterbox See Improper Venting of Waterbox

section
Increased circulating water flow rate Restore to design conditions
Improper Venting of Blocked air vents Inspect and repair vent opening as
Waterbox required.
Corroded connections Replace with corrosion resistant

material.
Insufficient air vent capacity. Calculate piping system air release and
check vent size.
Insufficient cooling water pump Check cooling water piping and tubes for
capacity blockage. Check cooling water pumps for
wear. Review overall system hydraulics.
Missing automatic air release valve Check high points in cooling water
system for automatic air release valves.
Missing vacuum check valve Where vacuum exists in top of boxes and
piping high points (once through siphon
systems) include vacuum check valve on
air release valves.
Lagging Failure Improper attachment oflagging Inspect lagging attachment prior to plant
(For Extraction Piping startup, and during plant outages to
and Condenser Neck make sure all lagging parts are securely
Mounted Heater) installed.
High velocity steam impingemenV Evaluate flow distribution and local

erosion velocity profile in the area of failed
lagging. Protect lagging from direct
impingement from incoming drains.
Physical impact from failed expansion Repair failed expansion joint and replace
joint lagging section.
Local Overheat Operating conditions exceeding design Re-evaluate internal dispersion design
(Hot Spots) parameters
92
APPENDIX G
Low Hotwell Insufficient free fall (distance from Hotwellievel is above design or normal
Temperature bottom tube to liquid level) level. Operate at design leveL Check
(Condensate Subcooling) instrumentation.
Make up to condenser exceeding design Check make up conditions and adjust to

parameters design
Operation off designllow load operation Expected at low load. Possibly alleviated
with steam sparging in hot well
Low circulating water temperature Expected when due to seasonal variation.

Possibly alleviated with steam sparging
in hotwell
Unusual Sounds Broken or loose components inside the Repair broken or loose components
condenser
Water hammer impact inside the Check for proper operation of cooling
waterbox water system
Tube Failures Worn or damaged internal connection Inspect connections for damage. Review
baffles or spray pipes actual operating conditions with manu-
facturer. Repair connection, plug or
replace tubes.
Excessive tube vibration due to Correct abnormal conditions. Contact

abnormal operating conditions. manufacturer for re-evaluation.
Excessive tube vibration due to Re-evaluate connections for baffles,

location of service conections. shields, or impingement protection.
Chloride attack - stainless steel Review water chemistry and tube

tubing compatibility.
Stagnant water during extended Tubes may need to be rinsed and dried
shutdown for extended shutdown.
Microbiologically Induced Corrosion Check with plant water chemistry

(MIC) specialist
Ammonia attack - copper alloy tubing Check with plant water chemistry
specialist
Maintenance or construction damage Plug or replace as required.
'I\,be inlet erosion Check water flow and adjust to design.

Check water quality, especially suspend-
ed solids.
93
". ".',' . ;.
Contact Details
Tanmay Raha
Email: tanmay.raha@larsentoubro.com
Tel: +91-22-67053053
Mob: +91-9820126978
THANK YOU

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Condenser Presentation

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L&T Heavy Engineering

Gasification and Power plant Equipment

Construction Details Condenser Manufacturing

Flash Tanks/Pipes Dispatch of Condensers

L&T –HE Supplied Condensers Operation and Maintenance

Trouble‐shooting Question & Answers

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 2

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 3

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 4

CONDENSER IN STEAM POWER

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 5

SURFACE CONDENSER - FUNCTIONS

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 6

SURFACE CONDENSER - FUNCTIONS

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 7

SURFACE CONDENSER - FUNCTIONS CONTD..

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 8

SURFACE CONDENSER - FUNCTIONS CONTD..

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 9

FEATURES OF GOOD CONDENSER DESIGN

 Lowest back pressure for condensing surface provided

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 10

SURFACE CONDENSER - TYPES

Circular Condenser Rectangular Condenser

No. of Divisions No. of Passes Turbine Exhaust Pressure Steam Entry

Divided Single Pass Single Pressure Vertical

Non - Divided Multi Pass Multi-Pressure Side

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 11

SURFACE CONDENSER - TYPES

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 12

SURFACE CONDENSER - TYPES

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 13

SURFACE CONDENSER - TYPES

Single Pass Double Pass

No Divisions Single Divisions

SURFACE CONDENSER - TYPES

Single Pressure Dual Pressure

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 15

SURFACE CONDENSER - TYPES

Vertical Entry Side Entry

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 16

SURFACE CONDENSER - TYPES

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 17

SURFACE CONDENSER - TYPES

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 18

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 19

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 21

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 22

SURFACE CONDENSER - DESIGN

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 23

SURFACE CONDENSER - DESIGN

SURFACE CONDENSER - DESIGN

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 26

SURFACE CONDENSER - DESIGN

Tube Material Selection:

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 27

SURFACE CONDENSER - DESIGN

Typical Tube Velocities:

) Restricted by Pressure Drop

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 28

SURFACE CONDENSER ‐ DESIGN

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 29

SURFACE CONDENSER ‐ DESIGN

Lowest back pressure for condensing surface provided

Shell, Hotwell Carbon Steel - A516 Gr.70

Tubes Stainless Steel - A213/ A249 TP304,316

Expansion in vertical direction