THE EVOLUTION OF STONE CARVING

IN INTERIOR DESIGN
A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirement
for the degree of

Master of vocation
Specialization in Interior Design

Semester III
Aug.23- Dec.23

Under the guidance of Submitted By

Mrs. Afroz Adil Aman Jangid

DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAY KAUSHAL KENDRA (DDU-KK)

DEVI AHILYA VISHWAVIDYALAYA, INDORE, M.P.
2021-2023
 Deen Dayal Upadhyay Kaushal Kendra
(DDU-KK) Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya,
Indore

DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “The Evolution of Stone Carving in
Interior Design” submitted by me for the fulfilment of the requirement for the
degree of M.Voc. in Interior Design at Deen Dayal Upadhyay Kaushal Kendra,
Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, is my own work.

Signature of the Student

Name: Aman Jangid

Date: Dec.23
Place: Indore (M.P)

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 Deen Dayal Upadhyay Kaushal Kendra
(DDU-KK) Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya,
Indore

CERTIFICATE FROM GUIDE

This is to certify that I have examined the dissertation on “The Evolution of Stone
Carving in Interior Design” submitted by Aman Jangid to the Deen Dayal
Upadhyay Kaushal Kendra, DAVV, Indore and hereby accord my approval of it as a
study for its acceptance in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Master of
Vocation in Interior Design.

Internal Dissertation Guide

Signature:

Name:

Date:

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 Deen Dayal Upadhyay Kaushal Kendra
(DDU-KK) Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya,
Indore

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that we have examined the dissertation on “The Evolution of Stone
Carving in Interior Design” submitted by Aman Jangid to the Deen Dayal
Upadhyay Kaushal Kendra, DAVV, Indore, and hereby accord our approval of it for
its acceptance in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Master of Vocation
in Interior Design.

Examiner Examiner

Signature: Signature:

Name: Name :

Date : Date :

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Acknowledgement

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Table of Content

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 Introduction

Stone carving in interior design has indeed evolved over time. From ancient civilizations to
modern-day aesthetics, the use of stone carvings has left a lasting impact on interior spaces.
In ancient times, stone carving was primarily used for structural purposes, such as creating
pillars, arches, and intricate motifs on walls. The craftsmanship and attention to detail were
remarkable, with artisans skilfully chiselling and sculpting stones to create stunning
architectural elements.
As time went on, stone carving began to be appreciated not just for its structural significance
but also for its artistic value. Intricate stone carvings started to adorn palaces, temples, and
other grand structures, showcasing the creativity and skill of the artisans. These carvings
often depicted mythological figures, religious symbols, and intricate patterns, adding a touch
of opulence to the interiors.
In more recent times, stone carving has found its way into contemporary interior design.
While traditional techniques are still celebrated, modern interpretations have emerged.
Designers now experiment with different types of stones, finishes, and styles to create unique
and personalized spaces. Stone carvings are used as focal points, accent walls, or even as
standalone art pieces, adding a sense of luxury and timelessness to the interiors.

The evolution of stone carving in interior design has not only transformed the way we
perceive and use stone but also showcases the rich history and cultural heritage associated
with it. It continues to be a symbol of craftsmanship, elegance, and artistic expression in the
world of interior design.

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 The Timeless Craft of Stone Carving in Interior Design

Stone carving, an art form as old as civilization itself, has left an indelible mark on the history
of interior design. From the monumental structures of ancient civilizations to the ornate
interiors of palaces and temples, the significance of stone carving goes beyond mere
decoration; it is a testament to human ingenuity, craftsmanship, and the enduring beauty of
natural materials.

 Historical Anchors: In the annals of history, stone carving stands out as a universal
practice that traverses cultures, spanning across ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece,
Rome, and beyond. Its roots run deep, with each civilization infusing its unique
narrative into the stone, creating not only aesthetically pleasing interiors but also
embedding cultural, religious, and historical legacies within the very walls.

 Versatility and Endurance: The choice of stone as a medium for interior design
transcends the ephemeral nature of trends. Its durability has allowed the legacy of
stone carvings to endure across centuries, showcasing a versatility that ranges from
functional elements like columns and flooring to intricate sculptures and decorative
motifs.

 Form and Function: Stone carving in interior design is not merely a matter of
embellishment; it serves a dual purpose of marrying form with function. Whether
supporting the weight of architectural structures or narrating stories through intricate
reliefs, the carved stone elements within interiors become integral to the overall
design, blending aesthetics with structural significance.

 Cross-Cultural Influence: The craft of stone carving has not been confined to
geographical boundaries. Instead, it has transcended borders, influencing and being
influenced by various artistic movements and cultural exchanges. The shared
language of stone has spoken across civilizations, creating a global tapestry of design
heritage.

As we embark on an exploration of the historical unraveling of stone carving in interior

design, it becomes apparent that this ancient craft is more than an artistic embellishment; it is
a dynamic force that has shaped the very essence of interior spaces throughout the ages. From
the grandeur of ancient temples to the sleek lines of modern interiors, the resonance of stone
carving continues to echo, reminding us of its enduring significance in the world of design.

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Stone carving in ancient civilizations produced some iconic and famous works that continue
to be celebrated for their artistic and historical significance. Here are notable examples from
various ancient civilizations:

1.Ancient Mesopotamia
 The Code of Hammurabi Stele (c. 1754 BCE): Carved in black diorite, this stele is
a significant example of Mesopotamian stone carving. It features a detailed relief
depicting Hammurabi receiving the laws from the sun god Shamash.

2.Ancient Egypt
 The Great Sphinx of Giza (c. 2500 BCE): Carved from limestone bedrock, the
Sphinx is a colossal statue with the body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh,
commonly believed to represent Pharaoh Khafre.

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  The Rosetta Stone (196 BCE)
Though not a traditional sculpture, the Rosetta Stone, inscribed with a decree in three
scripts (including hieroglyphs), played a crucial role in deciphering Egyptian
hieroglyphs.

1.3.Ancient Greece
 The Parthenon Frieze (c. 447–432 BCE):
Part of the Parthenon temple on the Acropolis of Athens, the frieze features a sculpted
procession of figures, showcasing the idealized human form characteristic of Greek
art.

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  Winged Victory of Samothrace (c. 190 BCE)
Carved from white marble, this Hellenistic sculpture depicts Nike, the Greek goddess
of victory, and is renowned for its dynamic composition.

4.Ancient Rome
 Arch of Titus (c. 81 CE):
The Arch of Titus in Rome features intricately carved reliefs depicting the spoils of
the Siege of Jerusalem, including the menorah from the Jewish Temple.

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  Trajan's Column (c. 113 CE)
This towering column in Rome is adorned with a continuous frieze depicting scenes
from Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars, providing a visual narrative in stone.

5.Ancient China
 The Terracotta Army (c. 210 BCE):
While not carved from stone, this monumental collection of life-sized clay soldiers in
Xi'an, China, is worth mentioning. The level of detail in each soldier is remarkable.

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6.Ancient India:
 The Great Stupa at Sanchi (c. 3rd century BCE to 1st century CE): The stupa is
adorned with intricate stone carvings depicting scenes from the life of Buddha and
various Jataka tales.

7.Ancient Persia

 Persepolis Apadana Staircase (c. 518–515 BCE): The stone carvings on the
staircase of the Apadana Palace in Persepolis depict dignitaries from different Persian
subject nations bringing tributes to the Achaemenid king.

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 Stone Carving Masterpieces: Applications in Interior Spaces

Explore various packages of stone carving: Investigate the ‘who, wherein, and the way’ of
stone carving, studying its function in numerous indoors spaces. Real sites, along with the Taj
Mahal in Agra, India, and the Getty Centre in Los Angeles, will function case research to
light up the cultural and religious importance embedded in stone carvings at some point of
history.

The Taj Mahal in India is renowned for its exquisite stone carving work, showcasing the
incredible skill and craftsmanship of artisans during the Mughal era. Here are some details
about the stone carving work on the Taj Mahal:

1.Material
 The Taj Mahal is primarily constructed using white marble sourced from the Makrana
quarries in Rajasthan, India. The use of white marble contributes to the monument's
ethereal beauty.

2.Inlay Work (Pietra Dura)

 The Taj Mahal features intricate inlay work, known as pietra dura, where semi-
precious stones are meticulously cut and fitted into the marble to create decorative
patterns and designs.

 The inlay work includes floral motifs, arabesques, and calligraphy, often using stones
like lapis lazuli, onyx, turquoise, and carnelian.

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3.Calligraphy
 Quranic verses and inscriptions are carved into the marble using a technique
known as "Kufic" script.

 The calligraphy is a prominent feature of the Taj Mahal and is a testament to

the Mughal love for literature and art.

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4.Floral Motifs
 Elaborate floral motifs are carved throughout the monument, representing the
Mughal fascination with nature and garden aesthetics.

 The stone carvings depict a wide variety of flowers, vines, and leaves, creating
a sense of symmetry and balance.

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5.Arabesque Patterns
 Arabesque patterns, characterized by intricate and flowing geometric designs,
adorn many surfaces of the Taj Mahal.
 These patterns are often seen in the lattice work, screens, and on the surface of
the marble.

6.Lattice Work (Jali)

• The Taj Mahal features delicate marble screens with intricately carved geometric
patterns. These screens are known as Jali and serve both decorative and functional
purposes, allowing light to filter through.

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7.Geometry and Symmetry
 The stone carving work on the Taj Mahal emphasizes geometric precision and
symmetry, reflecting Islamic art and architectural principles.
 The use of geometric forms contributes to the overall sense of harmony and
balance in the design.

8.Dome and Finial

 The central dome of the Taj Mahal is adorned with a lotus-shaped finial, which
is topped by a crescent moon. The finial is a masterpiece of stone carving and
is symbolic in Islamic architecture.

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The stone carving details on the Taj Mahal are a testament to the skill, artistry, and attention
to detail of the Mughal artisans who worked on this iconic monument. The combination of
inlay work, calligraphy, floral motifs, and geometric patterns creates a visual masterpiece that
has made the Taj Mahal one of the most recognized and celebrated architectural wonders in
the world.

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 Categorization and Analysis of Stone Types

Stone carving involves the use of various types of stones, each with its unique characteristics, colors,
and textures. The choice of stone plays a crucial role in the final outcome of a carved piece. Here's a
categorization and analysis of some common types of stones used in stone carving.

1.Marble
o Characteristics: Fine-grained, often white or light-colored, with veins of other
colors. Can be polished to a high sheen.
o Advantages: Carves easily, holds intricate details well, and has a classic,
timeless appearance.
o Applications: Sculptures, architectural elements, decorative details.

2.Granite
• Characteristics: Coarse-grained, various colors including black, gray, pink, and red.
Typically harder than marble.
• Advantages: Durable and resistant to weathering, suitable for both indoor and outdoor
applications.
• Applications: Monuments, statues, outdoor sculptures, architectural details.

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3.Limestone
 Characteristics: Porous, often light-colored, but can range from white to beige to
gray.
 Advantages: Relatively soft and easy to carve, with a variety of textures.
 Applications: Architectural details, decorative carvings, statues.

4.Sandstone
 Characteristics: Fine to medium-grained, often tan, brown, yellow, or red.
 Advantages: Easily carved, good for intricate details, and comes in various colors.
 Applications: Architectural elements, garden sculptures, decorative carvings.

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5.Soapstone
 Characteristics: Soft, easily carved, often green, gray, or black in color.
 Advantages: Easy to work with hand tools, feels smooth to the touch, and has a
unique tactile quality.
 Applications: Small sculptures, carvings, decorative items.

6.Alabaster
 Characteristics: Soft, translucent, comes in various colors including white, beige, and
even light shades of pink or green.
 Advantages: Translucent when thinly carved, allowing for unique lighting effects.
 Applications: Sculptures, decorative carvings, lighting fixtures.

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7.Travertine
 Characteristics: Porous, often beige or tan, with natural pits and voids.
 Advantages: Accepts carving well, and the natural pits can add character to the
finished piece.
 Applications: Architectural details, decorative carvings, tiles.

8.Serpentine
 Characteristics: Green, often with mottled patterns, can also be black, brown, or
red.
 Advantages: Polishes well, unique color variations.
 Applications: Sculptures, decorative carvings

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9.Basalt
 Characteristics: Fine-grained, dark-colored, typically black or gray.
 Advantages: Durable and resistant to weathering, suitable for outdoor use.
 Applications: Sculptures, architectural elements, outdoor installations.

10.Slate:
 Characteristics: Fine-grained, often dark gray, green, or purple, with a layered
structure.
 Advantages: Can be split into thin layers, suitable for relief carvings.
 Applications: Wall reliefs, plaques, decorative items.

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When selecting a stone for carving, artists consider factors such as hardness, color, grain
structure, and the intended application of the finished piece. The characteristics of each stone
type contribute to the overall aesthetics and durability of the carved work, making the choice
of stone a crucial aspect of the artistic process.

Regional Variations: Stone Selection for Diverse Climate Conditions Across India

India's diverse climatic regions influence the selection of stones for various purposes,
including stone carving. Different types of stones are chosen based on their durability,
aesthetics, and suitability for specific climate conditions in different areas of the country.

 North India (e.g., Delhi, Jaipur):

1. Sandstone:
Sandstone is widely used in North India for construction and architectural
applications. It's durable and performs well in the region's semi-arid to arid
climate.
2. Marble:
Rajasthan, particularly around Jaipur, is famous for its marble quarries.
Marble, known for its elegance, is commonly used in both traditional and
modern architecture in the region.
3. Granite:
Granite, with its durability and resistance to weathering, is suitable for various
applications in North India, including flooring, countertops, and monuments.

 South India (e.g., Bangalore, Chennai):

1. Granite:
South India is a major hub for granite production. The region's tropical climate
makes granite a popular choice for outdoor applications like flooring, sculptures,
and monuments.
2. Slate:
Slate, with its low water absorption and resistance to heat, is commonly used in
roofing and flooring in South India.
3. Laterite:
In certain regions, especially in Kerala, laterite stone is used for construction.
It's abundant and adapts well to the humid tropical climate.

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 Western India (e.g., Mumbai):
4. Basalt:
Basalt, a volcanic rock, is commonly used in the Western Ghats region. Its
weather resistance makes it suitable for construction and landscaping in the
area around Mumbai.
5. Limestone:
Limestone is found in various parts of Western India and is used in
construction, especially for its cooling properties in hot and humid conditions.

 Eastern India (e.g., Kolkata):

1. Sandstone:
Sandstone is used in some parts of Eastern India for construction purposes. It
provides a traditional and durable building material.
2. Laterite:
Laterite is found in parts of Eastern India and is used for construction, similar
to its use in Kerala.

 Coastal Regions (e.g., Goa):

1. Laterite:
In coastal regions, laterite is commonly used due to its availability and
resistance to saltwater conditions.
2. Quartzite:
Quartzite, known for its resistance to saltwater corrosion, may be used in
coastal areas for various applications

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Exploring the Contemporary Scope and Innovation of Stone Carving in
Interior Design

 Integration of Technology:
Modern technology, including computer-aided design (CAD) and digital fabrication
tools, has been integrated into the stone carving process. This allows for precise
detailing and the creation of intricate designs that may be challenging to achieve
manually.

 Combining Materials:
Contemporary interior designers often experiment with combining stone carving with
other materials such as glass, metal, or wood. This fusion of materials can result in
unique and visually compelling designs.

 Sustainability Practices:
There is a growing emphasis on sustainability in design. Stone carving, when sourced
responsibly, aligns with sustainable practices. Additionally, recycling or repurposing
stone materials is becoming more common.

 Innovative Finishes:
Stone carving techniques have evolved to include innovative finishes. For example,
honed, polished, or textured finishes can be applied to carved stone surfaces,
providing a range of visual and tactile effects.

 Large-Scale Installations:
Stone carving is not limited to small-scale sculptures or details. Contemporary interior
designers often use large-scale stone installations, such as feature walls or
monumental sculptures, to make bold statements in interior spaces.

 Lighting Integration:
Stone carving is being combined with lighting elements to create stunning visual
effects. Translucent stones, such as alabaster or onyx, are used to allow light to pass
through, creating a warm and ethereal ambiance.

 Interactive Designs:
Some contemporary stone carvings in interior design incorporate interactive elements.
For example, carved elements with integrated technology like LEDs or sensors can
respond to environmental changes or user interaction.

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 Fluid and Organic Forms:
While traditional stone carving often involved more geometric and symmetrical designs,
contemporary approaches embrace fluid and organic forms. Sculptors experiment with
asymmetry and dynamic shapes to create visually intriguing pieces.
 Customization and Personalization:
The ability to customize and personalize stone-carved elements is a key trend. Clients and
designers collaborate with skilled artisans to create bespoke designs that align with the
client's preferences and the overall design concept.
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Unveiling the Scope and Benefits of Stone Carving in Interior Design

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