1

  


Gas Chromatography (GC)

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%&'(')$*(
    (Gas Chromatography) !"#$%&'(")*#+,&&
-. '"&/."01.(2)3#! 31,4' () # +*1,1"!1,+5'5'.6 37. -879*0:#
! 31,4'!"&&-.;':

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<$2&*0:# # +&=6"01.7>?@(!1,,"A B*4:    *
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Power point
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Cyberclass
 2

/7./&48*9

1. 01.
2. 4'P&7   
3. R--."(2 (S1 3&!"#
4. $2&7 $&
5. ,"A B*4:
 3

  


Gas Chromatography (GC)

    (Gas Chromatography) !"#$%&'(")&&-. '"&/."

01.(2)3#! 31,4' () # +*1,1"!1,+5'5'.6 37. -879*0:#! 31,4'!"
&&-.;':

1. 9


    (Gas Chromatography) !"#$%&'(")&&-. '"
.)&"37(2-,9P:#53 ,66-, :&7# +,0"1";&;':!1, () #+(" $2&+5) :& .)&"37
(2;&-,+5<':)"V$2&" (mobile phase);".7&1. B (stationary phase) <$2&9!"#&&-
. #(2!";':-,+56.8 <$2&9),0B 3&;
Abundance B E
C
A
E A
GC

B
C D
sample Time (minutes)

Gas Chromatogram

2. 0&( *.
  


# +!637;': 3 4'  4'P&7 stationary phase '.7(%
1. Gas-Liquid : stationary phase P&701)(2+5''5'.6&"536P&7!P]7
2. Gas-Solid : stationary phase P&7!P]7 .*4:),0B atmospheric gases (O2, N2, Ar,
CO2, H2S, CO)
3. Gas-Bonded Phase : stationary phase #&("B(2#:7<.=,.6<$%S)P&7!P]7

3. ,>$?35 36 @*
%$
-

3.1 Flow rate P&7 carrier gas (mobile phase)
3.2 &AC0D5 (2# .)&"37-,,0";&
3.3 Polarity P&7&1. B
3.4 4'P&7 detector
 4

4. /45*. 4*
'".2);$2&7    ,&6':)"#3) 37 f '.7(%
4.1 Carrier Gas (mobile phase)
4.2 Sample Injection System
4.3 Chromatographic Column
4.4 Oven
4.5 Detector !1, Recorder

4.1 Carrier Gas

Carrier gas (2*4: mobile phase .% :&7V$2&"; 39l" ;':!3 nitrogen, helium,
argon !1, carbon dioxide 1$&4'P&7-,P8%&"53.64'P&7 detector (2*4:

4.2 Sample Injection System

9#P:#53,66-,*4:V('
- Effects band broadening
&AC0D5 P&7 Injector -,#57)3* oven , C 50 °C
# .)&"37-,+59*0:;&!1,#37S3#53 chamber
 C#(2V('P:#53,66
- Capillary columns ~ 1 µL
- Packed columns 1-20 µL
 5

4.3 Chromatographic Column

!637 2 4'$&
- packed column ,&6;':)" solid material (2 V$2&" P'1,&("' ('" -,*4:
diatomaceous earth) 1$&6':)" stationary phase ) ")P&7 packed column -,&"53, C 1.5-10  
#:S3/5"B17, C 2-4 11 
- capillary column #:S3/5"B17D"*, C 0.2 11  ,&6':)" wall coated
open tubular -,1$&6S.7D"*':)" liquid stationary phase !1, support coated tubular 1$&6S.7
D"*':)" solid stationary phase ,#=D<P&7&1. B#&74'(%'()3 packed column

0&( *. stationary phase

Stationary Phase Common Name Polarity Common Applications
Cycloparaffin Squalane Non-polar Hydrocarbons
Polydimethyl siloxane OV-1, SE-30 Non-polar General purpose non-polar phase; hydrocarbons;
polynuclear aromatics; drugs; steroids; PCBws
Poly(phenylmethyldimethyl) siloxane OV-3, SE-52 Slightly Polar Fatty acid methyl esters; alkaloids; drugs;
(10% phenyl) halogenated compounds
Polyethylene glycol Carbowax Polar Free acids; alcohols; ethers; essential oils; glycols
Poly(phenylmethyldimethyl) siloxane OV-17 Moderately Drugs; steriods; pesticides; glycols
(50% phenyl) Polar
Poly(dicyanoalkyldimethyl) siloxane OV-275 Highly Polar Polyunsaturated fatty acids; rosin acids; free
acids; alcohols
 6

4.4 Oven
-,#3)(2)6A &AC0D5 P&7&1. B <$2&*0:;':7(2 () ! 3"9 )6A &AC0D5
-, :&7 () 1,&("'+87 0.1 &7/1("#  .%73&AC0D5 .%-,P8%&"53.6-A''$&'P&7 .)&"37 '"
!1:)&AC0D5 &1. B-,+5 7.% ;):#57)3-A''$&'P&7 .)&"37PC,(2 .)&"371$2&(2S3 stationary phase
&AC0D5 29-,*0:3 resolution '( ! *3 4:)1*),0B<2 P8% +:#,&6! 31,4'* .)&"37 (
-A''$&'*1:("7. -, .%73&AC0D5 <("73'(") (isothermal) +:#,&6! 31,4'* .)&"37 -( A'
'$&'43)7):7 -,*4: temperature program *!"# $& &AC0D5 P&7&1. B-,3&" f <2 P8%&"37
3&$2&7-,.27!"#]-#%

4.5 Detector %# Recorder

Detector (2*4:*)=( GC P8%&"53.6) -9<,P&7 .)&"37
- non-selective detector *4:;':):7P)7
- selective detector -,*4:.6#,&6 37 f (2AC# 6. 7 (0$&"D<0 ,.6
detector .%f
- specific detector -,0 ,.6#,&6 .)(2#*-3.%
 $2&#+5!"!1,9),0B!1:) 03)", )1S1-,!#'7S1),0B&& *5
gas chromatogram 827-,!#'7 % abundance !1, retention time !1,$2&7# +),0B0) #57
peak !1,<$%(2* : peak <$2&("6("6 C#;':&(':)"
 7

Sensitivity
(g
Detector Signal Signal solute/mL
Type Generator Produced Advantages Disadvantages of carrier
gas)
Thermal Thermal conductivity Change in the electrical • Universal detector • Low sensitivity
-8
Conductivity of analyte gas resistance of wire in analyte • Simplicity • Often can’t use with ~ 10 g
(usually less than stream (measure i & R at • Large linear dynamic capillary columns
that of carrier H2 or constant applied voltage; or range (10-100 ppm)
He change in temperature • Non-destructive
when thermister used) • Sensitive to all
compounds
Flame Ionization of analyte Ion current • Very sensitive • Insensitive to H2O, CO2,
-13
Ionization in H2/air flame • Large linear dynamic SO2, and NOx ~ 10 g
7
range (`10 ) • Destructive
• General purpose
detector
• Responds to reduced
carbon in analytes
Thermionic Ionization of analyte Ion current • Selective towards organic • Selective towards organic Similar to the
in H2/air flame compounds containing P compounds containing P FID, but for N
or N compared to C (~104 or N compared to C (~104 and P
6 6
to 10 X) to 10 X)
Electron Reduction in the Ion current; decreases in • Selective towards organic • Selective towards organic
Capture ionization of a carrier the presence of organic compounds containing compounds containing ~ 10-15
gas (e.g. N2) by a molecules which can electronegative functional electronegative functional
radioactive (ß- capture electrons groups (e.g. halogens, groups (e.g. halogens,
emitter) source, peroxides, quinines, and peroxides, quinines, and
usually 63-Ni nitro groups) nitro groups)
• Non-destructive • Insensitive to amines,
• Very sensitive alcohols, hydrocarbons,
• Small linear dynamic
range (~100)
Mass Ionization of analyte Analyte ions; discrimination • Universal detector • Cost
Spectrometer based on mass to charge • Good for complex organic • Complexity ~ 10-12
ratio of analyte ions mixtures • Ease of use
• Speed
• High sensitivity
 8

5.
,#$
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5.1
1-R&"/*

S!" (Identification)
)=(<#5-B&1.?CB9;':'" 9#  { (Reference compound) .6#(2#7#."  )-).'
':)"$2&7 $&'(").  (" !66'("). #D<!)'1:& 0 $&. +:#(2#7#."*0: peak (2 retention
time '(").6#  { ]!#'7)3#(2#7#."#4''(").6 #  {
5.2
'/#9"9, ! (Quantitative analysis)
'"),0B<$%(2* : peak P&7# .)&"37("6.6#  {
5.3 '/#9"9*.",#
*)-
'"*4:3) .6&$2f 43 *4: Mass spectrometer  detector -,6&;':)3# .)&"37
,&6':)"#*'6:7 (("6("6#  {0$& library search)