Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Acaiao Iasdo
@dsusuo
@dsusuo fcab7
PDI @F]AO
EFO]AOPZK]D IKOQLKEPQZ
d
EKPK ^AOHKOPKZ
Ikbksdswk
iarupkeko iaijutubeko
hkijuohko pko`uko
kotkrk tafratde uotue
uotue
`ko prfsas
`askdo paijackgkrko,
sartk ykoh
paidcdbko acaiao
iasdo sasukd `aohko efo`dsd stko`kr prf`ue `krd acaiao iasdo tarsajut.
@detkt acaiao iasdo dod iarupkeko a`dsd ravdsd,
ravd sd, ykoh `dsusuo `aohko tuguko
khkr pkrk ikbksdswk ykoh sa`koh jackgkr acaiao iasdo iaipuoykd kmuko
ykoh `kpkt `dhuokeko uotue iaokijkb wkwksko iaraek jkde samkrk
tafratde ikupuo `kcki `askdo.
Qrutko paoykgdko jkj `aid jkj `kcki `detkt dod `dsusuo jar`kskreko
raomkok paijackgkrko iktk eucdkb acaiao iasdo `kcki sktu saiastar.
]atdkp jkj tackb `dcaohekpd `aohko mfotfb acaiao iasdo, parskikko
`kskr, mfotfb parbdtuohko `ko sfkc cktdbko ykoh `kpkt `dikolkkteko
sajkhkd skrkok ralcaesd tarbk`kp bksdc paijackgkrko pk`k satdkp partaiuko
tktkp iuek.
]ackikt iaijkmk.
^aoucds
dd
@KLPKZ D]D
Ektk paohkotkr dd
@kltkr Dsd ddd
Zaomkok ^aijackgkrko dv
Zalaraosd v
Jkj ; ^ao`kbucuko ;
Jkj : Jajko, Pahkohko `ko Lketfr Eakikoko <
Jkj = ]kijuohko ^keu Eacdoh ;<
Jkj 0 ]kijuohko Cks :1
Jkj 1 ]kijuohko Iur Jkut ==
Jkj < @askdo ^frfs 01
Jkj 8 @askdo ^kske 1<
Jkj 2 Efpcdoh Patkp <;
Jkj 4 Efpcdoh Pd`ke Patkp <4
Jkj ;> Zai 2>
Jkj ;; Jkotkcko 41
Jkj ;: @kskr ]dstai Prkosidsd Zf`k Hdhd ;;=
ddd
Zaomkok ^aijackgkrko
Acaiao Iasdo
Puguko ^aijackgkrko7
]atackb iaipackgkrd
iaipackgkrd iktkeucdkb dod, ikbksdswk `
`dbkrkpeko
dbkrkpeko ikipu iaoarkpeko
iaoarkpeko prdosdp
`kskr `krd acaiao iasdo iacdputd mkrk eargk, parkomkohko `ko parbdtuohko eaeuktko
jar`kskreko
stko`kr ykoh tahkohko, jkbko, `ko lketfr paohkiko, `ko paidcdbko efipfoao sasukd
jarckeu dotaroksdfokc.
Edsds-edsd iktard
;. ^ao`kbucuko
:. Jajko, tahkohko `ko lketfr eakiko
eakikoko
ko
=. ]kijuohko pkeu eacdoh
0. ]kijuohko Cks
1. ]kijuohko iur jkut
<. @askdo ^frfs
8. Zavdaw iktard QP]
2. QP]
4. @askdo ^kske
;>.
;;. Efpcdoh
Efpcdoh Patkp
Pd`ke Patkp
;:. Zai
;=. Jkotkcko
;0. @kskr ]dstai Prkosidsd Zf`k Hdhd
Hdhd
;1. Zavdaw Iktard QK]
;<. QK]
]dstai ^aodckdko
;. Puhks/^Z/Euds/^rasaotksd
:. QP]
=. QK]
dv
Zalaraosd
v
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
JKJ ;
^AO@KBQCQKO
Acaiao iasdo iarupkeko dciu ykoh iaipackgkrd jkhdko-jkhdko iasdo `dcdbkt kotkrk ckdo `krd
sdsd jaotue efipfoao, mkrk eargk, mkrk parkomkohko `ko parbdtuohko eaeuktko `krd efipfoao
tarsajut.
@kskr-`kskr ykoh `dparcueko uotue `kpkt iaipackgkrd `ko iaohartd taotkoh acaiao iasdo
`ko parikskckbkooyk kotkrk ckdo jarekdtko `aohko 7
]dstai hkyk
Pahkohko `ko rahkohko
^aohatkbuko jkbko
Hkijkr taeode
^rfsas prf`uesd
]ajkhkd mfotfb 7
`krd hkijkr ifjdc `d jkwkb dod, `kpkteko `dd`aotdldeksd acaiao iasdo kpk skgk ykoh
iaijaotue sktu uodt ifjdc samkrk easacurubko 6
;
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Iasdo
Hkjuohko `krd jarjkhkd acaiao iasdo ykoh iaijaotue sktu sdstai eargk.
Iasdo-iasdo paohharke iuck
✝ Purjdo 7 k
kdr,
dr, ukp, hks 7 (p
(paskwkt
askwkt tarjkoh, ekpkc ckut, earat
earatk
k kpd, `cc).
✝ Iftfr cdstrde (KM, pfipk kdr, efiprasfr, `cc)
✝ Iftfr Jkekr Jaosdo `ko @dasac (ifjdc, sapa`k iftfr, earatk `dasac, haoarktfr
cdstrde.
✝ Edomdr kohdo (pfipk, haoarktfr cdstrde)
Iasdo-iasdo ckdo 7 mrkoa, cdlt, ektrfc, `arae, kckt-kckt jarkt, iasdo pao`dohdo, iasdo
paikoks, iasdo prf`uesd,
pr f`uesd, `cc.
Iasdo-iasdo tarsajut tar`drd `krd jarjkhkd gaods `ko guickb efipfoao pao`ueu
pao`ueuoh
oh ykoh
jarja`k-ja`k
]dstai Hkyk
Hkyk iarupkeko kesd sajukb jao`k tarbk`kp jao`k ckdo `ko uiuioyk `dtaotueko fcab
tdtde tkohekp (eargk), jaskr `ko krkb.
]ajukb hkyk iaipuoykd jaskr, krkb `ko tdtde tkohekp tartaotu ykoh `dhkijkreko
`aohko koke pkokb. Ikedo pkogkoh koke pkokb ikek ikedo jaskr hkykoyk.
hkrds eargk
Zasuctko Hkyk
]ajukb hkyk ykoh iaohhkotdeko : hkyk ktku cajdb ykoh iaohkedjkteko paohkrub ykoh
skik tarbk`kp sajukb jao`k, `dikok hkyk-hkyk dtu jaeargk `dsajut `aohko rasuctko hkyk.
L; L;
FL FL Z
L: L:
Iatf`a gkgkrko haogkoh `aohko mkrk iaijaotue jkohuo gkgkrko haogkoh `krd `uk hkyk
ykoh su`kb `deatkbud sajacuioyk. Hkrds taohkb iarupkeko Z hkyk.
:
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
:. Iatf`a ]ahdtdhk
L; L;
L:
Z
FL FL
L:
=. Iatf`a ^fcdhfo Hkyk
L=
L: L0
L; L:
L; Z
L=
L0
MKPKPKO
^aohhuokko iatf`a sahdtdhk `ko pfcdhfo hkyk, hkyk-hkyk
hkyk -hkyk ykoh `dpdo`kbeko bkrus
iaipuoykd 7 jaskr, krkb `ko pfsdsd ykoh skik `aohko sajacui `dpdo`kbeko.
Qotue iaohbdtuoh jaskroyk Z `kpkt `dckeueko samkrk hrklds (`dueur) `aohko sekck hkyk
ykoh tackb
t ackb `dtaotueko sajacui
sajacuioyk.
oyk.
Efipfoao Hkyk
Hkyk `kpkt `durkdeko iaogk`d efipfoao vartdekc `ko bfrdzfotkc ktku iaohdeutd suiju x `ko
y.
LR k`kckb hkyk bfrdsfotkc, sagkgkr suiju x
LT k`kckb hkyk vartdekc, sagkgkr suiju y
L Lx : Ly:
Gdek tar`kpkt jajarkpk hkyk ykoh iaipuoy
iaipuoykdkd efipfoao x `ko y, ikek rasuctko hkyk `kpkt
`dmkrd `aohko iaoguickbeko
iaoguickbeko hkyk-hkyk `kcki efipfoao x `ko y.
ZR 9 ∛ LR
=
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
ZT 9 ∛ LT
0
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Kturko ]ahdtdhk 7
Bueui-Bueui @kskr
;. Bueui ^krkcacfhrki
- @uk jukb hkyk ykoh
ykoh jarakes
jarakesdd pk`k suktu pkrtdeac, `kpkt `dhkotdek
`dhkotdeko
o `aohko sktu hkyk
(hkyk rasuctko) ykoh `dparfcab `aohko iaohhkijkreko `dkhfokc gkgkrko haogkoh
`aohko sdsd ea`uk hkyk ta
tarsajut.
rsajut.
- @deaokc guhk `aohko Bueui Gkgkrko Haogkoh
=. Bueui D Oawtfo 7
Jdck rasuctko hkyk ykoh jaeargk pk`k suktu pkrtdeac skik `aohko ofc (td`ke k`k hkyk),
ikek pkrtdeac `dki keko tatkp `dki `ko ktku pkrtdeac jarharke keko tatkp jarharke
`aohko eamapktko efostko.
@deaokc `aohko Bueui Eacaijkiko
0. Bueui DD O
Oawtfo
awtfo 7
Jdck rasuctko hkyk ykoh jaeargk pk`k suktu pkrtdeac td`ke skik `aohko ofc pkrtdeac
tarsajut keko iaiparfcab parmapktko sajko`doh `aohko jaskroyk hkyk rasuctko `ko
`kcki krkb ykoh skik `aohko krkb hkyk rasuctko tarsajut. Gdek L `dtarkpeko pk`k
ikssk i, ikek jarckeu 7 L 9 i . k
]dstai ]ktuko
Iaohkmu pk`k ]dstai Dotaroksdfokc (]D)
Eamapktko 7 i/s
Hkyk 7O
1
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
:
^armapktko 7 i/s
Ifiao 7 O i ktku Oii
Ikssk 7 eh
^kogkoh 7 i ktku ii
@kyk 7X
Paekoko 7 O/i: ktku pksmkc (^k)
Pahkohko 7 O/ii: ktku I^k
`cc
]dijfc ]ktuko
<
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
JKJ :
JAJKO, PAHKOHKO @KO LKEPFZ EAKIKOKO
Jajko iarupkeko iuktko ykoh `dtardik fcab suktu struetur/efostruesd/efipfoao ykoh bkrus
`dparbdtuoheko
`dparbdtuoheko sa`aidedko
sa`aidedko rupk sabdohhk struetur/efos
struetur/efostruesd/efi
truesd/efipfoao
pfoao tarsajut kiko.
;. Gaods Jajko
Gaods jajko ykoh `dtardik fcab acaiao iasdo skohkt jarkhki, `ko jdkskoyk iarupkeko
hkjuohko `krd jajko `drdoyk sao`drd `ko jajko ykoh jarkskc `krd cukr.
:. Pahkohko ()
Pahkohko (strass) samkrk sa`arbkok `kpkt `d`aldodsdeko
`d`aldodsdeko sajkhkd hkyk parsktuko cuks
paokipkoh.
L
9 (O/ii:)
K
L 7 hkyk (O)
paokipkoh (ii:)
K 7 cuks paokipkoh
=. Zahkohko
Zahkohko (strkdo) iarupkeko partkijkbko pkogkoh suktu struetur ktku jktkoh kedjkt
paijajkoko.
9
C
C
C 7 ^artkijkbko pkogkoh (ii)
C 7 ^kogkoh iuck-iuck (ii)
<
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Hkijkr ;. @dkhrki Pahkohko Zahkohko
Eatarkohko 7
K 7 Jktks prfpfsdfokc
prfpfsdfokc
J 7 Jktks ackstds
M 7 Pdtde iucur
@ 7 y 7 tahkohko cucub
@kcki `askdo efipfoao iasdo ykoh iaijutubeko efo`dsd efostruesd ykoh eukt `ko
ekeu, ikek parcu `dpartdijkoheko bkc-bkc sajkhkd jardeut 7
@karkb eargk 7 `karkb ackstds ktku `karkb efostruesd iasdo.
Jajko ykoh targk`d ktku tahkohko eargk ykoh tdijuc bkrus cajdb eamdc `krd tahkohko ykoh
`ddgdoeko.
Efostruesd bkrus eukt `ko ekeu, sabdohhk `dparcueko `alfriksd ykoh ackstds ykdtu
eaikipuko iktardkc uotue eaijkcd ea jaotue saiuck gdek jajko `dcapkseko.
^arcu sklaty lkmtfr (]L) ktku lketfr eakikoko sasukd `aohko efo`dsd eargk `ko gaods
iktardkc ykoh `dhuokeko.
1. If`ucus Ackstdsdtks
A ckstdsdtks (A)
^arjko`dohko kotkrk tahkohko `ko rahkohko ykoh jarkskc `krd `dkhrki tahkohko
rahkohko `kpkt `dtucdseko sajkhkd jardeut 7
A 9
Iaourut Bueui Bffea tahkohko sajko`doh `aohko rahkohko, ykoh `deaokc `aohko
`alfriksd kesdkc 7
ύ 9 A
8
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Pbfiks Tfuoh (;2>8) iaijukt efostkotk easajko`dohko kotkrk tahkohko `ko rahkohko
ykoh `deaokc `aohko If`ucus Tfuoh (If`ucus Ackstdtks) 7 A
A
L C
K C
LC
C
KA
C
C
A
L. C
C
KA
]ykrkt ykoh bkrus `dpaoubd `kcki paikekdko parskikko `d ktks k`kckb sajkhkd jardeut 7
Jajko bkrus iarupkeko jajko kesdkc
Jktkoh bkrus iaidcded paokipkoh tatkp `ko bfifhao
Zahkoh td`ke jfcab iacajdbd jktks prfpfrsdfokc
2
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
8. ^fssdfo Zktdf ( )
]uktu jao`k gdek `djard hkyk tkrde ikek keko iaohkckid `alfriksd cktarkc (iaohamdc).
Gdek jao`k tarsajut `dtaeko ikek keko iaohkckid paiukdko ea skipdoh (iaohhacaijuoh).
^aokijkbko `diaosd cktarkc `djard tko`k (+) `ko paohurkohko `diaosd cktarkc `djard tko`k (-
).
^fssdfo rktdf iarupkeko parjko`dohko kotkrk rahkohko cktarkc `aohko rahkohko kesdkc
`kcki bkrhk iutcke.
rahkohko cktarkc rahkohko cktarkc
rahkohko kesdkc rahkohko kesdkc
() (+)
Bkrhk odckd
`aohko 7 >,;.k`kckb `krd jkbko ekrat `aohko odckd >,1 `ko bkrhk tareamdc k`kckb jatfo
tartdohhd
Alae ykoh `dkckid jkbko td`ke keko iaijardeko tkijkbko tahkohko ckdo, eamukcd gdek
`alfriksd iacdotkoh `dmahkb.
a
k
Pkjac :. Bkrhk Jajarkpk Iktardkc
Of. Iktardkc
;. ]taac >,:1 >,==
:. Mfst drfo >,:= >,:8
=. Mfppar >,=0 >,=0
0. Jrkss >,=: >,0:
1. Kcuidodui >,=: >,=<
<. Mfomrata >,>2 >,;2
8. Zujjar >,01 >,1>
Pdhk efostkotk eaoykc `krd jkbko dsftrfpdm A, H, \ skcdoh jarekdtko sktu `aohko ykoh
ckdo iaogk`d parskikko 7
A
H9
: (; )
4
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
`dparbdtuoheko bkrhk lketfr efosaotrksd tahkohko (E) ykoh bkoyk tarhkotuoh pk`k
`dparbdtuoheko
parjko`dohko hafiatrds `krd struetur / jao`k / efipfoao.
@kcki `askdo `aohko iaohhuokeko iatf`a tahkohko ikesdiui, odckd lketfr
efosaotrksdd tahkohko (E) `dparbdtuoheko `kcki parskikko.
efosaotrks
L
ύikx 9 E
K
iasdo bkrus
mfotfb `dbdo`krd
`aohko jaotue-jaotue
iaijukt ykoh
mkilar `ko `kpkt
ldccat iaiparjaskr
, pk`k efosaotrksd
jkhdko-jkhdko tahkohko.sdeu
ykoh jarjaotue ]ajkhkd
ktku
tkgki.
;.
:.
=.
0.
1.
;>
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
4. Lketfr Eakikoko (]L)
Lketfr eakikoko `d`aldodsdeko
`d`aldodsdeko sajkhkd sajkhkd jardeut 7
k. ^arjko`dohko kotkrk tahkohko ikesdiui `ko tahkohko eargk ketukc ktku tahkohko
dgdo.
ikx ikx
]L
ear gk
j. ^arjko`dohko tahkohko cucub (y) `aohko tahkohko eargk ktku tahkohko dgdo.
y
]L
@kcki `askdo efostruesd iasdo, jaskroyk kohek eakikoko bkrus cajdb jaskr `krd ; (sktu).
Lketfr eakikoko `djardeko khkr `askdo efostruesd `ko efipfoao iasdo `aohko tuguko khkr
`askdo tarsajut iaipuoykd eatkbkoko tarbk`kp jajko ykoh `dtardik.
^aidcdbko ]L bkrus `d`kskreko pk`k jajarkpk bkc sajkhkd jardeut 7
Gaods jajko
Gaods iktardkc
^rfsas paijuktko / ikoulketur
Gaods tahkohko
Gaods eargk ykoh `dckykod
Jaotue efipfoao
Ikedo jaskr eaiuohedoko k`koyk earuskeko pk`k efipfoao iasdo, ikek kohek eakikoko
`dkijdc ikedo jaskr. Kohek eakikoko jajarkpk iktardkc `aohko jarjkhkd jajko `kpkt `dcdbkt
pk`k Pkjac =.
Lketfr eakikoko k`kckb lketfr ykoh `dhuokeko uotue iaohavkcuksd eakikoko `krd suktu
jkhdko iasdo. Idskcoyk sajukb iasdo `djard alae ykoh `dsajut
`dsaju t sajkhkd L, `duipkikeko jkbwk
L k`kckb suktu dstdckb ykoh uiui `ko jdsk skgk jarupk hkyk.
Ekcku
sa`dedtLskgk
`dokdeeko, skipkd suktu
keko iaohhkohhu jaskrko tartaotu,
eaikipuko sa`aidedko
iasdo tarsajut, uotuerupk sabdohhk
iackeueko
iackeuek gdek `dokdeeko
o luohsdoyk samkrk
saiastdoyk.
saiastd oyk. Gdek iaoyktkeko jktksko dod sajkhkd jktks kebdr, bkrhk L sajkhkd L u, ikek lketfr
;;
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
;:
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Lu
]L
L
Jdck –L’ skik `aohko –Lu’ ikek L] 9 ;, `ko pk`k skkt dod td`ke k`k eakikoko. Kedjktoyk
sardoh `dpkekd dstdckb jktks eakikoko ( ikrhdo fl sklaty).
Jktks eakikoko `doyktkeko `aohko parskikko 7
I 9 L] ” ;
Lg 9 Ls. Lp
j. Iatf`a Pbuij
Iaourut Pbuij, lketfr eakikoko `kpkt `aohko mapkt `dparedrkeko
`dparedrkeko iaohhuokeko
vkrdksd cdik ueurko sajkhkd jardeut 7
;=
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
L] 9 ;,: ” ;,= gdek hkyk ofrikc `djktksd pk`k eak`kko tartaotu `aohko paodohektko :>%
- 1>%, `ko iatf`a kokcdsk tahkohko iuohedo iaohbksdceko easkckbko `djkwkb 1>%.
L] 9 ;,0 ” ;,8 gdek jajko td`ke `deatkbud ktku iatf`a kokcdsk tahkohko iaidcded keurksd
ykoh td`ke pkstd.
L] 9 ;,> ” ;,; gdek kokcdsds eahkhkcko ykoh `dhuokeko jarkskc `krd gaods tahkohko sapartd
tahkohko uokesdkc ktku tahkohko stktde iuctd kesdkc ktku tahkohko cackb iuctd kesdkc paoub.
L] 9 ;,: gdek kokcdsds eahkhkcko ykoh `dhuokeko k`kckb cuksko tafrd ykoh sa`arbkok
sapartd pk`k iuctd kesdkc, tahkohko jfcke ”jkcde paoub, tahkohko rktk-rktk uokesdkc.
L] 9 ;,= ” ;,1 gdek kokcdsds eahkhkcko k`kckb stktds ktku td`ke iaohkckid parujkbko
sapartd earuskeko pk`k uiuioyk ktku tahkohko rktk-rktk iuctd kesdkc.
Gkwkj 7
` 9 < mi
t 9 >,1 mi
πu 9 = 1>> eh/mi: 9 =1 >>> O/mi:
:. ]ajukb jktkoh `aohko pkogkoh ;>> mi `aohko prfldc sahd aipkt ueurko : mi x : mi `djard
hkyk tkrde sajaskr ;>>> eh. Gdek if`ucus ackstdsdtks jkbko : x ;>< eh/mi:. Bdtuoh partkijkbko
pkogkoh ykoh targk`d.
;0
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Gkwkj 7
C 9 ;>> mi
K 9 : x : 9 0 mi:
L 9 ;>>> eh 9 ;> >>> O
A 9 : x ;>< eh/mi: 9 : x ;>8 O/mi:
^artkijkbko pkogkoh 7
L.C ;>>>> . ;>>
C 8 9 >,>;:1 mi
K. A 0 x : .;>
9
Gkwkj 7
L
K
:>
j L 8>> :2,< I^k (tahkohko taeko)
K
L 1
1 I^k (tahkohko taeko)
k K ;>>>
L ;>
;:,1 I^k (tahkohko tkrde)
s K 2>>
Puhks 7
;1
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
;. ]ajukb cdoe tarjukt `krd jasd tukoh sapartd hkijkr, `dhuokeko uotue iaoaruseko jajko
sajaskr 01 eO. Bdtuoh tahkohko cdoe kedjkt jajko pk`k `karkb K-K `ko J-J. ]ktuko `kcki
ii.
;<
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
:. Bdtuoh tahkohko ykoh targk`d pk`k jktkoh ; `ko : kedjkt jajko ykoh `dtardik. Ksuisdeko
: :
jkbwk cuks pariuekko jktkoh ; k`kckb ;> ii `ko jktkoh : k`kckb ;>>> ii .
*********
;8
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
JKJ =
]KIJQOHKO ^KEQ EACDOH
^keu eacdoh (rdvat) `dhuokeko uotue skijuohko tatkp kotkrk : pckt ktku cajdb idskcoyk pk`k
tkohed `ko jfdcar.
^keu eacdoh `kcki ueurko ykoh eamdc `kpkt `dhuokeko uotue iaoykijuoh `uk efipfoao
ykoh td`ke iaijutubeko eaeuktko ykoh jaskr, idskcoyk parkcktko ruikb tkohhk, lurodtur,
kckt-kckt acaetrfodek, `cc.
]kijuohko `aohko pkeu eacdoh skohkt eukt `ko td`ke
td `ke `kpkt `dcapks eaijkcd `ko gdek `dcapks
ikek keko targk`d earuskeko pk`k skijuohko tarsajut.
Ekraok sdlktoyk ykoh parikoao, ikek skijuohko pkeu eacdoh bkrus `djukt saeukt iuohedo
uotue iaohbdo`krd earuskeko/pktkb.
;. Mkrk ^aikskohko
^ckt ykoh keko `dskijuoh `djukt cujkoh, sasukd `dkiatar pkeu eacdoh ykoh keko
`dhuokeko. Jdkskoyk
Jdkskoyk `dki
`dkiatar
atar cujkoh `djukt ;,1 ii cajdb jaskr `krd `dkiatar pkeu ea
eacdoh.
cdoh.
^keu eacdoh `diksueeko ea `kcki cujkoh pckt ykoh keko `dskijuoh.
Jkhdko eapkck capks `diksuee
`diksueeko ko ea jkhdko aefr `krd pkeu eacdoh.
@aohko iaohhuokeko kckt/iasdo
kckt/iasdo paoaeko ktku pkcu, taeko jjkhdko
khdko eapkck capks iksue
ea jkhdko aefr pkeu eacdoh `aohko sukdko pkesk.
]atackb rkpkt/eukt, jkhdko aefr sdsk eaiu`dko `dpftfoh `ko `drkpdeko/rktkeko
Iasdo/kckt paikskoh pkeu eacdoh `kpkt `dharkeeko `aohko u`krk, bd`rfcde ktku taekoko
ukp tarhkotuoh gaods `ko jaskr pkeu eacdoh ykoh keko `dpkskoh.
:. Pdpa ^aikskohko ^keu Eacdoh
k. Ckp gfdot
^aikskohko tdpa ckp gfdot jdkskooyk `dhuokeko pk`k pckt ykoh fvarckps sktu `aohko ykoh
ckdooyk.
j. J utt gfdot
Pdpa jutt gfdot `dhuokeko uotue iaoykijuoh `uk pckt utkik, `aohko iaogapdt
iaohhuokeko : pckt ckdo, sajkhkd paokbko (mfvar),
( mfvar), `d ikok pckt paokbko deut `deacdoh
`aohko pckt utkik. Pdpa dod iacdputd sdohca strkp jutt gfdot `ko `fujca strkp jutt gfdot .
;4
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
k. Pakrdoh
P akrdoh fl tba pckta
pckta kt
kt ko
ko a`h
a`h a
Zfjae pk`k jkhdko pdohhdr
pdohhdr `krd pckt ykoh `kpkt targk`d gdek ikrhdo (i) eurkoh `krd ;,1 `,
`aohko ` 7 `dkiatar pkeu eacdoh.
Lt 9 t . Kt 9 t (p ” `) t
m. ] bak
bakrdoh
rdoh fl tba rdvat
rdvatss
Earuskeko skijuohko pkeu eacdoh ekraok jajko hasar.
:>
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Gdek 7
` 7 `dkiatar pkeu eacdoh,
7 tahkohko hasar dgdo jkbko pkeu
eacdoh o 7 guickb pkeu eacdoh par pkogkoh
pdtmb,,
pdtmb
Gdek
` 7 `dkiatar pkeu eacdoh,
t 7 tajkc pckt,
M 7 tahkohko hasar dgdo jkbko pkeu
eacdoh o 7 guickb pkeu eacdoh par pdtmb
caohtb 7
cakst fl Lt , Ls , Lm
p..t .
p
t
:;
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
p 7 pdtmb
t 7 tajkc pckt
t 7 tahkohko tkrde dgdo jkbko pckt
::
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
:=
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
:0
@detkt-acias-khustdous purok
purok drkw
drkwko-ti.lt.uotkr
ko-ti.lt.uotkr
::
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Gkwkj 7
t 9 < ii 9 >,< mi
` 9 : mi
t 9 ;:>> eh/mi: 9 ;: >>> O/mi: (jkbko pckt)
9 4>> eh/mi: 9 4 >>> O/mi: (jkbko pkeu eacdoh)
M 9 ;2>> eh/mi: 9 ;2 >>> O/mi: (jkbko pkeu eacdoh)
Aldsdaosd `dbdtuoh `krd eatkbkoko ykoh pkcdoh eamdc, ykdtu eatkbkoko tarbk`kp takrdoh, Lt ktku
Lm .
Lt 9 :; <>> O
Ls 9 :2 :8> O
Lm 9 :; <>> O
Likx 9
9 1
p .. (t .>,
>,<
t
< ) . ;: >>> 9 =< >>> O
:;<>>
=< >>> >,< <> >
>
:. Bdtuoh aldsdaosd tdpa `fujca rdvata` `fujca mfvar jutt gfdot pk`k pckt satajkc :> ii,
:0
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Mrusbdoh
Lm rasdstkoma
9 o . ` . t fl tba rdvat
. M
9 : x :1 x :> x ;1> 9 ;1> >>> O
Aldsdaosd `dbdtuoh `krd eatkbkoko ykoh pkcdoh eamdc, ykdtu eatkbkoko tarbk`kp takrdoh, Lt
ktku Lm.
Lt 9 ;2> >>> O
Ls 9 ;4< =81 O
Lm 9 ;1> >>> O
;1> >>>
:0> >>> >,<:1 <:,1 >
>
8. ]fkc Cktdbko
;. @uk pckt `aohko tajkc ;< ii `dskijuoh `aohko `fujca rdvata` ckp gfdot. ^dtmb tdkp jkrds
pkeu eacdoh 4 mi. ^keu eacdoh `aohko `dkiatar :,1 mi. Pahkohko dgdo `dksuisdeko sajkhkd
jardeut 7
t 9 ;0>>> O/mi: (jkbko pckt)
9 ;;>>> O/mi: (jkbko pkeu ea eacdoh)
cdoh)
:
M 9 :0>>> O/mi (jkbko pkeu eacdoh)
Bdtuohckb 7 aldsdaosd skijuohko pkeu eacdoh
:. K ]dohca rdvata` `fujca mfvar jut gfdot `dhuokeko uotue iaoykijuoh pckt tajkc ;2 ii.
@dkiatar pkeu eacdoh :> ii `ko pdtmb <> ii. Bdtuoh aldsdaosd skijuohko gdek7
t 9 ;>> O/ii: (jkbko pckt)
9 2> O/ii: (jkbko pkeu ea eacdoh)
cdoh)
:
M 9 ;<> O/ii (jkbko pkeu eacdoh)
******
:1
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
JKJ 0
]KIJQOHKO CK]
]kijuohko cks (wac`doh gfdot) iarupkeko gaods skijuohko tatkp. ]kijuohko cks
iaohbksdceko eaeuktko skijuohko ykoh jaskr.
j. J utt G fdot
- ^aohacksko pk`k jkhdko uguoh `aohko uguoh `krd pckt.
pckt.
- ^aohacksko gaods dod td`ke `dskrkoeko uotue pckt ykoh tajkcoyk eurkoh `krd 1 ii
- Qotue pckt `aohko eatajkcko pckt (1 ” ;:,1) ii jaotue uguoh ykoh `dskrkoeko k`kckb 7
tdpa \ ktku Q.
:8
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
t 9 tahkohko tkr
tkrde
de dgdo jkbko cks.
] d oh ca ldccat 7
txC
L x t 9 >.8>8 x t x C x t
:
@ fujca ldccat 7
tx C 9 ;,0;0 x t x C x t
L: x t
:2
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
:4
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
;2 ” :0 ;>
:< ” 12 ;0
? 12 :>
=;
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Efosaotrksd tahkohko targk`d kedjkt paokijkbko iktardkc ykoh jarkskc `krd iktardkc `kskr
ykoh iuohedo jarja`k `aohko iktardkc utkik ykoh `dskijuoh.
Mfotfb ]fkc
;. ]ajukb pckt cajkr ;>> ii tajkc
taj kc ;> ii `dskijuoh `aohko iaohhuokeko cks tdpa `fujca pkrkccac
ldccats. ^ckt iaoardik jajko jajko stktds sajaskr 2> eO. Bdtuoh pkogkoh cks ykoh `dparcueko gdek
tahkohko hasar dgdo cks td`ke jfcab iacajdbd 11 I^k.
Gkwkj 7
@deatkbud 7
j 9 ;>> ii
t 9 ;> ii
ikx 9 11 I^k
L 9 2> eO
^kogkoh tftkc
t ftkc cksko (`fuj
(`fujca
ca pkrk
pkrkccac
ccac lldccat
dccats)
s) uotue jajko stktds
L 9 ;,0;0 . t . C . ikx
=:
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
:. @uk pckt jkgk cajkr ;> mi, tajkc ;,:1 mi `dcks `aohko mkrk `fujca trkosvarsa ldccat wac` .
Pahkohko tkrde ikesdiui td`ke jfcab iacajdbd 8>> eh/mi:. Bdtuoh pkogkoh `krd cksko
uotue efo`dsd jajko stktds `ko `dokids.
`dokids.
Gkwkj 7
@deatkbud 7
j 9 ;> mi
t 9 ;,:1 mi
t ikx 9 8>> eh/mi: 9 8 >>> O/mi:
281>>
C 9 ;>,< mi
;,0;0 x ;,:1
;,:1 x 0<1>
==
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
=. ^ckta cajkr 7 ;>> ii, tajkc ;:,1 ii `dskijuoh `aohko cks pkrkccac ldccat wac`s
wac`s.. Jajko
pk`k pckt 1> eO. Bdtuoh pkogkoh cksko gdek tahkohko hasar ikesdi
ikesdiui
ui td`ke jfcab iacajdb
iacajdbdd
:
1< O/ii . Bdtuoh
Bdt uoh `kcki jajko stktds `ko `dokids.
Gkwkj 7
@deatkbud 7
Cajkr pckt,
pckt, j 9 ;>
;>>
> ii
t 9 ;:,1 ii
L 9 1> eO 9 1 >>> O
:
ikx 9 1< O/ii
k. ^kogkoh cksko uotue jajko stktds ( pkrkccac ldccat wac`s
wac`s)7
)7
L 9 .t.C.
L 1>>> 9 1>,1 ii
C
: . t .
: . ;:,1 . 1<
^kogkoh Ctftkc 9 C + ;:,1 ii 9 1>,1 + ;:,1 9 <= ii
L 1>>>
C 9 ;=<,0 ii
: . t .
: x ;:,1 x :>,80
Ctftkc 9 C + ;:,1 ii 9 ;=<, + ;:,1 9 ;02,4 ii
0. ]ajukb pckt `aohko cajkr 81 ii `ko tajkc ;:,1 ii `d skijuoh `aohko pckt ckdo `aohko
sdohca trkosvarsa wac` ko` `fujca pkrkccac ldccat sapartd hkijkr. Pahkohko tkrde ikesdi
ikesdiui
ui
8> I^k `ko tahkohko hasar 1< I^k. Bdtuoh pkogkoh satdkp pkrkccat ldccat uotue jajko
stktds `ko lktdhua.
Gkwkj 7
j 9 81 ii
t 9 ;:,1 ii
9 8> I^k
9 1< I^k
L; 9 >,8>8 x t x C ; x
9 >,8>8 x ;:,1 x <:,1 x 8> 9 =2 <<0 O
Jajko ykoh `kpkt `dtardik `fujca pkrkccac ldccat wac` 7
=1
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
]fkc Cktdbko
;. ]ajukb pckt cajkr ;>> ii `ko tajkc ;> ii `dski`dskijuoh
juoh `aohko pckt ckdo `aohko mkrk `dcks
iaohhuokeko tdpa trkosvarsa wac` kt tba ao`. Gdek pckt `dhuokeko uotue i iaoardik
aoardik jajko
8> eO `ko tahkohko tkrde dgdo
d gdo td`ke jfcab iacajdbd 8> I^k, bd tuoh pkogkoh cks jar`kskreko
jajko sktds `ko jajko lktdqua.
:. ]ajukb pckt cajkr ;>> ii `ko tajkc ;> ii `dski
`dskijuoh
juoh `aohko pckt ckdo `aohko mkrk `dcks
iaohhuokeko tdpa `fujca pkrkccac ldccats. Gdek pckt `dhuokeko uotue iaoardik jajko
8> eO. `ko tahkohko hasar dgdo td`ke jfcab iacajdbd 1< I^k, bdtuoh pkogkoh cks
jar`kskreko jajko sktds `ko jajko lktdqua.
=. ]ajukb pckt `aohko cajkr ;:> ii `ko tajkc ;1 ii `d skijuoh `aohko pckt ckdo `aohko
sdohca trkosvarsa wac` ko` `fujca pkrkccac ldccat wac` sapartd hkijkr. Pahkohko tkrde
ikesdiui 8> I^k `ko tahkohko hasar 1< I^k. Bdtuoh pkogkoh cks pkrkccac ldccat uotue
jajko
jajk o s tktds
tktds `k
`ko
o lk
lktdh
tdh ua.
=<
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
JKJ 1
]KIJQOHKO JKQP
]kijuohko iur jkut (Jfct) jkoyke `dhuokeko pk`k jarjkhkd efipfoao iasdo.
iasdo.
]kijuohko iur jkut jueko iarupkeko skijuohko tatkp,
tatkp, iackdoeko `kpkt `djfohekr
pkskoh `aohko iu`kb.
iu`kb.
Earuhdko utkik skijuohko iur jkut k`kckb iaipuoykd efosaotrksd tahkohko ykoh
tdohhd `d `karkb ucdr.
m. ^dtmb
`. @dkiatar pdtmb
k`kckb k`kckb
gkrke ykoh`dkiatar `krd cdohekrko
`dkijdc `krd dikgdoar
sktu tdtde pk`k ucdr ktku `dkiatar
ea tdtde alaetdl
jardeutoyk `krd jkut
`aohko
pfsdsd ykoh skik.
;
^dtmb 9 (;)
guickb ucdr par pkogkoh jkut
a. Cak` k`kckb gkrke kotkrk `uk tdtde pk`k eaidrdohko ykoh skik
skik ktku gkrke cdcdtko.
k. @dkiatar Jkut
j. ^kogkoh jkut
m. @karkb `aekt alaetdl
`. Cajkr euomd
a. @dkiatar jkut
l. L gkrke ucdr
=8
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
=2
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
=4
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Zdoh /Xksbar
0>
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
0;
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
k. Pahkohko tkr
tkrde
de
Hkyk kwkc pk`k jkut 7
Lm 9 :20 ` ( eh ) (:)
Lm 9 :20> ` ( O ) uotue ]dstai Dotaroksdfokc (=)
@aohko 7
Ld 7 dodtdkc taosdfo /hkyk kwkc
` 7 `dkiatar ofidokc/ikyfr (ii)
0:
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Pahkohko caotur 7
x.A
j (2)
:.C
`aohko 7
x 7 parja`kko tdohhd su`
su`ut
ut aestrai i
iur
ur ktku eapkck.
A 7 if`ucus ackstdsdtks jkbko jkut
C 7 pkogkoh jkut
k. Pahkohko tkr
tkrde
de
L 7 hkyk cukr ykoh `deargkeko
0=
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
`d 7 `dkiatar idofr
ύt 7 tahkohko tkrde dgdo jkbko jkut
0.L
L ` : . ikek ` (4)
d t d
0 .t
00
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Mktktko 7
Gdek guickb jkut cajdb `krd sktu, ikek 7
L
:
` .a .o , `aohko o 7 guickb jkut (;>)
d
0
Gdek pk`k tkjac stko`kr jkut td`ke tar
tarsa`dk
sa`dk ikek `dhuokeko 7
`d 9 >,20 `f `aohko `f 7 `dkiatar ikyfr (;;)
j. Pahkohko hasar
Ls 7 hkyk hasar
`f 7 `dkiatar ikyfr (ofidokc)
o 7 guickb jkut
Ls ` : . . o ikek `
d
0. Ls (;:)
d ..o
0
m. Pahkohko e
efijdoksd
fijdoksd
Pahkohko hasar ikesdiui 7
t :
ikx ( )
:
(;=)
t
: t
t(ikx) : (;0)
:
0<
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
=. Mfotfb ]fkc
;. @uk efipfoao iasdo keko `dskijuoh `aohko jkut tdpa tkp jfct `dkiatar ofidokc 7 :0
ii. Bdtuoh tahkohko
t ahkohko tkrde `krd jkut.
Gkwkj 7
`f 9 :0 ii (I :0)
@krd tkjac
tkjac jkut `dparfcab `d 9 :>,=: ii 9 :,>=: mi
:. ]ajukb jkut
`dhuokeko gdek`dhuokeko uotue
tahkohko tkrde dgdoiaohkohekt
7 ;>> O/ii:.jajko <> eO.
Ksuisdeko ucdrPaotueko ueurko
ekskr (cdbkt jkut`askdo
tfcarkosd ykoh
jkut).
Gkwkj 7
L 9 <> eO 9 <> >>> O
ύt 9 ;>> O/ii:
0L 0 x <>>>>
`d
. t .;>>
`d 9 :8,<0 ii
=. @uk pfrfs `dbujuoheko `aohko efpcdoh `aohko tfrsd :1>> Omi. Efpcdoh lcaos `dskijuoh
`aohko jkut sajkoyke 0 jukb, `aohko jkbko skik `ko gkrd-gkrd = mi. Bdtuoh ueurko
O/mi:.
jkut, gdek tahkohko hasar dgdo iktardkc jkut 7 = >>> O/mi
Gkwkj 7
P 9 : 1>> Omi
o 9 0 jukb
Z 9 = mi
9 = >>> O/mi:
08
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
`d 9 :,42 ii
0. Mycdo`ar bak` `krd sajukb staki aohdoa `ddekt `aohko ;0 jkut. @dkiatar alaetdl `krd
sdcdo`ar =1 mi `ko taekoko ukp 21 O/mi :. @dksuisdeko jkut td`ke iaohkckid tahkohko
kwkc. Bdtuoh ueurko jkut gdek tahkohko tkrde dgdo 7 :>>> O/mi:
Gkwkj 7
@deatkbud 7
o 9 ;0
@; 9 =1 mi (`dkiatar alaetdl sdcdo`ar)
p 9 21 O/mi: (taekoko ukp)
ύ t 9 : >>> O/mi:
:
p. @;
0
:
21. . =1
0
2;82> O
Qeurko jkut 7
L .` : . .o
d t
0
`d
.t .o
;,4= mi ;4,= ii
@dparfcab jkut stko`kr` I :0 `aohko `d 9 :>,=: ii `ko `f 9 :0 ii
1. Mycdo`ar bak` `krd iasdo ukp iaoardik taekoko ukp >,8 O/ii :, `djkut `aohko ;: jkut.
02
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
]flt mfppar hkseat/hkseat `krd jkbko taijkhk cuoke `dhuokeko uotue iackpdsd mycdo`ar
bak` tarsajut. @dkiatar alaetdl sdcdo`ar =>> ii, bdtuoh ueurko jkut gdek tahkohko jkut
td`ke jfcab iacajdbd ;>> O/ii:.
04
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Gkwkj 7
p 9 >,8 O/ii:
o 9 ;:
@; 9 =>> ii
ύt 9 ;>> O/ii:
Qeurko jkut 7
L; 9 :20> ` (O) `aohko ` `kcki ii.
Ltftkc 9 L; + e . L:
d
0
:
82,11 `d ” :20> ` 9 :><:,1
`d 9 >,20 `
(ekraok td`ke tarsa`dk `kcki tkjac, `d sfkc td`ke `deatkbud)
82,11 (>,20 `): ” :20> ` 9 :><:,1
` 9 1;,4 ii
@dkijdc jkut
jkut I1: `aohko `d 9 01,841 ii `ko `f9 1: ii
]fkc Cktdbko
;. Bdtu
Bdtuohckb
ohckb jaskr hkyk tkrde ikesdiui ykoh `dd
`ddgdoeko
gdoeko pk`k jkut ueurko I :> `ko I =<, gdek
`dksuisdeko jkut td`ke iaipuoykd hkyk kwkc `ko tahkohko tkrde dgdod gdo jkbko jkut sajaskr
:>> I^k.
1>
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
1;
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
=. ]ajukb mycdo`ar bak` `krd staki aohdoa iaoardik taekoko sajaskr ; O/ii: `ddekt `aohko
;: jukb jkut. @dkiatar alaetdl eapkck sdcdo`ar tarsajut k`kckb =>> ii. ]ajukb sflt mfppar
hkseat `dhuokeko sajkhkd paokbko eajfmfrko kotkrk sdcdo`ar `ko eapkck sdcdo`ar. Bdtuoh
`diaosd jkut stko`kr ykoh `dhuokeko gdek tahkohko pk`k jkut td`ke jfcab iacajdbd ;>> I^k.
Gkwkjko 7 I =<
******
1:
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
JKJ <
^FZF]
^frfs iarupkeko skckb sktu efipfoao tarpaotdoh `krd suktu iasdo ykoh iaijutubeko
putkrko `kcki fparksdoyk. ]amkrk uiui pfrfs `dhuokeko uotue iaoaruseko `kyk `ko
putkrko.
;. Gaods-gaods pfrfs7
k. ^frfs trkosidsd
Jajko jarupk 7 ifiao puotdr `ko ifiao caotur
@kyk `kpkt `dtrkosidsdeko iackcud 7 efpcdoh, rf`k hdhd, jact, rkotkd.
j. ]pdo`ac
^frfs trkosidsd ykoh racktdl pao`ae, idskc 7 pfrfs utkik iasdo parekeks `aohko
jajko utkik jarupk puotdrko.
@alfriksd ykoh targk`d bkrus eamdc `ko jaotue sartk ueurkooyk bkrus tacdtd.
m. Hko`kr
^frfs ykoh td`ke jarputkr
Iaoardik jajko caotur,
c aotur, idskcoyk pk`k rf`k-rf`k earatk
1=
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
j. Eaekeuko ^frfs
Qotue iaoardik jajko caotur ktku `alcaesd kedjkt potdrko ykoh cajdb jaskr.
m. ^utkrko Erdtds
Gdek suktu iasdo putkrkooyk `dokdeeko ikek pk`k suktu bkrhk putkrko tartaotu `kpkt
targk`d hatkrko ykoh cukr
c ukr jdksk. ^utkrko dod `dsajut putkrko erdtds.
^utkrko eargk bkrus cajdb eamdc `krd putkrko erdtds (o 3 os)
`. Efrfsd
^arcdo`uohko tarbk`kp efrfsd uotue eaeuktko `ko `kyk tkbko tarbk`kp jajko.
a. Jkbko ^frfs
Jkgk
@dsasukdeko `aohko efo`dsd fparksd.
fparksd.
efostruesd iasdo, jkgk pk`uko `aohko paoharksko eucdt tkbko tarbk`kp
eakusko, jkgk erfi, odeac,
od eac, jkgk erfi ifcdj`ao `cc.
G `0
=:
P
0
=:
``
:
P ..`=
;<
;<.P
` (ruius `dkiatar pfrfs jajko tfrsd i
iurod)
urod)
.
10
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
ikek 7
P
`f
G :
P `
=:
(` f 0 ` d0 ) f
:
` f
9 . . `f0 (; ” e 0)
P 9 .` f = (; e 0 )
;<
`d
e k`kckb lketfr `dkiatar (rktdf)9
`f
Mktktko 7
Bujuohko 7 tfrsd, `kyk, putkrko 7
P 9 ^ .<> (Oi
Oi))
:. .o
Qotue jact
jact `rdva,
`rdva, jaskr P 7
P 9 (P; ” P:) Z (O.i)
Z 7 gkrd-gkrd pucd
P;, P: 7 tahkohko tkcd
11
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
m. Mfotfb sfkc
;. ^frfs jarputkr :>> r/ido uotue iaoaruseko `kyk 7 :> eX. ^frfs `djukt `krd idc` staac
`aohko tahkohko hasar dgdo 0: I^k. Bdtuoh `dkiatar pfrfs.
Gkwkj 7
@deatkbud 7
o 9 :>> r/ido
^ 9 :> eX 9 :> >>> X
9 0: I^k
:. . o :. .:>>
9 411 Oi 9 411 x ;>= Oii
P ..`=
;<
` =
0:.
9 02,8 ii
Gkwkj 7
^ 9 :> eX 9 ::>
> >>> X
o 9 :>> r/ido
u 9 =<> I^k
]L 9 2
=<> 9 01 I^k
2
=
9 411 =x ;> O ii.
P ..`
;<
1<
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
18
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
(dd). @dkiatar
@d kiatar pfrfs jarcujkoh.
`
`f
d
e >,1 ikek `d 9 >,1 `f
P ` f = (; e 0 )
;<
`f = ;<.P = ;< x 411>>>0
. (; e0) .01.(; >,1)
9 02,< ii 9 1> ii
I j
0
<0
` `
:
. j .`
=
I
=:
=:.I
`
.j
j. ^frfs jarcujkoh `aohko jajko ccaoturaotur iurod
`
D (` f 0 ` 0 ) , e d
<0 d `
f
D ` f (; e )
0 0
<0
I j
.` f (; e )
0 0 `
<0 :
12
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
=
. .`f (; e )
0
I j
=:
14
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
m. Mfotfb sfkc
;. @uk jukb rf`k `dbujuoheko `aohko pfrfs, iaoardik jajko iksdoh-iksdoh 1> eO, sagkub
;>> ii `krd jkhdko taohkb rf`k. Gkrke kotkr suiju rf`k 7 ;0>> ii. Bdtuoh `dkiatar
pfrfs gdek tahkohko
t ahkohko caotur td`ke jfcab iacajdbd 7 ;>> I^k.
Gkwkj 7
I 9 L . C 9 1> >>> . ;>> 9 1 x ;>< O ii
I j .` =
=:
=:.I
`
.j
=: x 1>>> >>>
=
x ;>>
9 84,2 ii 9 2> ii
`. ^frfs `aohko
` aohko jajko efijdoksd puotdr `ko caotur
Pafrd paotdoh ykoh `dhuokeko 7
(d) Pafrd Huast 7 tafrd tahkohko hasar ikesdiui,
ikesdiui, `dhuokeko uotue iktardkc ykoh
`umtdca (cdkt) idskc idc` staac.
(dd) Pafrd Zkoedoa 7 tafrd tahkohko ofrikc ikesdiui
ikesdiui,, `dhuokeko uotue iktardkc ykoh
jrdttca (hatks) sapartd mkst drfo.
(ikx) ; 0 :
:
(d)
:
=: I
(dd) j
.`=
(ddd) ;< =
.`
: :
(dv) ;
(ikx)
`= ` =
:
9 ;<
`
= I : P :
(v) Pa . . `
;<
;<.P
`
.
<>
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
<;
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
9 ; =: I
: :
= ; =: I ;<
: ` `= ` :
9
=:
;
I
I: P:
` = ;:
`
=
I
I :
P :
j(ikx)
=: :
(dd) Gdek 7
;
I I : P : I a
:
(ddd) Ia .` =
=:
=:. I a
` =
.
(ruius `dkiatar pfrfs jajko efijdoksd jksds I a)
Qotue pf
pfrfs
rfs jarcujkoh `aohko jajko caotur `ko
`ko puotdr
=
(d) Pa ` f
(; e 0 )
;<
;
I :
= 0
a
I
:
P
(dd) :
=: ..` f
(; e )
`d
`aohko 7 e 9
`f
Gkwkj 7
^ 9 ;>> eX 9 ;>> >>> X
o 9 =>> r/ido
<:
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
C 9 =>> ii
X;9 X: 9 ;1>> O
<=
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
` <.
<.P
Pa
;< x =;2 =>>
9 <<,2 ii
.
.<>
@dkiatar pfrfs 9 8> ii
;
Ia (I : I )
:
:
;
(;1>>>> )
:
9 =:1 4=8 O i
ii
i
9 <> I^k
=: I =: x =:14=8
` 9 9 =: ii
. x;>0
x;>0
Gdek 7
Ei 7 lketfr ifiao caotur kedjkt efijdoksd jajko sbfme `ko lktdhua
lktdhua..
Et 7 lketfr tfrsd/puotdrko
t frsd/puotdrko kedjkt efijdoksd jajko sbfme `ko lktdhua
ikek 7
(d) Pa (e .P): (e .I) :
(dd) I
;
e .I
a i
:
<0
<0
Mfotfb sfkc 7
;. ]ajukb pfrfs tarjukt `krd Idc` ]taac `dhuokeko uotue iaoaruseko `kyk := eX pk`k
putkrko :>> r/ido. Gdek jajko ifiao caotur ykoh `dtardik pfrfs sajaskr 1<:,1 x ;> = Oii,
tahkohko hasar dgdo 0: I^k `ko tahkohko tkrde dgdo 1< I^k, jarkpk `dkiatar pfrfs ykoh
`dparcueko gdek jajko jarupk jajko lcuetuksd `aohko tdpa hrk`ukccy kppcda` cfk`s 6
Gkwkj 7
^ 9 := eX 9 := >>> X
o 9 :>> r/ido
I 9 1<:,1 x ;>= Oii
9 0: I^k
9 1< I^k
Hrk`ukccy kppcda` cfk`s, Ei 9 ;,1 `ko Et 9 ; (cdbkt tkjca)
:
P (Et x P ): (Ei x I ):
a
(; x 411>>>) (;,1 x 1<:1>>):
9 ; :80 x ;>= Oii
;< x ;:80>>>
` = <.
<.PPa
= 9 1=,< ii. @dkiatar pfrfs 9 <> ii
ii
. .0:
I
;
(E xI )
a i : :
: (Et x P ) (Ei x I )
;
(;,1 x 1<:1>> ;:80>>>)
:
9 ;>14 x ;>= Oii
` 9 =: I =: x ;>14>>> 9 18,8 ii
=
. x 1<
I. y I. ` =: I
:
0 ` :
D <0
`
0L `d
uotue e
`f (; e )
: :
`f
L.`
I
=:
` = 2
=:`I= ; gdek I; I L.`
2
^frfs jarcujkoh 7
=: I 0L
; = ` = (; e : )
` (; e : )
f f
=: L.` f (; e )
:
= 0 I
`f (; e ) 2 :
=: I ;
=
gdek 7 I ; I L` f (; e )
0
` f (;
(;
e ) 2
^k`k eksus pfrfs ykoh pkogkoh (scao`ar sbklt) parcu `dparbdtuoheko k`koyk mfcuio
lkmtfr ()
.0 L
^frfs jarcujkoh, m :
` (; e : )
f
y C C
gdek ? ;;1
M. : .A e E
<2
Eatarkohko 7
C 7 pkogkoh pfrfs kotkr jkotkcko
e 7 gkrd-gkrd hdrksd
ύ y 7 tahkohko cucub jkbko
M 7 efaldsdao
efaldsdao Au
Aucar
car (tui
(tuipuko)
puko)
9 ; (aohsac)
9 :,:1 (gapdt)
9 ;,< jkotkcko
L.` (; e : )
Pa ei I (e P : )
`f = (; e : )
;<
L.` (; e :)
;
I ei I f
L.` f(; e :
ei I 2
(e
a
: 2
=: ` f : (; e : )
Mktktko 7
]fkc Cktdbko7
;. ]ajukb pfrfs `dhuokeko uotue iaoaruseko `kyk :> eX pk`k putkrko :>> r/ido.
^kogkoh tftkc pfrfs = iatar, `aohko ea`uk uguoh pfrfs `dtuipu fcab iksdoh-iksdoh
sktu jkotkcko. ^frfs iaoardik jajko caotur ykoh jarkskc `krd jajko sajarkt 4>> O ykoh
`dcatkeeko `d taohkb-taohkb pfrfs tarsajut. Gdek pfrfs `djukt `krd jkbko `aohko
tahkohko hasar ikesdiui ;:< O/ii: `ko ]klaty Lkmtfr (]L) 9 =, bdtuohckb `dkiatar
pfrfs tarsajut jar`kskreko
jar `kskreko tfrsd aeudvkcao ykoh targk`d.
:. ]ajukb pfrfs tarjukt `krd jkgk `aohko tahkohko tkrde cucub (ydac`) 8>> I^k iaoardik
jajko ifiao caotur ;> eOi, jajko tfrsd => eOi eO i `ko ]L 9 =.
k. Bdtuoh `dkiatar pfrfs jar`kskreko tafrd tahkohko hasar ikesdi
ikesdiui ui `ko tahkohko
hasar idodiui.
j. Gdek jajko jarlcuetuks
jarlcuetuksdd `aohko tdpa jajko ]u``aocy kppcda` cfk` wdtb ikgfr sbfme,
bdtuoh `dkiatar pfrfs ykoh `dparcueko.
=. ]ajukb pfrfs `dhuokeko uotue iaoaruseko `kyk ;> eX pk`k putkrko 0>> r/ido. Gdek
pfrfs tarjukt `krd jkbko `aohko tahkohko hasar
hasar dgdo 0> I^k, bdtuoh `dkiatar pfrfs ykoh
`dparcueko.
0. ]ajukb pfrfs jarcujkoh tarjukt `krd jkbko jkgk `aohko tahkohko hasar ikesdiui <:,0
I^k. ^frfs `dhuokeko uotue iaoaruseko `kyk <>> eX pk`k putkrko 1>> r/ido. Bdtuoh
`diaosd pfrfs cukr `ko `kcki gdek `daiatar cukr `uk ekcd cajdb
c ajdb jaskr `krd `dkiatar `kcki
<4
JKJ 8
^K]KE
^kske ktku eays iarupkeko acaiao iasdo ykoh `dhuokeko uotue iaoatkpeko ktku iaohuomd
jkhdko-jkhdko iasdo sapartd 7 rf`k hdhd, pucd, efpcdoh `ko sprfmeat pk`k pfrfs, sabdohhk
jkhdko-jkhdko tarsajut deut jarputkr `aohko pfrfs.
Bkc-bkc paotdoh ykoh bkrus `dparbktdeko `kcki iao`askdo sajukb pkske sajkhkd
sajkhkd jardeut 7
k. Jkbko pkske ` `dpdcdb
dpdcdb cajdb caikb `krdpk`k
`krdpk`k jkbko pfrfs ktku jkbko acaiao i
iasdo
asdo ykoh
bkrus `dtkbko fcab pkske.
j. Hkyk tkoh
tkohaosdkc
aosdkc ykoh jaeargk 7
`
P 9 Lt .
:
`aohko
P 7 tfrsd (O ii)
Lt 7 hkyk tkohaosdkc (O)
` 7 `dkiatar pfrfs (ii)
`. Gdek tahkohko hasar jkbko pkske () `ko kohek eakikoko (]L), ikek
]L
a. Qotue eakikoko 7 kmt 3
:. ^kogkoh ^kske
t 7 tajkc 9 :/= j
j 7 cajkr 9 `/0
C 7 pkogkoh (ii)
` 7 `dkiatar pfrfs
π 7 tahk
tahkohko
ohko hasar pkske
ikek 7
`
C.j. . . .`=
e s
: ;<
:
s .`
C .
2 j.e
`
.` s gdek j
. ,
: e 0
s
k. ^kogkoh pkske , C ;,18; `.
e
s 7 jkbko pfrfs, e 7 jkbko pkske
pkske skik jkbko pfrfs ktku s 9 e 9
Gdek jkbko pkske
.` :
Ikek C 9 ;,18 ` (uotue j 7 cajkr 9 `/0)
2.j
j. Gdek cajkr pkske bksdc parbdtuohko tarckcu eamdc `ko td`ke k`k `d tkjac pkske, ikek cajkr
pkske `dbdtuoh iaohhuokeko bujuohko 7
`
j ii , `aohko ` 7 `dkiatar pfrfs `kcki ii.
0
@kcki `askdo pkske bkrus `dmkrd pkogkoh pkske jar`kskreko tahkohko hasar ykoh targk`d
(sbakrdoh strass) `ko tahkohko mrusbdoh (mrusbdoh strass) eaiu`dko `dkijdc pkogkoh
tarjaskroyk.
=. Mfotfb sfkc
;. ^kske parsahd pkogkoh `dpkskoh pk`k pfrfs `aohko `dkiatar 1> ii, tahkohko hasar
: :
ykoh `ddgdoeko td`ke iacajdbd 7 0:>> O/mi `ko mrusbdoh strass td`ke iacajdbd 7 8>>> O/mi .
Mkrdckb pkogkoh pkske ykoh pkcdoh kiko.
Gkwkj 7
` 9 1> ii 9 1 mi
:
9 0:>> O/mi
m 9 8>>> O/mi:
Qotue ` 9 1> ii jar`kskreko tkjac pkske `dparfcab 7 j 9 ;< ii 9 ;,< mi `ko t
9 ;> ii 9 ; mi
;<
P C. : . m . : ;< . s .`
: :
.s .` .0:>>.(1)
C 0.;.8>>> ;;,2 mi ;: mi
0.t.m
:. ]ajukb iftfr cdstrde `aohko `kyk :> bp `ko putkrko 4<> r/ido, iaipuoykd pfrfs ykoh
tarjukt `krd idc` staac `aohko `dkiatar 0 mi `ko pkogkoh jaotkohko 8,1 mi. Pahkohko
dgdo jkbko 9 1 <>> O/mi: `ko ύm 9 ;; :>> O/mi:. Bdtuoh `diaosd pkske ykoh `dparcueko
`ko pardesk kpkekb e eaeuktko
aeuktko has
hasar
ar pkske `ko eaeuktko ofrikc pfrfs iksdb iaiaoubd
parskikko 7 Gkwkj 7
80
m
:
^ 9 :> bp 9 ;1 eX 9 ;1>>> X
o 9 4<> r/ido
` 9 0 mi
81
C 9 8,1 mi
πe 9 1 <>> O/mi:
ύm 9 ;; :>> O/mi:
^.<> ;1>>>.<>
P ;04,: Oi 9 ;0 4:> Omi
:..o :.
:. .4<>
;04:>.: >,;8 mi
j 9
8,1 x 1<>>.0
j 9 ;,8 ii
Bksdc parbdtuohko `dparfcab cajkr pkske (j) 9 ;,8 ii. Bkrhk dod skohkt eamdc. Gdek `dcdbkt
pk`k tkjac pkske, ikek bkrhk j tareamdc ykoh `draefiao`ksdeko k`kckb : ii uotue
`dkiatar pfrfs < ii. Fcab ekraok dtu, uotue `dkiatar pfrfs 9 0> ii, td`ke iuohedo
iaohhuokeko cajkr pkske j 9 ;,8 ii.
` 0 ;mi ;> ii , sabdohhk cajkr pkske ykoh
Ikek `dhuokeko bujuohko 7 j
0 0
`dkijdc k`kckb 7 ;> ii.
s
;<
2.C.j 2.8,1.;
` : .(0): ;,:
;,:
m
]ykrkt eakikoko : , ikek `askdo pkske kiko
]fkc Cktdbko
;. ]ajukb pfrfs `aohko `dkiatar => ii iaoaruseko `kyk pk`k tahkohko hasar
ikesdiui 2> I^k. ]ajukb puccay `dpkskoh pk`k pfrfs tarsajut `aohko jkotuko pkske.
Bdtuoh `diaosd pkske gdek tahkohko pk`k pkske td`ke jfcab iacajdbd 1> I^k `ko pkogkoh
pkskoh `d`askdo 0 x cajkr pkske (C 9 0j).
0j).
*******
8<
JKJ 2
EF^CDOH PAPK^ (MFQ^CDOH)
Efpcdoh iarupkeko efipfoao iasdo ykoh `dhuokeko uotue iaoaruseko `ko iaiutuseko
putkrko `krd doput ea futput.
Efpcdoh tatkp iaijukt ea`uk pfrfs sackcu tarbujuoh sktu `aohko ykoh ckdo. Efpcdoh tatkp
tar`drd jarjkhkd gaods ykdtu 7
efpcdoh ekeu / efpcdoh jus
jus,,
efpcdoh lcaos,
efpcdoh ekrat,
efpcdoh hdhd
efpcdoh rkotkd.
Jajarkpk bkc ykoh iaoyajkjeko
iaoyajkjeko efpcdoh tatkp jkoy
jkoyke
ke `dhuokeko uotue i
iaoaruseko
aoaruseko putkrko
kotkrk ckdo 7
^aikskohko iu`kb `ko mapkt
Zdoheks `ko rdohko
Kiko pk`k putkrko tdohhd, hatkrko
hatkrko `ko tuijueko eamdc
]a`dedt tke k`k jjkhdko
khdko ykoh iaogfrfe
@kpkt iaomahkb paijajkoko caj cajdb
db
Harkeko kesdkc saeamdc iuohedo kedjkt paiukdko pk`k efpcdoh kedjkt pkoks
^aijkbksko efpcdoh tatkp `dlfeuseko pk`k efpcdoh lcaos
88
Eatarkohko 7
` 7 `dkiatar pfrfs
`; 7 `dkiatar jkut ofidokc (`dkiatar ikyfr)
tl 7 tajkc lcaos
@ 7 `dkiatar buj
@ 7 `dkiatar cdohekrko
cd ohekrko jkut (gkrke kotkrk sui
suiju
ju jkut)
;
l 7 tahkohko hasar jkbko lcaos ykoh `ddgdoeko
ύm 7 tahkohko mrusbdoh `krd jkut `ko pkske
7 tahkohko hasar dgdo jkbko pfrfs, jkut, pks
pkske
ke
k. @askdo buj
`
@ ` ,
0 0
P gdek e ikek7
;< ` @
P @= (; e 0 ) (;)
;<
Mktktko 7
`dkiatar cukr `krd bujuohko jdkskoyk : x `dkiatar pfrfs
j. @askdo lcaos 7
@
P.@
@..t l . l . (:)
:
Mktktko 7
tl 7 tajkc llcaos
caos jdkskoyk ¹ ` (sataohkb `dkiatar pfrfs)
@ L B `
K C M J E o
Ikx Ido Ekskr Bkcus Ekskr Bkcus Ekskr Bkcus
=;1 :2> 4> 8; ;;: ;<> :<1 :<.1 =1.1 1> <= 2 < :0 :1
(=11) (=;1) ;>> 2> ;:1 ;2> :<.1 =1.1 1> <= 2 < :0 :1
Eatarkohko 7
]ktuko 7 ii
Gdek td`ke `dsajuteko samkrk ebusus, kohek-kohek `kcki tkjca jarckeu uiu jkde uotue
bkcus ikupuo ekskr.
^aikekdko koheko-kohek `kcki euruoh sagkub iuohedo `dbdo`krd.
@. Guickb jkut vs `dkiatar pfrfs, `askdo efpcdoh lcaos
@dkiatar pfrfs (ii) =1 ” 11 1< ” ;1> ;1; ” :=> :=; - =4> ? =4>
Guickb jkut 0 < 2 ;> ;:
Mfotfb ]fkc
;. @askdo efpcdoh lcaos ykoh tarjukt `krd mkst drfo uotue iaoykijuoh : pfrfs `aohko `dkiatar
2 mi, putkrko pfrfs :1> r/ido `ko iaoaruseko tfrsd 0=>> O.i. Pahkohko ykoh targk`d
`djktksd sajkhkd jardeut 7
9 1>>> O/mi: :
ύm 9 ;1>>> O/mi
l 9 2>> O/mi:
2;
Gkwkj 7
(d) @dkiatar buj (@) 9 : . ` 9 : . 2 9 ;
;<
< mi
^aiardeskko 7
@`
P
l
;< @
0 0
0=>>>> ;< 2
;<
l ;<
:
l 9 18> O/mi 3 l 9 2>> O/mi:
Bkrhk tahkohko hasar ykoh targk`d cajdb eamdc `djko`doheko `aohko tahkohko hasar
ykoh `ddgdoeko, ikek parbdtuohko `kpkt `dtardik.
^kogkoh ^kske 7
Jar`kskreko hasarko 7
`
P C.j..
:
2
0=>>>> c.:,:.1>>>.
:
00=>>>>.:
C 4,2 mi
:,:.1>>>.2
C
0=> >>> x :,: ;>,:0 mi
;,0 x ;1 >>> x 2
^aiardeskkoeaeuk
^aiardeskkoeaeuk tko7
:
. @ . l .t l
P :
2:
.;<: l .0
0=>>>>
:
Bkrhk tahkohko hasar ykoh targk`d cajdb eamdc `djko`doheko `aohko tahkohko hasar
ykoh `ddgdoeko, ikek parbdtuohko `kpkt `dtardik.
(dv) @askdo jkut 7
`dkiatar pfrfs 2 mi, guickb jkut 7 < juk
jukbb
gkrke kotkrk suiju jkut 7
@; 9 = . ` 9 = . 2 9 :0 mi
:0
0=>>>> x ` : x 1>>> x < x
;
0 :
`;: 9 ;,1:; mi
`; 9 ;,:= mi
@dkijdc jkut stko`kr` I;0
^aiardeskko eaeuktko
@;
7
P 9 o . `; . tl . ύm . /:
:. Efpcdoh lcaos `dhuokeko uotue iaotrkosidsdeko `kyk =,81 IX pk`k ;1> r/ido.
Pahkohko hasar dgdo pk`k pfrfs `ko jkut 1> O/ii :. Bdtuohckb `dkiatar pfrfs `ko
`dkiatar jkut ykoh `
`dparcueko.
dparcueko.
Gkwkj 7
@deat 7
^ 9 =,81 IX 9 =,81 . ;>< X
o 9 ;1> r/ido
9 1> O/ii:
.<>
(d) P ^.<> =,81.;> :=28=: O.i
<
:. o :. .;1>
:,0.;>1 O.i :,0.;>2 O.ii
=
(dd) P ..`
;<
:,0.;>
2 .1>.`=
;<
20
=. @aohko iaohhuokeko tkjca efpcdoh lcaos, taotueko `diaosd lcaos `ko jkut uotue
iaoaruseko `kyk <1 B^ pk`k putkrko ;2> r/ido. gdek jkbko pfrfs jkgk cdkt `aohko
tahkohko tkrde ikesdiui ύ ikx 9 0>>O/ii: `ko ]L 9 <
ikesdiui
Gkwkj 7
@deat 7 efpcdoh lcaos 7
^ 9 <1 B^ 9 <1 . >,81 9 02,81 EX 9 0281> X
o 9 ;2> r/ido
ύikx 9 0>> O/ii:
]L 9 <
^.<> 0281>.<>
(d) P :12< O.i
:..o :..;2>
:,<.;>< O ii
0>>
(dd) <<,8 <8 O / ii:
<
<8
=4 O / ii:
Jar`kskreko `dkiatar pfrfs ykoh `dkijdc, `kpkt `dbdtuoh 7 pkske `ko jkut sartk `diaosd `krd
efpcdoh lcaos.
*******
22
JKJ 4
EF^CDOH PD@KE PAPK^ (MCQPMB)
Efpcdoh td`ke tatkp (mcutmb) k`kckb suktu efipfoao iasdo ykoh jarluohsd sajkhkd paoarus
`ko paiutus putkrko `krd sktu pfrfs ea pfrfs ykoh ckdo.
c kdo.
Efpcdoh mkekr
Efpcdoh pckt
Efpcdoh earumut
Efpcdoh lrdwdc
lrdwdc (Lraa Xbaac)
EF^CDOH ^CKP
Iarupkeko suktu efpcdoh ykoh iaohhuokeko sktu pckt ktku cajdb ykoh `dpkskoh `d kotkrk
ea`uk pfrfs sartk iaijukt efotke `aohko pfrfs tarsajut sabdohhk `kyk `kpkt `dtaruseko
iackcud hasaeko kotkrk ea`uk sdsd hasae.
Jaotue `krd efpcdoh dod
d od mueup sa`arbkok, `kpkt `dbujuoheko `ko `dcapkseko `kcki eak`kko
`dki `ko jarputkr.
Gdek
P 7 tfrsd ykoh `dtrkosidsdeko
p 7 taekoko kesdkc uotue efotke kotkr pckt
r; 7 gkrd-gkrd jd`koh efotke cukr (aestarokc)
r: 7 gkrd-gkrd jd`koh jkhdko `kcki (dotarokc)
r 7 gkrd-gkrd rktk-rktk jd`koh efotke
± 7 efaldsdao hasae jd`koh hasae
P 9 ± . Lk . r (O.i)
@aohko 7
Lk 7 hkyk kesdkc jd`koh efotke
r 7 gkrd-gkrd rktk-rktk jd`koh hasae
: r r=
; :
r ;: :
= r; r
:
r; r:
r :
Gdek taekoko ikesdiui targk`d `d jkhdko `kcki `krd jd`koh hasae (r :) `ko jarsdlkt
tatkp, ikek jarckeu
jarc keu parskikko 7
pikx . r: 9 M
Gdek taekoko idodiui targk`d `d jkhdko cukr `krd jd`koh hasae (r ;) `ko jarsdlkt tatkp,
ikek jarckeu parski
parskikko
kko 7
pido . r; 9 M
Paekoko rktk-rktk jd`koh hasae 7
pkvarkha 9 Lk
( : :
)
r; r:
r ;: : :
= r
; :
r r; r:
:
Gdek W; 7 guickb pckt paohharke
W: 7 guickb pckt `dhasaeeko
=. Mfotfb ]fkc
;. Efpcdoh hasae `dhuokeko uotue iaoaruseko `kyk ;1 B^, pk`k =>>> r/ido. Gdek `dhuokeko
pckt tuohhkc `aohko `uk sdsd iaogk`d jd`koh efotke alaetdl (jftb sd`as fl tba pckta allamtdva),
allamtdva) ,
:
taekoko kesdkc >,4 eh/mi `aohko taekoko ikesdiui `djkhdko `kcki, taotueko `diaosd
jd`koh hasae ykoh `dparcueko.
`dparcueko. Ksuisdeko `dkiat
`dkiatar
ar cukr jd`koh hasae ;,0 x `dkiatar `kcki
`kcki,, ±
9 >,= `aohko uodlfriwakr.
Gkwkj 7
^ 9 ;1 B^ 9 ;;,:1 eX 9 ;; :1> X
o 9 =>>> r/ido
p 9 >,4 eh/mi: 9 4 O/mi:
± 9 >,=
`; 9 ;,0 `: ↚ r; 9 ;,0 r:
:.o :x x =>>>
P 9 W . ± . Lk
:
4=
:. ]ajukb efpcdoh `aohko pckt jkoyke iaipuoykd = jukb pckt efpcdoh `d pfrfs paohharke
`ko `uk jukb `d pfrfs ykoh `dharkeeko. @dkiatar cukr jd`koh efotke :0> ii `ko jkhdko
`kcki @ 9 ;:> ii. Ksuisdeko 7 Qodlfri wakr `ko efaldsdao harke ± 9 >,=. Bdtuoh taekoko
ikesdiui khkr efpcdoh `kpkt iaoaruseko `kyk :1 eX pk`k putkrko ; 181 r/ido.
Gkwkj 7
W; 9 =
W: 9 :
Wtft 9 W; + W: ” ; 9 = + : ” ; 9 0
`; 9 :0> ii ↚ r; 9 ;:> ii
`: 9 ;:> ii ↚ r: 9 <> ii
± 9 >,=
^ 9 :1 eX 9 :1 >>> X
o 9 ;181 r/ido
:1>>>.<>
(d) P ^.<> ;1;,< Oi ;1; <>> O ii
: o :..;181
r r
(dd) P 9 ± . Wtft . Lk . r , uodlfri wakr r ;
:
:
r; r:
P 9 ± . Wtft . L k .
:
:P :.;1;<>>
Lk ;0>0 O
.o (r; r: ) >,=.0.(;:> <>)
(ddd) Paekoko i
ikesdiui
kesdiui ykoh `djutubeko 7
Paekoko ikesdiui `d pckt jkhdko `kcki efotko
^ikx. r: 9 M
;0>0 9 :: .. .. p
;0>0 9 <> (;:> ” <>)
p .. =<>>
;0>0
p
: .=<>>
40
9 >,><: O/ii:
41
J. EF^CDOH EAZQMQP
Efpcdoh earumut (mfoa mcutmb) iarupkeko efipfoao iasdo ykoh `dhuokeko uotue iaoaruseko
putkrko `krd sktu pfrfs ea pfrfs ykoh ckdo `aohko jkhdko paohharke jarupk earumut tarjuek
`ko jkhdko ykoh `dharkeeko jarupk earumut tartutup.
Jkhdko paohharke (`rdvar) jarputkr sasukd `aohko putkrko `krd iasdo (aohdoa).
Jkhdko `rdvao iksdb `kcki eak`kko `dki. Gdek jkhdko `rdvao keko `dputkr, ikek jkhdko
`rdvao `d`frfoh `aohko hkyk (L k) ea krkb edrd ea jkhdko `rdvar.
Gdek hkyk kesdkc ykoh `djardeko ea jkhdko `rdvao ikedo jaskr, ikek jkhdko `rdvao keko
iksue ea `kcki earumut tarjuek sabdohhk deut jarputkr `aohko jartaiuoyk jd`koh hasae
ea`uk jkhdko efpcdoh earumut tarsajut.
Ikedo jaskr hasaeko ykoh targk`d, ikek putkrko pk`k jkhdko `rdvao guhk ikedo
ikedo jaskr
ktku skik `aohko putkrko `rdvar.
Qotue iaiutuseko jkhdko `rdvar, hkyk Lk `dcapkseko sabdohhk jaeargk hkyk pahks ykoh
keko iao`frfoh jkhdko `rdvao eaijkcd ea pfsdsd `dki.
r; r:
r 9 gkrd-gkrd rktk-rktk 9
:
λ 7 su`ut hasae
j 7 cajkr jd`koh hasae
± 7 efaldsdao hasae
po 7 taekoko ofrikc
4<
m. Hkyk
Hkyk kes
kesdkc
dkc (hkyk pa
pahks)
hks) 7
Lk Lo sdo
Lk
Lo
sdo
`. Hkyk tkohaosdkc 7
Lt 9 ± . Lo
:. Mfotfb ]fkc
;. ]ajukb aohdoa iaipuoykd `kyk 7 <> B^ pk`k putkrko ; >>> r/ido `dbujuoheko `aohko
efpcdoh earumut `krd sajukb rf`k `kyk. ]u`ut jd`koh hasae ;:,1˗ `ko `dkiatar rktk -rktk
1> mi, efaldsdao jd`koh hasae >,:, taekoko ofrikc pk`k efpcdoh td`ke jfcab iacajdbd ;
eh/mi:. Bdtuohckb 7
Cajkr jd`koh hasae ykoh `ddgdoeko
Hkyk kesdkc `krd pahks ykoh `dparcueko
Gkwkj 7
^ 9 <> bp 9 01 eX 9 01 >>> X
o 9 ;>>> r/ido
λ 9 ;:,1˗
` 9 1> mi ↚ r 9 :1 mi
± 9 >,: : :
po 9 ; eh/mi 9 ;> O/mi
^.<> <>.01>>>
(d) P 0=> O.i 0= >>> O mi
:..o :..;>>>
P . po. : r: j
j P 0=>>>
: >,:.;>. :. .(:1):
. po . : . r
j 1,08 mi 11 ii
Lk 9 ;2<> O
42
:. ]ajukb efpcdoh
efpcdoh earumut `d`askdo uotue i iaoaruseko
aoaruseko `ky
`kykk 8,1 eX
eX pk`k putkrko 4 4>>
>> r/ido
su`ut jd`koh hasae 7 ;:˗, taekoko ofrikc
ofrikc `krd pahks 9 (j) 9 ¹ r. Gdek ± 9 >,: Bdtuohckb 7
k) Zk`dus cukr `ko `k
`kcki
cki `krd r rktk-rktk
j) Hkyk kesdkc `dpahks efpcdoh
Gkwkj 7
^ 9 8,1 eX 9 8 1>> X
o 9 4>> r/ido
λ 9 ;:˗
po 9 >,>4 O/mi:
± 9 >,:
^.<> 81>>.<>
(d) P
:..o :..4>>
9 84 1<> Oii
P 841<>
r=
. . po >,: .>,>4
r 9 ;;:,0 ii
M. EF^CDOH MAOPZDLQHKC
Efpcdoh saotrdluhkc iarupkeko gaods efpcdoh hasae, ykoh jareargk `aohko prdosdp hkyk
saotrdluhkc `ko hkyk pahks.
44
Mkrk eargk7
@rdvar sbklt jarputkr sasukd `aohko putkrko iasdo.
iasdo.
Gdek putkrko `dparmapkt, ikek keko targk`d hkyk saotrdluhkc kedjkt ikssk sapktu efpcdoh
tarcaipkr eacukr. Hkyk
Hkyk saotrdluhkc tarsajut keko i
iao`frfoh
ao`frfoh sapktu efpcdoh ea krkb `rui
;>
Hkyk saotrdluhkc ykoh ikedo jaskr `aohko jartkijkboyk putkrko `rdvar sbklt, kedjktoyk
pckt efpcdoh tar`frfoh ikedo eukt, iaoaeko jkhdko `rui efpcdoh. @aohko taekoko ykoh
ikedo jaskr, ikek jkhdko `rdvao sbklt keko deut jarputkr kedjkt hasaeko kotkrk sapktu
`aohko `rui.
Qotue iaohbaotdeko putkrko jkhdko `rui, `dckeueko `aohko mkrk iaouruoeko putkrko
ykoh jarkrtd iaouruoeko jaskroyk
jaskroyk hkyk saotrdluhkc. Kedjktoyk hkyk saotrdluhkc
saotrdluhkc td`ke `kpkt
iaohktksd hkyk pahks, ikek sapktu efpcdoh keko eaijkcd ea pfsdsd kwkc `ko `rui keko
`dki.
;. ]apktu Efpcdoh
Hkyk saotrdluhkc 7
X
Lm w :r
h
;>
=
hasaeko iuckd targk`d jdkskoyk pk`k (>,81x eamapktko su`ut), sabdohhk 7
0
X=
L :r 4 X :
. r
s
;< h
h 0
m. @diaosd pahks
4 X
Ls :r , Ls 7 hkyk pahks 9 hkyk saotrdpatkc
;< h
:. Mfotfb ]fkc
;. ]ajukb efpcdoh saotrdl
saotrdluhkc
uhkc `d`askdo uotue iaoaruse
iaoaruseko
ko `kyk :> bp pk`k putkrko 4>> r/ido.
;>
Guickb sapktu efpcdoh 0 jukb. ^utkrko `rui iuckd targk`d pk`k taekoko ¿ . Gkrd- gkrd
`rui ;1 mi. ]apktu tarjukt `krd Larrf`f `aohko efaldsdao hasae 7 >,:1. Bdtuohckb 7
Jaskr sapktu efpcdoh
@diaosd sapktu efpcdoh, `aohk
`aohkoo ksui sd r 9 ;: mi, 9 <>> `ko po 9 ;> O/mi:.
ksuisd
Gkwkj 7
;>
^ 9 :> bp 9 ;1 eX 9 ;1 >>> X
o 9 4>> r/ido
τ; 9¿
Z 9 ;1 mi
± 9 >,:1
r 9 ;: mi
<>
<> rk` rk`
;2> =
W 90
po 9 ;> O/mi:
h 0 ;< h
(dv) Pfrsd ykoh `kpkt `
`dtrkosidsdeko
dtrkosidsdeko 7
P (Lm Ls ) Z .W
X : 4 X :
r r ZW
m
h ;< h
8 X :
. r .Z.W
;< h
8 X
;< >>> :
x (40,:<) x ;: x >,:1 x ;1.0
;< 4,2;
X 4 X :r
r
:
h ;< h
8 X 8
. r x ::,< x (40,:<): x ;:
:
Lt 9 ;;>:,1 O
;;>:,1 9 ;18,; j
;;>:,1
j 8,>:mi
;18,;
]fkc Cktdbko7
;. ]ajukb rai gaods sdohca `dsm mcutmb `aohko jd`koh hasae hko`k (jftb sd`as fl tba `dsm
allamtdva) `dhuokeko uotue iaoaruseko `kyk ;> eX pk`k putkrko 4>> r/ido. Paekoko
:
kesdkc ykoh `djardeko sajaskr >,>21 O/ii . Gdek `dkiatar jd`koh hasae jkhdko cukr
k`kckb ;,:1 x `dkiatar jd`koh hasae jkhdko `kcki, bdtuoh `diaosd jd`koh hasae `ko hkyk
kesdkc pahks ykoh `dparcueko uotue iaohfparksdeko rai tarsajut. Ksuisdeko
efo`dsd uodlfri wakr `aohko efaldsdao hasae >,=.
(Gkwkjko 7 ;=:,1 ii, ;>< ii, ;1>> O).
:. ]ajukb aohdoa iaohbksdceko `kyk :: eX pk`k putkrko ;>>> r/ido `ko `dtrkosidsdeko
`aohko iaohhuokeko efpcdoh earumut `aohko `dkiatar
`dkiatar rktk -rktk =>> ii. ]u`ut earumut
sajaskr ;:>. Gdek taekoko pk`k jd`koh hasae td`ke jfcab iacajdbd >,>8 O/ii : `ko
efaldsdao hasae >,: bdtuoh
bdtuohckb7
ckb7
k. Cajkr (j) `krd jd`koh hasae efp
efpcdoh.
cdoh.
j. Hkyk kesdkc `krd pahks ykoh `dparcueko.
(Gkwkjko 7 ;>< ii, ;84< O)
*****
;>
JKJ ;>
ZAI (JZKEA)
Zai k`kckb efipfoao iasdo ykoh jarluohsd uotue iaohbaotdeko putkrko pfrfs, iaohktur
putkrko pfrfs `ko iaomahkb putkrko ykoh td`ke `deabao`ked.
Eaokdeko
Aoarhd ykoh bdckoh
subu
K. Zai Jcfe
^rfsa`ur kokcdsds 7
Iaomkrd `dstrdjusd
`d strdjusd taekoko pk`k pariuekk
pariuekko
o has
hasae.
ae.
Iaomkrd bujuohko taekoko ikesdiui `ko taekoko pk`k satdkp tdtde.
Huokeko easadijkohko stktds uotue 7 hkyk hasae, `kyk, rakesd.
Efostruesd `krd rai jcfe samkrk uiui `kpkt `dja`keko `kcki tdhk
td hk efo`dsd jar`kskreko
`askdo tuipuko bko`ac paohharke rai.
rai. Zuius uiui ykoh `dhuokeko `kcki parbdtuohko 7
Hkyk tkohaosdkc 7 Lt 9 ± . Lo
Pfrsd (P) 9 Lt . r 9 ± . Lo .r
;. Zai Jcfe Eksus D
Zai jcfe `aohko tuipuko sahkrds `aohko hkyk tkohaosdkc (L t)
έ IK 9 >
L . C ” Lo . R 9 >
L.C
Lo
R
Jaskroyk tfrsd pk`k rai 7
L.C
P .Lo .r . .r
R
Ofta 7 Jaskr tfrsd rai skik uotue putkrko ]GG ktku JGG
L.C.r
Pfrsd paoharaiko 7 P .L o .r .
(x k)
=. Zai Jcfe Eksus DDD
Kokcdsds uot
uotue
ue rf`
rf`k
k jarputk
jarputkrr JGG 7
έ IK 9 >
L . C ” Lo . x ” Lt . k 9 >
Lo . x + L t . k 9 L . C
Lo . x +L.C
± . Lo . k 9 L . C
Lo
x k
P L .r .L .L.C.r
.r
t o
(x k)
Mktktko 7
Gdek su`ut efotke cajdb `krd <>> ikek efaldsdao hasae ykoh `dhuokeko k`kckb efaldsdao
hasae aeudvkcao.
:β ? <>·, ikek `dpkekd ±— 7 efaldsdao hasae aevdvkcao.
0 sdo
'
:sdo :
Pfrsd paoharai
paoharaiko
ko 7
P 9 ±— . L o . r
0. Mfotfb ]fkc
;. Zai jcfe tuohhkc sapa
sapartd
rtd Hkij
Hkijkr
kr 0. @dki
@dkiatar
atar `rui rai (jrkea `rui)/rf`k 9 :1 mimi.. @ko
su`ut efotke 4>· . gdek hkyk ykoh `dparcueko uotue iaohfparksdeko rai 8>> O `ko
efaldsdao hasae kotkrk `rui `ko sapktu rai 7 >,=1. Mkrd tfrsd ykoh `kpkt `dtrkosidsdeko
fcab rai tarsajut.
:. Zai jcfe hko`k `kpkt `dhuokeko uotue iaoyarkp tfrsd ;0>> O.i. @dkiatar `rui rai
=1> ii `ko su`ut efotke satdkp sapktu ;>>·. Gdek efaldsdao hasae kotkrk `rui `ko cdodoh
>,0. Bdtuoh 7
k) pahks ykoh `dparcue
`dparcueko
ko uotue fparksdfok
fparksdfokcc `rui.
j) cajkr sapktu rai, gdek p 9 >,= O/ii:.
;;
Gkwkj 7
P 9 ;0>> Oi 9 ;0>> . ;>= O ii.
` 9 =1> ii, r 9 ;81
ii
:β 9 ;>>· 9 ;>> . 9 ;,81 rk`
;2>
± 9 >,0
p 9 >,1 O/ii:
Ofta 7
:β ? <>·, ikek `dpkekd ±— 7 efaldsdao hasae aevdvkcao.
(d) Efaldsdao hasae aevdvkcao 7
0 sdo 0.(>,0) sdo 1>
' ;,81 sdo;>> >,01
:sdo :
9 ;;14> O
Lo : ;;14> =2<==
K9
p >,=
:<2 j 9 =2<==
=2<==
cajkr jd`koh hasae 7 j :<2 ;00,: ii
J. Zai ^dtk
Zai pdtk
jarupk (jko`
pdtk ktkujrkea) iarupkeko
tkcd. Jkbko raipdtk
`kskr `krd `aohko jd`koh
kotkrk hasae uotue
ckdo tarjukt prfsas
`krd 7 eucdt, paoharaiko
paoharai
ekdo ko
`ko jkgk.
Z 7 gkrd-gkrd `rui
t 7 tkjac pdtk
Za 7 gkrd-gkrd alaetdl `rui
t
Z Z
a
:
^ 7 hkyk uotue iaoharai
;. Pfrsd ^aoharaiko
Gdek 7
P; 7 tahkohko jkhdko tahkohko `krd pdtk
;;
MMX P: k
P; j
P; k
MX
P: j
:. Mfotfb ]fkc
;. ]ajukb rai pdtk `aohko pkogkoh bko`ac 1> mi, `dkiatar `rui
`ru i 1> mi `ko tfrsd ikesdiui
;> >>> eh.mi. Gdek efaldsdao hasae >,=, bdtuoh tahkohko P ;, P: `ko hkyk uotue
paoharaiko.
;;
Gkwkj 7
(d) Pfrsd paoharaiko 7
PJ 9 (P; ” P:) Z
1>
;>>>> 9 (P; ” P:) x
;>>>> :
P; ” P: 9 0>> eh..............(;)
eh..............(;)
:1
P; ;,:<
cfh >,10<
P: :,=
P;
=,1;< ikek P; 9 =,1;< P: ………….. (:)
P:
:. ]ajukb rai pdtk sapartd pk`k hkijkr. @dkhrki `rui 01 mi., su`ut efotke 7 :8>· tfrsd
paoharaiko ikesdiui ::1> eh.mi., efaldsdao hasae ± 9 >,:1. Bdtuohckb 7 tahkohko tkcd
sdsd eao`fr, tahkoh `ko hkyk uotue fparksdfokc raai.
Gkwkj 7
P;
=,:1= ↚ huokeko kotd cfh >,1;::
P:
M. ZAI PZFIFC
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Zai trfifc (dotarokc axpko`doh jrkea) iarupkeko gaods rai ykoh jkoyke `dhuokeko pk`k
jd`koh ftfiftdl, sapartd sapa`k iftfr `ko ifjdc. ^aohharke rai `kpkt jarupk hkyk pahks
`aohko iaohhuokeko mki ktku iaohhuokeko sdstai bd`rfcde.
22
@detkt Acaiao Iasdo
Eatarkohko 7
Idskc 7 `rui jarputkr jarckwkoko krkb gkrui gki.
Jkhdko edrd sapktu rai (;) `dsajut `aohko cak`doh fr prdikry sbfa.
sbfa . Jkhdko ekoko sapktu rai
(:) `dsajut `aohko trkdcdoh fr samfo`kry sbfa
r 7 gkrd-gkrd `kcki `rui
j 7 cajkr jrkea cdodoh
p; 7 taekoko ikesdiui
po 7 taekoko ofrikc
L; 7 hkyk pk`k mki `aohko krkb sapktu rai ; (cak`doh
(cak`doh)
L: 7 hkyk pk`k mki `aohko krkb sapktu rai : (trkdcdoh
(trkdcdoh)
Pfrsd paoharaiko 7
ΰLJ 9 ΰL . r
9 ± . p; sdo β (j .r . ΰβ) r
9 ± . p; . j . r: (sdo β . ΰβ)
Pfrsd paoharaiko
paoharaiko uotue sktu sapktu rai `dparf
`dparfcab
cab `krd dotahrksd tfrsd pao
paoharaiko
haraiko
acaiao `aohko jktks β ; s`. β:.
:
PJ 9 ± . p; . j . r: sdo ` 9 ± . p; . j . r: mfs
:
;
;
Io
9 p; sdo : (j.r. ) FF;
;
f: f:
;
9 p; .j.r.FF; sdo : ` 9 p; .j.r.FF ; :
(; mfs : ) `
f; f;
4;
;
9 p .j.r.FF sdo : :
; ;
: : ;
;
Io 9 p .j.r.FF
sdo :: ; sdo :;
;
: ;
:
; : ; :
Io 9 p; .j.r.FF; ( : ; ) : (sdo :; sdo : : )
:
;
.j.r r mfs
FF;
mfs :
:
9 .p;
0 ;
FF; FF;
9 .p; .j.r r mfs mfs : r mfs ; mfs :
: :
0 0
IL 9 . ^; j.r
r r (mfs
;
mfs : ) FF ;
0 (mfs :: mfs :;
Gdek bkrhk 7 P J tftkc, Io `ko IL `deatkbud, ikek jaskr hkyk paoharaiko `kpkt `d mkrd (L ;
`ko L:) `kpkt `dbdtuoh.
Gdek IL ? Io ikek rai keko targk`d sacl cfmedoh (tareuomd). ^k`k prfsas paoharaiko bkrus
`dbdo`krd paoharkiko iao`k`ke ykoh iaohkedjkteko I L ? Io. Gdek bkc dod targk`d ikek
rf`k keko jarbaotd jarputkr `ko jarharke tarhacdomdr sabdohhk rf`k sucdt uotue `defotrfc.
4=
=. Mfotfb ]fkc
;. ]ajukb rai trfifc `aohko `ktk-`ktk sapartd pk`k hkijkr. Hkyk L ; jaeargk pk`k puskt
F; (tuipuko). Hkyk L: jaeargk pk`k puskt F : (tuipuko). Cajkr rai =,1 mi. Paekoko
ikesdiui 7 0 eh/mi:, efaldsdao hasae 7 >,0. Bdtuoh jaskroyk tfrsd paoharaiko `ko hkyk
Hkijkr =. ]fkc ;
Gkwkj 7
j 9 =,1 mi
p; 9 0 eh/mi:
±
r 9
9 >,0
;1 mi
C 9 :> mi
(d) F;:1
FF; mfs J >,4><=
:1 ;> ;>,=2mi
(dd) ; :1 :1 x >,0=< rk`
;2>
(ddd) : :1 ;:1 x :,;2 rk`
;2>
;>,=2
9 >,0 . 0 . =,1 U;1 (mfs :1·
:1· - mfs ;:
;:1·)
1·) + (mfs :1>· - mfs 1>·)Y
0
IL 9 20 (;1 x ;,084: ” :,141 x >,4202) 9 ; <1> eh . mi
]fkc Cktdbko7
;. ]ajukb rai jcfe tuohhkc sapartd hkijkr iaipuoykd `dkiatar `rui :1> ii. ]u`ut
efotke kotkrk jd`koh hasae `ko `rui >,=1. Gdek tfrsd ykoh `kpkt `dtrkosidsdeko sajaskr
8> Oi, bdtuoh
bd tuoh hkyk ykoh `dparcueko uotue pa
paoharaiko.
oharaiko.
Gkwkjko 7 8>> O
Hkijkr sfkc ;.
Hkijkr sfkc :.
:. ]ajukb rai jcfe tuohhkc sapartd hkijkr, iaipuoykd `rui `aohko `dkiatar 8:> ii.
Gdek tfrsd paoharaiko ::1 Oi pk`k putkrko 1>> r/ido `ko efaldsdao hasae >,= bdtuoh 7
k. hkyk paoharaiko gdek `rui jarputkr sakrkb gkrui gki.
j. hkyk paoharaiko gdek `rui jarputkr jarckwkoko krkb gkrui gki.
Gkwkjko 7 2>1,0 O `ko 2<; O
=. ]ajukb rai pdtk iaipuoykd `dkiatar `rui 2>> ii. ii. ^dtk iacd
iacdohekr
ohekr pk`k `rui `aohko
>
su`ut :0> . Jkbko pdtk k`kckb ksjastfs lkjrdm `aohko efaldsdao hasae >,=. Gdek hkyk
paoharaiko `djardeko sajaskr <>> O, bdtuohckb pk`k putkrko sakrkb gkrui gki `ko
jarckwkoko krkb gkrui gki `krd `rui 7
k. hkyk ikesdiui `ko idodiui pk`k pdtk (hkyk sdsd eaomkoh `ko sdsd eao`fr).
j. Pfrsd paoharaik
paoharaikoo ykoh `dbksdceko.
Gkwkjko 7
;8< eO, 1> eO, 1>,0 eOi, <,0< eO, ;,2=1 eO, ;,21 eOi
4<
JKJ ;;
JKOPKCKO (JAKZDOH)
Jkotkcko iarupkeko efipfoao iasdo ykoh jarluohsd iaouipu pfrfs ykoh iaipuoykd
jajko tartaotu, sabdohhk harke jarputkr ktku harkeko jfcke jkcde `kpkt jarckohsuoh `aohko
bkcus, kiko `ko efipfoao
efipfoao tarsajut `kpkt tkbko ckik. Jkotkcko bkrus mueup eukt `ko efefb
khkr efipfoao iasdo ckdo
c kdo `kpkt jaeargk `aohko jkde.
Mfotfb Jkotkcko
Jkotkcko Cuomur
Jkotkcko Jfck
48
Efipfoao Jkotkcko
;. Ecksdldeksd Jkotkcko
k. Jar`kskreko harkeko, `deacfi
`deacfipfeeko
pfeeko `kc
`kcki
ki 7
Jkotkcko cuomur
d. jkotkcko rk`dkc
dd. jkotkcko kesdkc
ddd. jkotkcko ebusus
Jkotkcko hacdo`doh
d. Jkotkcko jfck
dd. Jkotkcko pacuru
ddd. Jkotkcko gkrui
dv. Jkotkcko rfc juckt
k. Prust Jakrdoh
42
l. h. b. d. g.
Eatarkohko 7
l. sdohca rfw `aap hrffva
h. ldccdoh oftmb
b. kohuckr mfotkmt
d. `fujca rfw
g. sacl kcdhodoh
44
j. Jkotkcko hacdo`doh
Mfmfe uotue jajko ykoh cajdb eamdc `djko`doheko `aohko jkotkcko cuomur.
^utkrko `djktksd fcab k`koyk hkyk saotrdluhkc
saotrd luhkc acaiao hacdo`doh pk`k jkotkcko.
Efostruesdoyk ruidt `ko prfsas paijuktko sucdt.
Bkrhkoyk cajdb ikbkc `djko`doheko `aohko jkotkcko cuomur.
^rf`uesd/paijuktko `dckeueko `kcki stko`krdsksd.
Hasaeko skohkt eamdc.
^acuiksko skohkt sa`arbkok, idskcoyk `aohko hraksa
Harkeko acaiao hacdo`doh iaoyajkjeko
iaoyajkjeko sukrk jardsde.
=. Jkotkcko Cuomur
=.;. ^arsykr
^arsykrktko
ktko jkbko jkotkcko cuomur
k. Eaeuktko ykoh jkde uotue iaokbko jajko `ko eacackbko.
j. Ikipu iaoyasukdeko `aohko caoturko pfrfs ykoh eamdc.
m.
`. Jarsdlkt
]kohktkotd cks (td`ke
cks
tkbko ekrkt.iaoaipac ea pfrfs kedjkt hasaeko
hasaeko).
).
a. Pkbko kus.
l. @kpkt iaohbdckoheko/i
iaohbdckoheko/iaoyarkp
aoyarkp eftfrko.
h. Bkrhkoyk iurkb.
b. Pd`ke tarckcu ttarpaohkrub
arpaohkrub `aohko eaokdeko taiparktur.
m
a. Bdtuoh rktdf mcakrkoma 7
`
l. Bdtuoh efaldsdao hasaeko () 9 == W . o ` e
2
;> pm
p ofrikc 9 = E
W.o
jajko jarkt 9 ;1 E
p
^aidcdbko C/` 7
;. ikedo eamdc C/`, ikek ikedo rao`kb puck eaikipuko jkotkcko iaokbko jajko.
:. ikedo jaskr, ikedo jaskr puck pkoks ykoh tdijuc.
tdijuc.
=. ikedo jaskr, eajfmfrko pacuiks `d uguoh jkotkcko `kpkt `dpareamdc.
0. ikedo jaskr, iaoyajkje
iaoyajkjekoko ttaekoko
aekoko td`ke iarktk.
1. gdek pacuiks td`ke iarktk,
iarktk, ikek C/` `dpareamdc.
<. ikedo jaskr, taiparktur ikedo tdohhd.
8.
2. C/` bkrus `dtaotueko
C/` tarhkotuoh jar`kskreko
`krd gaods cfeksd ykoh
jkbko jkotkcko, tarsa`dk.
ikedo cuoke ikek C/` ikedo jaskr.
;. @askdo sajukb jkotkcko cuomur ykoh `dhuokeko pk`k pfipk saotrdluhkc `aohko `ktk-
`ktk sajkhkd jardeut 7
Jajko 9 :> >>> O
@dkiatar jkotkcko cuomur ykoh `ddohdoeko 9 ;>> ii
;>
Gkwkj 7
`uotue
9 ;>> ii saotrdluhkc C/` 9 (; ” :) , `dkijdc C/` 9 ;,<
pfipk
C/` 9 ;,<
C 9 ;,< x ` 9 ;,< x ;>> 9 ;<> ii
taekoko dgdo jkotkcko pfipk saotrdluhkc p 9 ;,1 O/ii:, ekraok p 9 ;,:1 O/ii: ikek
jkotkcko kiko.
\dsefsdtks pacuiks 7
>
@krd tkjac pacuiks uotue t> 9 11 `ko ]KA ;> `dparfcab vdsefsdtks pacuiks (W) 9
>,>;8 eh/i-s.
; mp 9 >,>; pfdsa 9 >,>; `yoa-s/mi:
p =p =
Paroyktk E ketukc (;:,:0) tackb `d ktks odckd E idodiui (4,==), ikek jkotkcko kiko.
m
rktdf mcakrkoma 7 9 >,>>;= uotue pfipk saotrdluhkc.
`
Efaldsdao
() 9 ==
hasaeko 7 == ;:,:0
;
>,>>:
W.o`
e
9 9 >,>>1;
;>2 pm ;>2 >,>>;=
;>>
;1. sbakrdohidccs
Zfccdoh ikmbdoa Mrkoe pdo
Ikdo 1<
:; >,>1> ;,0> >.>>; ; ” ;,1
1
1. Jkotkcko Hacdo`doh
^k`k jajarkpk kpcdeksd `dikok rftksd jardeutoyk pk`k jkotkcko cajdb ckijkt `ko eabkcusko
pk`k hasaeko td`ke tarckcu `dparbktdeko, `alfriksd parikoaot cajdb jaskr `kpkt `ddgdoeko.
@aohko ektk ckdo `dikok eabkcusko `dparcueko ktku hasaeko skohkt `dparcueko, `alfriksd
Mf 9 lf . d . W . @º . mfs
Eatarkohko 7
d 7 jkoykeoyk kcur pk`k jkotkcko jfck
W 7 jkoykeoyk jfck pk`k tdkp kcur
@ 7 `dkiatar jfck (ii)
7 su`ut efotke, odckd su`ut kotkrk hkrds kesd pk`k jajko jfck `aohko jd`koh
tahke curus kxds `krd jkotkcko.
lf 7 lketfr jkotkcko (tarhkotuoh pk`k tdpa jkotkcko), odckd lketfr jkotkcko (lf) uotue
jkotkcko ykoh tarjukt
t arjukt `krd jkgk ykoh `dearkseko `kpkt iaohhuokeko 7
lf 9 >,=0 jkotkcko jfck `aohko paohkturko sao`drd.
9 ;,:1 uotue efotke rk`dkc `ko jkotkcko kcur su`ut.
;>:
Mf 9 lf . d . W . C a . @ . mfs
Eatarkohko 7
d 7 jkoykeoyk kcur pk`k jkotkcko jfck
W 7 jkoykeoyk rfccar par kcur
Ca 7 pkogkoh alaetdl efotke kotkrk rfccar `aohko mdomdo (wksbar) `dikok efotke
ykoh tarpao`ae (ii). skik `aohko pkogkoh easacurubko idous rfccar mbkilar
ktku hrdo`doh uo`armut.
@ 7 `dkiatar rfccar (ii). gdek pk`k tkpara` rfccar `dhuokeko `dkiatar utkikoyk.
7 odckd su`ut efotke. ]u`ut kotkrk hkrds kesd pk`k jajko rasuctko rfccar `ko
jd`koh tahke curus
cur us kxds pk`k jkotkcko.
lf 7 :;,< uotue jkotkcko ykoh tarjukt `krd jkgk ykoh `dearkseko.
Mf 9 lf . d . W . C a. @. sdo
Eatarkohko 7
W 7 jkoykeoyk jfck pk`k tdkp kcur
lf 9 42,; jkotkcko tarjukt `krd jkgk ykoh `dearkseko
Eatarkohko 7
Lrf 7 jajko aeudvkcao rk`dkc stktds (O)
Lr 7 jajko rk`dkc (O)
Lk 7 jajko kesdkc (O)
R> 7 lketfr jajko rk`dkc
r k`dkc
T> 7 lketfr jajko kesdkc
Es 7 lketfr sarvdma
Es 9 ; uotue uodlfri ko` stak`y cfk`
9 ;,1 uotue cdhbt sbfme cfk`
9 : uotue if`arkta sbfme cfk`
9 :,1 uotue bakvy sbfme cfk`
;>=
La 9 (Rr . \. Lr + Tk . L k) Es
Eatarkohko 7
\ 7 lketfr rftksd
9 ; uotue saiuk tdpa jktkcko eatdek mdomdo `kcki ykoh jarputkr
9 ; uotue tdpa jkotkcko sacl kcdhodoh eatdek mdomdo `kcki `dki
9 ;,: uotue sai
saiuk
uk jkotkcko eamukcd sacl kcdhodoh eatdek
mdomdo `kcki `dki
Es 7 lketfr sarvdma
M L <
a
C e
;>
Eatarkohko 7
C 7 Qiur pkekd `kcki putkrko
M 7 jajko `dokids dgdo (O)
La 7 jajko `dokids aeudvkcao (O)
e 7 lketfr `dokids jkotkcko
9 = uotue jkotkcko jfck
9 ;>/= uotue jkotkcko rfccar.
o 7 putkrko (r/ido)
;>0
Bujuohko pao`aektko kotkrk uiur pkekd `kcki putkrko `aohko gki eargk jkotkcko (C B)
sajkhkd jardeut 7
Ia`dui sardas
lfr jfras 7
;: ii ;,> >,<1 ;,< >,<=
;1 ” :> ii ;,: ;,4 >,1:
:1 ” 1> ii ;,1 :,= >,0=
11 ” 4> ii ;,< :,1 >,=4
Ckogutko ....
;>2
Eatarkohko 7
;. ;. ]ard Jkotkcko
Jkotkcko ;>> jajko ax
axtrk
trk cdhbt
:. :. ]ard Jkotkcko
Jkotkcko :>> jajko cdhbt
=. =. ]ard jkotkck
]ard jkotkcko
o =>
=>>
> jajko ia`dui
0. 0. ]ard jkotkcko 0>> jajko bakvy
1. ]amkrk uiui
`dekcdeko `uk1,`dhdt
`aohko `kcki`djackekoh Of.(jajkrkpk
sktuko ii. (]ard, iarupkeko
jajkrkpk `dkiatarcdbkt
paohamuckcdko, cujkoh (jfra)
tkjac <). gdek
Idskc Of. =>1 jarkrtd 7 jkotkcko jajko ia`dui `aohko cujkoh >1 x 1 9 :1 ii.
<. Jajko ia`dui ekpksdtks => ” 0> % `krd jajko cdhbt.
8. Jajko bakvy ekpksdtks :> ” => % `krd jajko ia`dui.
<. ^acuiksko
^acuiksko `dhuokeko pk`k jakrdoh uotue iaohurkohd hasaeko kotkrk pariuekko `ko
uotue iaihacukreko pkoks kedjkt hasaeko. Guhk iaomahkb jakrdoh iackwko efrfsd. ]aiuk
gaods pacuiksko `kpkt
`kpkt `decksdldeksdeko i
iaogk`d
aogk`d tdhk ykdtu 7
cdqud`
said cdqud`
sfcd`
^acuiksko
k`kckb ykohcdqud` jdkskoyk
pkcdoh uiui `dhuokeko
`dhuokeko pk`k jakrdoh
ekraok iurkbykdtu
`ko fcd idoarkc
stkjdc. `ko sdotatde.
Haiue Fcd idoarkc
k`kckb said cdqud`
cujrdmkot iaipuoykd vdsdefsdtks ykoh cajdb tdohhd `djko`doheko `aohko fcd jdksk. Haiue
`dpkekd eatdek eamapktko putkr ykoh ckijkt `ko taekoko ykoh jaskr.
;>4
Mfotfb ]fkc
;. Zaomkokeko jkotkcko gaods sdohca rfw `aap hrffva jkcc
jkcc jakrdoh `aohko jajko rk`dkc 0 >>>
O `ko jajko kesdkc 1 >>> O. jkotkcko tarsajut jaeargk pk`k putkrko ; <>> r/ido `aohko
uiur pkekd rktk-rktk 1 tkbuo
t kbuo sackik ;> gki eargk par bkrd. Ksuisdeko jajko uodlfri `ko
stak`y.
Gkwkj 7
@deatkbud 7
Lr 7 0 >>> (O)
Lk 7 1 >>> (O)
o 7 ; <>> r/ido
Qiur pkekd 7
CB 9 1 x =>> x ;> 9 ;1 >>> gki eargk
C 9 <> x o x CB (`kcki putkrko)
9 <> x ; <>> x ;1 >>> 9 ;00> x ;> < putkrko
La 9 (Rr . \. Lr + Tk . L k) Es
Iaoaotueko jaskr Rr `ko Tk
@krd sfkc ykoh k`k, jaskr M f (jajko stktds jkotkcko) jacui k`k, sabdohhk bkrus
`dksuisdeko `kbucu.
@krd tkjac 0., `dksuisdeko tarcajdb `kbucu odckd Lk >.1>
M>
Lk 1>>> 9 ;.:1 ? a (cajdb jaskr `krd >.00)
Lr 0>>>
La 9 (Rr . \. Lr + Tk . L k) Es
9 (>.1< x ; x 0>>> + ; x 1>>>) x ; 9 8 :0> O
M 9 4> >>> O
;;:
M 9 ;;:
@dkiatar >>> 9O41 ii
cujkoh
:. ]ajukb jkotkcko tdpa sdohca rfw kohuckr mfotkmt jkcc jakrdoh Of. =;> `dhuokeko pk`k
efiprasfr kesdkc. Jkotkcko iaoardik jajko rk`dkc : 1>> O `ko jajko kesdkc ; 1>> O.
Gdek `dksuisdeko jajko cdhbt sbfme cfk`, bdtuoh uiur pkekd jkotkcko tarsajut.
Gkwkj 7
Jkotkcko Of. =;>, ikek 7
M> 9 0> 1>> O
M 9 1= >>> O
@dkiatar cujkoh 9 1> ii
Lk ;1>> 9 >.< a
Lr :1>>
e
C
M
x ;>
<
La
1=>>> = <
C x ;> 9 : 2:= x ;> putkrko
<
=81>
;;=
]fkc Cktdbko 7
;. ^dcdb Of.jkotkcko ykoh `dparcueko gdek tdpa jkotkcko sacl kcdhodoh jkcc jakrdoh `aohko
jajko rk`dkc 8 >>> O `ko jajko kesdkc : ;>> O `aohko putkrko pfrfs =>> r/ido. Qiur
<
pkekd jkotkcko `dksuisdeko ;<> x ;> putkrko `aohko jajko uodlfri `ko stak`y.
;;0
JKJ ;:
@K]KZ ]D]PAI PZKO]ID]D ZF@K HDHD
^ao`kbucuko
]dstai trkosidsd rf`k hdhd jkoyke `dhuokeko pk`k jarjkhkd iasdo. ]ajkhkd mfotfb `d jd`koh
ftfiftdl, sdstai trkosidsd ykoh `dhuokeko k`kckb trkosidsd rf`k hdhd.
Zf`k hdhd iarupkeko acaiao iasdo ykoh `dhuokeko uotue iaido`kbeko `kyk `ko putkrko
`krd sktu pfrfs ea pfrfs ckdo tkopk targk`d scdp.
@krd urkdko `d ktks samkrk hkrds jaskr `kskr sdstai trkosidsd rf`k hdhd k`kckb `uk jukb sdcdo`ar
ykoh iaohhacdo`doh (jarputkr) tkopk scdp, eamapktko cdodar skik ( v ; 9 v:), eamapktko su`ut
td`ke skik ( ; :).
;;1
a) @kpkt `dhuokeko uotue gkrke suiju pfrfs ykoh `aekt. Gkrke kotkr pfrfs `kcki sdstai
trkosidsd rf`k hdhd `kpkt `d`askdo sasukd eajutubko `ko spkma ykoh tarsa`dk. Hakr jfx
ykoh `dbksdceko `krd `askdo sdstai trkosidsd rf`k hdhd `kpkt jarueurko eamdc skipkd
jaskr.
l) Iaidcded aldsdaosd ykoh tdohhd.
tdohhd. Alasdaosd ykoh tdohhd `krd
`krd sdstai trkosidsd rf`k hdhd ekraok
td`ke targk`d scdp kedjkt efotke hdhd. ^utkrko `ko tfrsd ykoh `dtaruseko ski
skikk sasukd `aohko
parjko`dohko trkosidsd ykoh `ddohdoeko.
h) Iaidcded `kyk tkbko `ko eargk ykoh jkde. Prkosidsd rf`k hdhd jdkskoyk `d`askdo uotue
jarjkhkd efo`dsd fparksd `aohko iaipartdijkoheko jajko stktds hdhd, jajko `dokids,
jajko eakusko `ko tahkohko caotur ykoh targk`d kedjkt eargk ykoh `dckykod. Bkc dod
iaohbksdceko sdstai trkosidsd rf`k hdhd iaipuoykd `kyk tkbko ykoh tdohhd tarbk`kp
lcuetuksd jajko ykoh `dtardikoyk.
b) Iaidcded jaotue ykoh rdoheks. Eauohhucko trkosidsd rf`k hdhd skckb sktuoyk ekraok
jaotueoyk ykoh skohkt rdoheks `ko rkipdoh. Bkc dod `kpkt `dparfcab ekraok jaotue rf`k
hdhd skohkt sa`arbkok, eamdc `ko rkipdoh
r kipdoh sabdohhk `kpkt `deai
`deaiks
ks `kcki hakr jfx ykoh
rdoheks.
d) @kpkt `dhuokeko uotue iaoaruseko putkrko `krd pfrfs sagkgkr, jarsdckohko `ko pfrfs
`aohko su`ut tartaotu. ]dstai trkosidsd rf`k hdhd `kpkt iaohbksdceko putkrko futput
`aohko jarjkhkd pfsdsd, jkde sagkgkr, jarsdckohko ikupuo iaijaotue su`ut tartaotu.
^fsdsd futput ykoh jarvkrdksd skohkt iaohuotuoheko uotue iao`askdo iasdo sasukd
`aohko eajutubko.
Ecksdldeksd Zf`k Hdhd
Gaods rf`k hdhd `kpkt `decksdldeksdeko iaogk`d jajarkpk eacfipfe sajkhkd jardeut7
k. Jar`kskreko jaotue hdhd `ko sdstai eargkoyk k`kckb sajkhkd jardeut 7
Zf`k hdhd curus (spur hakr).
hakr). Zf`k hdhd curus targk`d ekraok jaotue hdhd `krd rf`k hdhd
tarsajut jarjaotue curus. Hdhd-hdhd
Hdhd -hdhd `d`askdo sa`aidedko rupk sabdohhk iaoyarupkd jaki
(jktkoh) curus. Zf`k hdhd curus `kcki fparksdfokcoyk iaohhuokeko pfrfs ykoh sagkgkr.
Zf`k hdhd idrdoh (bacdmkc
(bacdmkc hakr). Zf`k hdhd idrdoh iaipuoykd jaotue hdhd idrdoh `aohk
su`ut eaidrdohko tartaotu. Eauotuohkooyk k`kckb efotke hdhd targk`d sapkogkoh
eaidrdohko hdhd, sabdohhk ikipu iaohbksdceko putkrko koh tdohhd.
Zf`k hdhd earumut (javac hakr). Zf`k hdhd earumut `dbksdceko `krd hkjuohko hdhd-hdhd ykoh
iaohdeutd jaotue earumut `aohko su`ut tartaotu. Zf`k hdhd earumut ikipu iackykod
eargk iasdo `aohko pfrfs ykoh iaijaotue su`ut tartaotu, sajkhkd mfotfb pfrfs doput
`aohko pfsdsd bfrdsfotkc `ko futput `ddohdoeko `kcki pfsdsd vartdekc.
Zf`k hdhd mkmdoh (wfri hakr). Zf`k hdhd mkmdoh iarupkeko rf`k hdhd hkjuohko kotkrk
rf`k hdhd jdksk `aohko jktkoh hdhd ktku jktkoh jarucdr. Eauohhucko rf`k hdhd dod tarcatke
pk`k parjko`dohko trkosidsd ykoh `kpkt `d`askdo
`d`askdo skohkt tdohhd skik ; 7 ;>>. Zf`k hdhd
hd hd
mkmdoh iaipuoykd pfrfs ykoh skcdoh jarsdckohko.
jarsdckohko.
Zf`k hdhd pckodtar (pckoatkry hakr).
hakr). Zf`k hdhd pckodtar iarupkeko rf`k hdhd ykoh tar`drd
`krd jajarkpk rf`k hdhd ykoh `drkohekd iaogk`d sktu easktuko. Zf`k hdhd tarsajut iacdputd
rf`k hdhd ikbktkbkrd sajkhkd puskt, rf`k hdhd pckoat, rf`k hdhd hackoh `ko caohko
paijkwk pckoat. Eauohhucko rf`k hdhd pckoatar tarcatke pk`k jajarkpk futput ykoh
`kpkt `dbksdceko `aohko bkoyk sktu doput.
;;<
Ea`uk pfrfs ykoh pkrkcac `ko mf-pckoar `dbujuoheko fcab rf`k hdhd, sapartd `dtuogueeko
pk`k Hkijkr :.:. Zf`k-rf`k hdhd tarsajut `dsajut sajkhkd spur hakrs ktku rf`k hdhd curus,
`ko paoaipktkooyk `dsajut spur hakrdoh. Zf`k-rf`k hdhd dod iaidcded hdhd ykoh pkrkcac
tarbk`kp suijuoyk. Zf`k hdhd ckdo ykoh tariksue `kcki spur hakrdoh k`kckb bacdmkc hakrdoh,
`aohko hdhdoyk idrdoh tarbk`kp suiju rf`k hdhd. Zf`k hdhd sdohca `ko `fujca bacdmkc
`dbujuoheko `aohko pfrfs ykoh skcdoh pkrkcac, sapartd `dtuogueeko pk`k Hkijkr :.k. `ko j.
Luohsd utkik `krd rf`k hdhd `fujca bacdmkc k`kckb uotue iaoyadijkoheko hkyk kesdkc ykoh
targk`d pk`k rf`k hdhd sdohca bacdmkc, eatdek iaoaruseko jajko. Zf`k hdhd `fujca bacdmkc `kpkt
guhk `dsajut sajkhkd rf`k hdhd barrdohjfoa
barrdohjfoa..
(k) (j)
(m) (`)
@uk jukb pfrfs ykoh iaijaotue su`ut tartaotu, `dbujuoheko fcab rf`k hdhd sapartd
`dtuogueeko pk`k Hkijkr :.m. Zf`k hdhd dod `dsajut rf`k hdhd earumut ktku javac hakrs `ko
paoaipktkooyk ykoh `dsajut javac hakrdoh. Zf`k hdhd earumut, sapartd guhk rf`k hdhd curus, `kpkt
iaidcded hdhd ykoh idrdoh tarbk`kp pariuekko earumut, ykoh `dsajut sajkhkd bacdmkc javac hakrs.
hakrs.
@uk jukb
`dbujuoheko fcabpfrfs ykoh
rf`k hdhd td`ke`dtuogueeko
sapartd pkrkcac `ko
pk`ktd`ke jarpftfohko,
Hkijkr sartkdodtd`ke
:.`. Zf`k hdhd mf-pckokr
`dsajut sajkhkd,
seaw javac hakrs ktku spdrkc hakrs,
hakrs, `ko paoaipktkooyk ykoh `dsajut sajkhkd seaw javac hakrdoh
ktku spdrkc hakrdoh. Gaods paoaipktko rf`k hdhd dod guhk iaidcded hkrds efotke, ykdtu putkrko pk`k
suiju ykoh iaohbksdceko ea`uk pariuekko pdtm pdtmb
b, ykoh `dsajut sajkhkd byparjfcfd`s
byparjfcfd`s..
Zf`k hdhd `aohko pfrfs skcdoh jarsdckohko `dtuogueeko sapartd pk`k Hkijkr =. Zf`k
hdhd tarsajut `deaokc `aohko rf`k hdhd mkmdoh ktku Xfri Hakr.
;;8
^k`k axtarokc hakrdoh, rf`k hdhd `krd ea`uk pfrfs jarbujuohko samkrk aestarokc sktu skik
ckdo, sapartd Hkijkr 0.k. Zf`k ykoh jaskr `dsajut sajkhkd hakr `ko rf`k ykoh cajdb eamdc
`dsajut pdodfo. ^k`k axtarokc hakrdoh, harkeko `krd ea`uk rf`k hdhd sackcu jarckwkoko. ^k`k
dotarokc hakrdoh, rf`k hdhd `krd ea`uk pfrfs jarbujuohko samkrk dotarokc sktu skik ckdo,
sapartd Hkijkr 0.j. Zf`k ykoh jaskr `dsajut sajkhkd koouckr wbaac `ko rf`k ykoh cajdb eamdc
`dsajut pdodfo.
K`k ekckoyk, rf`k hdhd `krd sajukb pfrfs jarbujuohko samkrk aestarokc `aohko rf`k
hdhd ckdo `kcki suktu hkrds curus, sapartd pk`k Hkijkr 1. Gaods rf`k hdhd dod `dsajut sajkhkd
rkme ko` pdodfo. Zf`k hdhd ykoh `ktkr ktku curus `dsajut rkme `ko rf`k hdhd cdohekr `dsajut
sajkhkd pdodfo. @aohko k`koyk iaekodsia rkme ko` pdodfo,pdodfo, ikek harkeko cdoakr `kpkt
`defovarsd iaogk`d harkeko jarputkr `ko guhk sajkcdeoyk.
;;2
;;4
g) @dkiatrkc pdtmb k`kckb rksdf `krd guickb hdhd `aohko `dkiatar cdohekrko pdtmb
pdtmb,, `kcki
idccdiatar. Jdkskoyk `doftksdeko `aohko t `. ]amkrk iktaiktds `dtucdseko iaogk`d7
iaogk`d7
`
@dkiatrkc pdtmb 9 t W `aohko t m > (:)
`
` > tm
W
e) If`uc hdhd. K`kckb parjko`dohko kotkrk `dkiatar cdohekrko pdtmb `kcki idccdiatar
`aohko guickb
guickb hdhd. Jdkskoyk `doftks
`doftksdeko
deko `aohko i i.. ]amkrk iktai
iktaiktds
ktds `dtucdseko
`
sajkhkd 7 i > (=)
W
Ckw fl
fl H ak
akrdoh
rdoh
;:>
Efotke kotkrk `uk hdhd ykoh jarkskc `krd pdodfo `ko hakr `dtuogueeko pk`k Hkijkr 8.
Ksuisdeko ea`uk hdhd tarsajut jarbujuohko pk`k tdtde [, `ko rrf`k
f`k hdhd jarputkr pk`k krkb
sapartd ykoh `dtuogueeko pk`k hkijkr.
;:;
Hkijkr 8. Ckw fl
fl H ak
akrdoh
rdoh
Ksuisdeko PP sajkhkd
sajkhkd tkohao `ko IO s
sajkhkd
ajkhkd ofrikc tarbk`kp eu
eurvk
rvk pk`k tdtde efotke
[. @krd puskt F; `ko F: , `djukt hkijkr F;I `ko F: O tahke curus tarbk`kp IO. ]a`dedt
efosd`arksd keko iaouogueeko jkbwk tdtde [ jarharke `kcki krkb [M, eatdek `dkohhkp
sajkhkd tdtde pk`k rf`k hdhd ;, `ko `kcki krkb [@, eatdek `dkohhk
`dkohhkpp sajkhkd tdtde pk`k rf`k hdhd
:. Koh
Kohhkp
hkp v; `ko v: sajkhkd eamapktko `krd `krd tdtde [ pk`k rf`k hdhd ; `ko :. Gdek hdhd tatkp
F;I F: O
; F;[ : F:[
F[
; F [:
; F;I : F: O
; F: O (0)
: F;I
Parcdbkt jkbwk rksdf eamapktko su`ut k`kckb jarckwkoko samkrk prfpfrsdfokc `aohko rksdf
gkrke ^ tarbk`kp puskt F ; `ko F:, ktku ofrikc uiui tarbk`kp ea`uk pariuekko pk`k tdtde
efotke [ ykoh jarpftfohko `aohko hkrds `krd puskt pk`k tdtde ^, ykoh iaijkhd gkrke puskt
samkrk jarckwkoko sapartd rksdf eamapktko su`ut. Iasedpuo `aidedko, uotue iaohbksdceko
suktu rksdf eamapktko su`ut ykoh efostko uotue sahkck pfsdsd pk`k rf`k hdhd, ikek ^ bkrus
iarupkeko tdtde ykoh tatkp (tdtde pdtmb
pdtmb)) pk`k ea`uk rf`k hdhd. @aohko ektk ckdo, ofrikc uiui
pk`k tdtde efotke `d kotkrk sapkskoh hdhd, bkrusckb sackcu iackcud tdtde pdtmb
pdtmb.. Bkc dod iarupke
iarupkeko
ko
;::
efo`dsd `kskr ykoh bkrus `dpaoubd eatdek iarkomkoh prfldc hdhd `krd rf`k hdhd, ykoh `deaokc
sajkhkd ckw fl hakrd
hakrdoh
oh.
Jajarkpk bkc ykoh bkrus `dparbktdeko jarekdtko `aohko ckw fl hakrdoh sajkhkd jardeut 7
k) Efo`dsd `d ktks `dpaoubd fcab hdhd `aohko jaotue dovfcuta
dovfcuta,, `aohko cdohekrko kekr hdhd `d
ikok prfldc tarjaotue k`kckb tkohaosdkc tarbk`kp ofrikc uiui.
;:=
j) Gdek jaotue `krd skckb sktu prfldc hdhd `dpdcdb samkrk saijkrkohko `ko hdhd ykoh ckdo
`d`askdo uotue iaiaoubd efo`dsd `d ktks, ikek hdhd ykoh ea`uk keko `defoguhksdeko
partkik ekcd. Hdhd ykoh jarefoguhksd td`ke uotue `dhuokeko samkrk uiui, ekraok
easucdtko `kcki prfsas ikoulketuroyk `ko guhk jdkyk prf`uesdoyk.
m) Gdek @; `ko @: k`kckb `dkiatar cdohekrko pdtmb `krd rf`k hdhd ; `ko :, sartk iaidcded hdhd
saguickb W; `ko W:, ikek rksdf eamapktkooy
eamapktkooyk k k`kckb 7
; F: ^ @: W : (8)
: F;^ @; W;
Hkijkr 4. iarupkeko rf`k hdhd `dlaraosdkc earumut bdpfd` ykoh jkoyke `dhuokeko pk`k
ftfiftdl `aohko paohharke jackekoh. Parcdbkt pk`k Hkijkr 4. rf`k hdhd `dlaraosdkc dod
iaohhuokeko
iaohhuokeko rf`k hdhd ear
earumut
umut `aohko `diaosd ykoh eamdc pk`k jkhdko taohkb.
Hkijkr ;>. iarupkeko rf`k hdhd spdrfd` ykoh `dhuokeko pk`k iasdo harhkgd. @krd hkijkr
tarcdbkt jkbwk efostruesd rf`k hdhd dod hkjuohko kotkrk rf`k hdhd idrdoh `aohko rf`k hdhd
jarjaotue jktkoh.
Hkijkr ;;. iarupkeko mfotfb efostruesd rf`k hdhd pckodtar ykoh `dhuokeko pk`k rftfr jkcdoh-
jkcdoh -
jkcdoh bacdefptar. Zf`k hdhd dod sardoh `dokikeko `aohko mfotrk rftktdoh mfomaotrdm sbklt
krrkohaiaot. Efostruesd rf`k hdhd dod tar`drd `krd rf`k hdhd iktkbkrd sajkhkd puskt parputkrko,
rf`k hdhd pckoat iaohacdcdohd iktkbkrd, `ko rf`k hdhd hackoh sajkhkd taipkt rf`k hdhd pckoat
jarputkr.
Hkijkr ;:. iarupkeko efostruesd rf`k hdhd tdpa \-@rdva Qodt. Efostruesd rf`k hdhd dod tar`drd
`krd rf`k hdhd idrdoh ykoh `dpkskoh `aohko ea`uk suiju pfrfs iaijaotue su`ut tartaotu.
]u`ut ykoh `djaotue kotkrk ea`uk suiju pfrfs td`ke jfcab tarckcu jaskr ekraok keko
iaipaohkrubdd edoargk sd
iaipaohkrub sdstai
stai trkosidsd rf`k hdhd tarsajut.
Hkijkr ;:. Efostruesd Zf`k Hdhd \-@ rdva Qodt
;:1
Hkijkr ;=. iarupkeko iarupkeko efostruesd rf`k hdhd paijkcde. Efostruesd rf`k hdhd dod
tft kc 4> >.
tar`drd `krd hkjuohko rf`k hdhd earumut strko`kr, `aohko su`ut earumut tftkc
Hkijkr ;0. iarupkeko efostruesd rf`k hdhd pckoatar. Zf`k hdhd dod iaidcded sktu rf`k hdhd
iktkbkrd sajkhkd puskt parputkrko, tdhk jukb rf`k hdhd pckoat ykoh tarbujuohko ea caohko
paijkwk pckoat `ko sajukb rf`k hdhd hackoh sajkhkd taipkt jarputkroyk rf`k hdhd pckoat.
Doput pk`k rf`k hdhd iktkbkrd `ko futput pk`k rf`k caohko paijkwk pkcaoat.
Hkijkr ;1. iarupkeko efostruesd rf`k hdhd pckoatar ykoh `dsajut `aohko ]tkr Hakr. Jarja`k
`aohko rf`k hdhd pckotar pk`k Hkijkr ;0., rf`k hdhd pckoatar stkr hakr iaipuoykd doput rf`k
hdhd iktkbkrd `ko futput pk`k rf`k hdhd hackoh. ]a`koheko caohko paijkwk pckoat `kcki
eak`kko tareuomd `ko `dki.
Hkijkr ;1. Efotruesd Zf`k Hdhd ^ckoatar ] tkr Hakr
H akr
;:<
Hkijkr putkrko
iaogk`d ;8. iarupkeko
rao`kb.hakr
^k`kjfx ykoh jarluohsd
ra`umar sajkhkd
dod, `dhuokeko gaodsra`umar ktku
rf`k hdhd paouruo putkrko tdohhd
paouruo
earumut.
Hkijkr ;2. iarupkeko hakr jfx ykoh jarluohsd sajkhkd ra`umar `aohko iaohhuokeko rf`k
hdhd gaods rf`k hdhd mkmdoh.
@KLPKZ ^Q]PKEK