Chapter 1 – Dance Activities
Lesson 1 – Rhythmic Activities
Every individual has rhythm. It
is found in all of nature and is natural
to every individual. Rhythm is most
clearly seen through dance- the art of
movement
What is rhythm? ---- Is the regular
recurrence of accented and
unaccented notes.
Rhythms--------------- Is a term which
denotes an aspect of a quality of
movement that is sometimes thought
of as dance. When an individual
moves in response to a particular
rhythm or music we call the
movements as rhythmic movements
or rhythms. Structured forms which
start creative rhythmic movements are
called rhythms.
Rhythmic activities---- are the physical
manifestations of the mental and
emotional response of the individual
to rhythm. They are activities which a
child responds to physically, socially,
and mentally to regular patterns of
sound.
They are also a source of
enjoyment for people of all ages.
Through these activities, skills and
the sense of rhythm are acquired and
developed, feelings are expressed,
basic principles of time, space and
force can be experienced.
Everyone reacts to music or
rhythm in one form or another. A
head swaying, a foot tapping, fingers
snapping, shoulders and body moving
while a musical piece is played are
physical reactions.
OBJECTIVE OF RHYTHMIC
ACTIVITIES
1. Develop skills necessary for
recreational enjoyment.
2. Maintain good posture and
physical efficiency.
3. Promote emotional freedom.
4. Develop a balanced and well-
coordinated body.
Dance ---------- refers to movement set
to music where there emerges
organization, structure and pattern. It
is a composition that implies
arrangement of parts into a form.
Dancing ------- is a means of
expressing one’s emotions through
movement disciplined by rhythm. It is
an act of moving rhythmically and
expressively to an accompaniment.
The word dancing came from an old
German word “danson” which means
to “stretch”. Essentially, all dancing is
made up of stretching and relaxing.
Values of dancing
1. Physical fitness
2. Cultural
3. Social
4. Recreational
Rhythmic fundamentals
In the field of dance, there are
certain fundamental knowledge and
rhythmic skills considered important
for proficiency and efficiency in bodily
movements.
Elements of Rhythm:
1. Beat—the underlying pulse of a
rhythm.
2. Tempo—rate of speed of a
movement.
3. Intensity—variation of stress of
movement.
4. Pitch—lowness or highness of a
tone.
5. Accent—emphasis on certain beats.
6. Meter—the regular recurrence of
beats which divides a musical design
into measure.
7. Phrase—measures grouped
together.
8. Bar—in music a vertical line across
a staff dividing it into equal measures
of time.
9. Count—a pulse beat, a time limit.
10. Note—a printed symbol of a
musical tone.
11. Measure—a group of pulse beats.
12. Note pattern—refers to a note or Arms: Both arms
set of notes with or without rest used raised in a circle in front of chest with
for a certain dance step. the finger tips
13. Step pattern—refers to the about an inch apart.
movement or movements done for 2nd position
each of the dance steps. Feet: Feet apart
The Basic Natural Movements: sideward of about a pace distance.
1. Locomotor movements Arms: Both raised
Are those that move the body in space sideward with a graceful curve at
in any direction with the feet as the shoulder level.
moving base. 3rd position
Examples: walking, running, Feet: Heel of one foot
jumping, hopping, skipping, leaping, close to in-step of other foot.
galloping and sliding Arms: One arm raised
2. Non-locomotor in front as in 2nd position; other arm
Are those in which various parts of raised
the body move in space with a fixed upward.
base. The base may be standing, 4th position
kneeling, sitting or lying. Feet: One foot in front
Non-locomotor movements: of other foot of a pace distance.
1. Flexion--- Bending or shortening Arms: One arm raised
of a body part occurring at a joint. in front as in 1st position; other arm
2. Extension—Turning, twisting or raised
circling overhead.
3. Pendular---- Swinging/ swaying 5th position
arms forward, backward or sideward. Feet: Heel of front foot close to big
4. Percussive—Striking and hitting: toe of rear foot.
pushing and pulling. Arms: Both arms raised
5. Vibratory----- Shaking and overhead.
beating.
6. Sustained---- A slow, smooth
flowing movement with a balance of
movement throughout the entire
series.
7. Suspended--- A sharp movement
followed by a series of slow or
prolonged movements until a peak is
reached.
FUNDAMENTAL DANCE POSITIONS
There are five fundamental or
basic positions in dance that are
commonly termed as 1st position, 2nd
position, 3rd position, 4th position,
and 5th position of the feet and arms.
1st position
Feet: Heels close
together, toes apart with an angle of
about 45 degrees.
CHAPTER 2 - SPORTS
Lesson 1 – Background of Sports
'Sport' means all forms of physical activity
which, through casual or organised
participation, aim at expressing or
improving physical fitness and mental
wellbeing, forming social relationships or
obtaining results in competition at all
levels.
The documented history of sports goes
back at least 3,000 years. In the
beginning, sports often involved the
preparation for war or training as a
hunter, which explains why so many early
games involved the throwing of spears,
stakes, and rocks, and sparring one-on-
one with opponents.
Although the ancient Games (Panhellenic
Games) were staged in Olympia, Greece,
from 776 BC through 393 AD, it took 1503
years for the Olympics to return. The first
modern Olympics were held in Athens,
Greece, in 1896. The man responsible for
its rebirth was a Frenchman named Baron
Pierre, who presented the idea in 1894.
The ancient Olympic Games were
primarily a part of a religious festival in
honor of Zeus, the father of the Greek gods
and goddesses. The festival and the games
were held in Olympia.
The Greeks that came to the Sanctuary of
Zeus at Olympia shared the same religious
beliefs and spoke the same language. The
athletes were all male citizens of the city-
states from every corner of the Greek
world, coming from as far away as Iberia
(Spain) in the west and the Black Sea
(Turkey) in the east.
The ancient Olympic Games began in the
year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from
the nearby city of Elis, won the stadion
race, a foot race 600 feet long.
Panhellenic Games – composed of four
separate sports festivals held in Ancient
Greece.
Olympic Games – Deity/God
Honored (Zeus) King of the Gods, Son of
Cronus and Rhea, Brother of Hades, and
Poseidon.
Pythian Games – God Honored
(Apollo) God of the Sun and Light, God of
poetry, healing, music, plagues,
knowledge, order, prophecy, agriculture,
and archery.
Nemean Games – Deity Honored
(Zeus, Hercules) God of Strength and
Heroes.
Isthmian Games – Deity Honored
(Poseidon) God of the Sea, Storms, and
Earthquakes
With the first Olympic Games in 776 BC—
which included events such as foot and
chariot races, wrestling, jumping, and
discus and javelin throwing—the Ancient
Greeks introduced formal sports to the
world. The following by no means
exhaustive list takes a look at the
beginnings and evolution of some of
today's most popular sporting pastimes.
Types of Sports
1. Individual and Dual Sports
In individual sports, no partner is
required to compete or play the game,
while dual sports are sports that require
two players on each side. (Ex.) Badminton,
Table Tennis, Lawn Tennis, Sepaktakraw,
Teqball, Teqvoly, Athletics, etc.
2. Team Sports
A team sport is an activity
in. which a group of individuals, on the
same team, work together to. accomplish
an ultimate goal which is usually to win.
This can be done. in a number of ways
such as outscoring the opposing team.
(Ex.) Basketball, Volleyball, Baseball,
Softball, Soccer, etc.
3. Combative Sports
A combat sport, or fighting
sport, is a contact sport that usually
involves one-on one combat. In many
combat sports, a contestant wins by
scoring more points than the opponent,
submitting the opponent with a hold,
disabling the opponent (knockout, KO), or
attacking the opponent in a specific or
designated technique, or skill
demonstration. Combat sports share a
long history with the martial arts. (Ex.) 2.2. Triple Jump
Arnis, Taekwondo, Karate-do, Fencing,
2.3. High Jump
Wushu, etc.
2.4. Pole Vault
Lesson 2 – Athletics
3. Throw Events in Athletics
Athletics is an exclusive collection
of sporting events that involve competitive 3.1. Shot Put
running, jumping, throwing, and walking. 3.2. Discus Throw
The most common types of athletics
competitions are track and field, road 3.3. Javelin Throw
running, cross country running, and race 3.4. Hammer Throw
walking. The simplicity of the
competitions, and the lack of a need for 4. Combined Events in Athletics
expensive equipment, makes athletics on 4.1. Road Running Events
of the most competed sports in the world.
Athletics is mostly individual sport, except 4.2. Cross Country Running
for relay races and competitions that
combine athletes’ performances for a team
score, such as cross-country.
Organized athletics are traced back
to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 Athletics is a wide collection of sporting
BC, and the member clubs of the events that are comprised of different
International Association of Athletics physical activities like walking,
Federations conducts most modern jumping, running, and throwing. There
events. The athletics meeting forms the are various types of events in Athletics-
backbone of the modern Summer Sprints, long jump, triple jump, Relay
Olympics, and other leading international races, and throwing events are the major
meetings include the IAAF World ones. Each athletic event differs from one
Championships and World Indoor another in many ways. Track and field
Championships, and athletes with a events are one of the most common sports
physical disability compete at the Summer played all around the world due to their
Paralympics and IPC Athletics World lack of need for expensive equipment.
Championships. Athletics generally accounts for individual
Organized sports participation player performances or team
may aid in the development of physical performances calculated by adding
skills, such as hand-eye coordination; different individual performances. It is a
functional movement skills and strength; part of the Olympics sports since its
and academic, self-regulatory, and general inception in 1896. International Athletic
life skills. It also may have positive social Events are overseen by the International
benefits, leading to both improved social Association of Athletics Federations.
identity and social adjustment.
Types of Athletics
1. Track Events in Athletics
1.1. Sprint
1.2. Middle Distance
1.3. Long Distance
1.4. Relay Races
1.5. Hurdling
2. Jump Events in Athletics
2.1. Long Jump