F.research Proposal

Republic of the Philippines
Biliran Province State

University
(formerly NAVAL STATE UNIVERSITY)
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
School of Nursing and Health Sciences
Name of Proponents: Haidy P. Perino
Jonah L. Dellera
Kyle D. Geraldo
Angellit C. Mecaydor
Adviser : Ma. Flossie L. Tangpuz, RN
Designation : Faculty member and students
I. Identifying Information
A. Title:
“KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES ON INFECTION
CONTROL AMONG NURSES IN BILIRAN PROVINCIAL
HOSPITAL”
B. Cooperating Agency: Biliran Provincial Hospital
Ground Floor Administration Building, Main Campus, P. Inocentes St., P.I. Garcia, Naval, Biliran Province, Phillipines
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SUC Level III-A (Per DBM-CHED Joint Circular #B dated June 21, 2007
Website: www.bipsu.edu.ph ʯEmail: op@bipsu.edu.ph ʯFacebook: www.facebook.com/WowBiPSU
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II. Introduction/ Rationale
The majority of viruses, bacteria, and parasites that cause illness are
contained in blood, bodily fluids, and bodily secretions, which are components
of bio-medical waste. Healthcare workers, from point of origin to the
employees of a waste management facility or landfill are often exposed to
needlestick injury scenarios that are contaminated with infected blood or
waste stained with infected blood or body fluids. Improperly disposed of
sharps and needles may also introduce pathogens through a cut or a stick
that instigates bacteremia, quickly spreading through the bloodstream and
causing inflammation and infected organs. (Chamberlain, 2019). The
emergence of modern medicinal practices and diagnosis processes has
resulted in health risks and threat to the environment, and thus it is a matter of
global concern. However, the improper waste management rules adopted in
healthcare hospitals around the world cause a potential health impact on the
ecosystem which generates contagious and deadly diseases affected by
human beings. (Christyraj et al ., 2021) Some patients are at greater risk than
others-young children, the elderly, and persons with compromised immune
systems are more likely to get an infection. Other risk factors are long hospital
stays, the use of indwelling catheters, failure of healthcare workers to wash
their hands, and overuse of antibiotics.

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Nosocomial infections cause major health problems including longer
hospital stay and higher mortality among affected patients, especially in
developing countries. The rate of nosocomial infection is about 5% to 10% in
industrialized countries and about 20% to 25% in developing countries.
(Pezhman et al ., 2021). According to WHO, the highest rate of nosocomial
infections is reported from the Eastern Mediterranean and Southeast Asia,
and the lowest rate is reported from the Western Pacific, Ocean, and Europe.
It is also reported that about 7% of hospitalized patients in developed and
10% of them in developing countries acquire NI. As of June 30, 2020, in the
Philippines, on a surgical ward, approximately one-third of admitted patients
do not undergo any surgical operations, and some patients have an infection-
and hospital- provider-related events. Many of these complications are related
to general ward management. There were 182 patients (122 males and 62
females; mean age 34.89 ± 20.56 years) included in this report. Seventeen
patients (9.34%) developed HAI during admission. (Rovillos & Arancel, 2020).
Hospital care workers (HCWs) play a significant role in the epidemiology of
MRSA infections. HCWs act as vectors for transmission of MRSA as they
work at the interface between the hospital and the community. Transmission
of MRSA in the healthcare environment is usually by contact between patients
through the hands, clothes or equipment of HCWs. In the Philippines, most
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studies have focused on the epidemiology of MRSA from patient samples with
rates being reported as 45.8% and 30.1%. (Alcazaren et al ., 2020).
A considerable fraction of those hazardous wastes is generated from
different healthcare facilities mainly from hospitals. Hospitals are established
with the main purpose of protecting the community from any disease.
Generally, the different types of medical wastes generated from hospitals are
broadly grouped in to two categories by World Health Organization (WHO)
healthcare waste is classified as non-risk or general healthcare waste, which
is comparable to domestic waste, and as hazardous waste, which has the
potential to pose a variety of health risks. Healthcare waste generation
depends on numerous factors such as type of healthcare facilities (HCF),
hospital specialization, available waste segregation mechanism, seasonal
variation, the number of hospital beds and outpatients treated on a daily.
(Anicetus et al ., 2022). Hospitals and nursing homes generate an increasing
amount of biomedical waste in an unscientific manner. As such, poor waste
management practices by these institutions cause exposure to health hazards
and actual environmental problems. The issue of biomedical waste
identification, handling, and disposal needs to have a heightened review so
that better management practices and protocols can be established.
(Manzoor, Sharma 2019). Many countries are demonstrating strong
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engagement and progress in scaling-up actions to put in place minimum
requirements and core components of IPC programs.
However, no research has been conducted yet to determine the
knowledge, attitude, and practices on infection control among nurses in Biliran
Provincial Hospital. As a result, the researchers decided to conduct the study.
The study will be conducted using a descriptive-correlation research design
among nurses in Biliran Provincial Hospital. Based from the collection of data
gathered, an action plan will be established to fills the gap between
knowledge and practical skills to improve current practices.
III. OBJECTIVES
In contrast, the study aims to determine the knowledge, attitude, and
practices on infection control among nurses in the Biliran Provincial Hospital.
Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the respondents’ socio-demographic profile as to:
1.1 age;
1.2 sex;
1.3 civil status;
1.4 religion;
1.5 monthly income;
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1.6 highest educational attainment;
1.7 hospital area;
1.8 years of service?
2. What is the respondents’ level of knowledge on infection control?
3. What is the respondents’ attitude on infection control?
4. What are the respondent’s practices on infection control?
5. Is there any significant relationship between the socio-demographic
profile variables and their level of knowledge on infection control?
profile variables and their attitude on infection control?
profile variables and their practices on infection control?
8. Is there any significant relationship between knowledge and attitude
on infection control?
9. Is there any significant relationship between attitude and practices
on infection control?
10. What action plan may be established to enhance the respondent's
knowledge, attitude, and practices on infection control?
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Hypotheses
Ho1: There is no significant relationship between the respondents’
socio-demographic profile and their level of knowledge on
infection control.
Ho2: There is no significant relationship between the socio-
demographic profile variables and their attitude on infection
control.
Ho3: There is no significant relationship between the socio-
demographic profile variables and their practices on infection
control.
Ho4: There is no significant relationship between the respondents’
knowledge and attitude on infection control.
Ho5: There is no significant relationship between the respondent’s
attitude and practices on infection control.
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THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
A. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The study considered the following theoretical and conceptual frameworks as
the main and strong foundations in the due course of the study.
Theoretical framework. The study is anchored on the Environmental theory
which was founded by Florence Nightingale in 1859. Florence Nightingale
rose to fame for her nursing of army patients during the Crimean War. A close
ally of Edwin Chadwick, Nightingale believed that there was a link between
unsanitary conditions and disease. As a result, cleanliness was a priority for
her in her wards during the war. Nightingale believed that a nurse's duty was
to ventilate and warm the ward and to ensure cleanliness, comfort, and
hygiene to prevent illness and disease. Nightingale’s work was based on pre-
germ theory ideas about health and disease, and her concepts of illness
reflected traditional humoral ideas about bodily balance and imbalance.
However, in the 19th century, theories about zymotic, miasmatic, and other
environmentally-based sources of infection were predominant, and
Nightingale took it as self-evident that filth, putrefaction, and decay—and the
miasmic emanations they sent through the air—were the causes of individual
diseases and epidemics. A disease is an effort of nature to restore health.
Nursing is the way to put the structure of the individual in such a state that
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there is no disease or that may allow one recover from the disease, ie, the
individual must be kept in the best possible conditions for nature to preserve
or restore health, prevent or cure the disease or injury. The concept of
environment in this theory is included in both categories of concept since it is
the Environmentalist Theory. Nightingale conceptualized the environment as
the place where the sick individual and/or the family members are, comprising
the health institutions and the domicile, and considering their physical, social,
and psychological components which need to be understood as interrelated.
Besides the one about the environment, some non-common concepts are
presented: aeration, in regards to conserving the environment as pure as the
outside ambient air; heating, to provide a moderate temperature in the sick
room avoiding its cooling; the sanitary conditions of housing, concerning the
hygiene of the housing, emphasizing the use of pure water, efficient sewer
facilities, cleanness, with reference now to the prevention of infections, and
lighting, involving the light and direct sunlight.
This theory is related to the study because, in practice, this theory
helps in understanding the nature of the environment needed in the hospital,
and nurses will understand why a high degree of cleanliness, quietness, good
ventilation, and proper nutrition is important for patients. As she thought that a
healthy environment was crucial for healing, Florence Nightingale's
environmental theory is based on five principles that she considered to be

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necessary to attain a healthy home, such as clean water and air, basic
sanitation, cleanliness, and light. For Nightingale, being well means more than
just being free from illness; it also means being able to employ all of one's
abilities.
B. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Figure 1 presented the conceptual framework of the study focused on
the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on infection control among nurses in
Biliran Provincial Hospital. To obtain the objectives presented by the
researcher the different variables were ordered, highlighted the main concept
and establish from the identified theory. The independent variable of the study
is the respondent’s socio-demographic profile such as age; sex; civil status;
religion; highest educational attainment; hospital area; years of service; while
the dependent variables of the study are the knowledge, attitude and practices
such as facts; awareness; understanding; personal experience and the
infection control such as skills; application; tradition; and improvement.
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Figure 1 presents the conceptual framework of the study.
As presented, the study was anchored to the Environmental theory by
Florence Nightingale. Nightingale argues nursing, as practiced by nurses,
entails putting the patients in the best conditions to enable nature to act upon
them. Nurses will try to influence nature by providing favorable conditions
needed for healing. Cleanliness, light, warmth, fresh air, and quiet are some
of the basics of nursing. The theory held that organizing promotional
campaigns to help people know about causes and preventive measures
against common diseases, especially communicable diseases, is critical.
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Scope and delimitations:
The primary goal of this study is to establish nurses’ knowledge and sanitation
practices in the prevention of infection. This study is solely confined to the
nurses in Biliran Provincial Hospital. The results of the study may not apply to
other setting. This study will cover from February 2023 to July 2023.
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Significance of the Study
The result of this is highly significant to the following:
Respondent- To reduce the number of infectious agents that may be present
and minimize the risk of transfer of microorganism from one person/object to
another, thereby reducing the risk of cross-infection. To improve the ways
sanitation practices while continuously providing quality care.
Patients/Clients- to achieve quality health care delivery. Maintaining
patients’/clients’ well-being.
Healthcare Facility- Protecting the facility from bacteria, virus, and infection
that may be present in a facility that provides medical treatment.
Future Researcher- The performed investigations will further create
opportunities for future researchers to enhance and expand studies in
knowledge and sanitation practices on infection prevention. This might be a
source of knowledge about how to sanitize and prevent the spread of
infections.
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Definition of Terms:
For a further and better understanding of the study, some of the terms
were conceptually and operationally defines as follows:
Bacteremia – is the term that denotes the presence of bacteria in the blood.
In this study bacteremia refers to Bacteria in the blood that is might be
included with different body wastes.
Biomedical Waste – Biomedical waste or hospital waste is any kind of waste
containing infectious (or potentially infectious) materials, that appears to be of
medical or laboratory origin (e.g. packaging, unused bandages, infusion kits
etc.) Biomedical waste – Wikipedia. In this study, biomedical waste refers to
waste that can be a possible source of infection.
Hospital - an institution that is built, staffed, and equipped for the diagnosis of
disease; for the treatment, both medical and surgical, of the sick and the
injured; and for their housing during this process. The modern hospital also
often serves as a center. for investigation and teaching. (W.D Piercy, et al.
2023). In this study, a hospital refers to an institution that provides quality care
and maximizes the well-being of patients.
Infection – is the state produced by the establishment of one or more
pathogenic agents (such as bacteria, protozoans, or viruses) Infection –

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Wikipedia. In this study, Infection refers to the invasion and growth of germs in
the body.
Knowledge. Is a familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or
something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is
acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or
learning. (Wikipedia, 2017). In this study, knowledge refers to the facts or
practical abilities; connection with things or circumstances.
Morbidity – a diseased state, disability, or poor health due to any cause.
Disease – Wikipedia. In this study, morbidity refers to the presence of an
illness, a disease sign, or the prevalence of a disease within a community.
Mortality – Mortality meaning provides the basis for mortality rate and its
estimation. Mortality is the possibility of and susceptibility to death. Mortality -
Explanation, Statistics, and FAQs (vedantu.com). In this study, mortality refers
to describe the death rate or the number of deaths among a certain population
over time.
Nosocomial infection – is contracted because of an infection or toxin that
exists in a certain location, such as a hospital. (healthline.com). In this study,
nosocomial infections refer to an infectious agent that is acquired within the
vicinity of the hospital. (eg. biomedical waste).
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Prevention – The plans for, and the measures taken, to prevent the onset of
a disease or other health problem before the occurrence of the undesirable
health event. (Three Levels of Health Promotion/Disease Prevention |
Disease Prevention and Healthy Lifestyles | | Course Hero). In this study,
prevention refers to the action taken to decrease the chance of getting a
disease or condition.
Sanitation- Sanitation services in healthcare facilities are essential to
delivering high-quality care that improves the health, welfare and dignity of
patients and staff and improves health outcomes. (WASH in health care
facilities: Global baseline report 2019 - UNICEF DATA). In this study,
sanitation refers to the process of keeping the environment clean and healthy.
Waste Segregation – refers to the basic separation of different categories of
waste generated at the source and thereby reducing the risks cost of handling
and disposal. Bio-medical waste and its segregation — Vikaspedia. In this
study, waste segregation refers to separating the different waste streams
based on the hazardous properties of the waste, the type of treatment, and
the disposal practices that are applied.
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Review of Literature
This section will focus on the idea gathered from the literature which
may provide information useful to the present study.
Related Literature
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices
One of the biggest issues that people encounter is the lack of hygiene
and proper sterilization techniques in hospitals. This is a problem that can
lead to serious issues involving contamination and infection. One of the many
issues that individuals encounter is bacteria spread by various machines that
are often used in surgical procedures. For instance, there was a blood-cooling
machine used during heart surgery that was flawed by design. As a result, it
spread a deadly strain of bacteria from factory contamination, but there was
no known way of decontaminating the problem. These contaminated
machines brought about 110 cases and half the infected individuals passed
away as a result. (Lawyers, 2018). According to (StMarkHospital.org.UK
2020) Hospital sanitation is critical in preventing patients from contracting
serious illnesses and diseases, as well as preventing germs and bacteria from
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spreading to visitors and the general public. Although proper hygiene has
been practiced in UK hospitals since the days of Florence Nightingale, the
recent increase in the frequency of Hospital Acquired Infections has prompted
a reassessment of the processes in place, resulting in even more stringent
measures.
Health professionals have a fundamental and crucial role in enhancing
population access to and quality of health care. They provide critical services
such as health promotion, illness prevention, and health care delivery to
people, families, and communities. The degree of knowledge, abilities, and
attitude of health personnel must be determined since they are the people
who provide preventative measures and assure safety in the proximity of
hospitals.
Infection Control
Infection is the process or the state wherein an infectious agent (such
as pathogenic microorganisms, viruses, prions, viroids, nematodes, and
helminths) invade and multiplies in the body tissues of the host. It could result
in the manifestation of symptoms and disease when the immune response of
the host is activated. (Biology Online, 2021). In addition, a nosocomial
infection is an infection you get while you’re in the hospital for another reason.
It's also called a hospital-acquired infection or a health-care associated
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infection.‌ Patients and healthcare professionals bring germs inside hospitals
and pass them to each other. (WebMD, 2021).
Nosocomial infections also referred to as healthcare-associated
infections (HAI), are infection(s) acquired during the process of receiving
health care that was not present during the time of admission. They may
occur in different areas of healthcare delivery, such as in hospitals, long-term
care facilities, and ambulatory settings, and may also appear after discharge.
HAIs also include occupational infections that may affect staff. (Sikora &
Zahra 2022).Nosocomial infection is a significant cause of morbidity, mortality,
and extended length of stay within the ICU. Due to the patient profile, and
frequent use of invasive devices, intensivists encounter over double the
amount of hospital-acquired infection in critical care compared to practitioners
in the rest of the hospital. The most common infection types are ventilator-
associated pneumonia (VAP), central line-associated bloodstream infection
(CLABSI), urinary catheter-related infection, and surgical site
infection. (Edwardson & Cairns, 2019). Nosocomial infections cause major
health problems including longer hospital stay and higher mortality among
affected patients, especially in developing countries. The rate of nosocomial
infection is about 5% to 10% in industrialized countries, and about 20% to
25% in developing countries. (Pezhman et al ., 2021)
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In an article titled “Healthcare-associated infections among patients in
a surgery ward: a cross-sectional study” (Rovillos & Arancel, 2020) they
revealed that as of June 30, 2020 in the Philippines, in a surgical ward,
approximately one-third of admitted patients do not undergo any surgical
operations, and some patients have an infection- and hospital provider-related
events. Many of these complications are related to general ward
management. There were 182 patients (122 males and 62 females; mean age
34.89 ± 20.56 years) included in this report. Seventeen patients (9.34%)
developed HAI during admission.
According to WHO, the highest rate of nosocomial infections is
reported from the Eastern Mediterranean and Southeast Asia, and the lowest
rate is reported from the Western Pacific, Ocean, and Europe. It is also
reported that about 7% of hospitalized patients in developed and 10% of them
in developing countries acquire NIs.
Hospital care workers (HCWs) play a significant role in
the epidemiology of MRSA infections. HCWs act as vectors for the
transmission of MRSA as they work at the interface between hospital and the
community. Transmission of MRSA in the healthcare environment is usually
by contact between patients through the hands, clothes, or equipment of
HCWs. In the Philippines, most studies have focused on the epidemiology of
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MRSA from patient samples with rates being reported as 45.8% and 30.1%.
(Alcazaren et al., 2020).
According to the Department of Health (DOH) strict adherence to
infection control guidelines, policies and procedures was the only recognized
effective method to prevent and control the global spread of this most dreaded
disease. This was done through the initiative of the World Health
Organization (WHO) and the leadership of the Department of Health (DOH) in
collaboration with the Philippine Society of Microbiology and Infectious
Diseases (PSMID), Philippine Hospital Infection Control Society (PHICS) as
well as Philippine Infection Control Nurses Association (PHICNA). Findings
revealed deficiencies in knowledge, practice and policy compliance among
healthcare providers. The new WHO report provides the first-ever global
situation analysis of how IPC programs are being implemented in countries
around the world, including regional and country focuses. While highlighting
the harm to patients and healthcare workers caused by HAIs and
antimicrobial resistance, the report also addresses the impact and cost-
effectiveness of infection prevention and control programs and the strategies
and resources available to countries to improve them. (WHO, 2022).WHO and
DOH realized the need to strengthen Infection Control programs nationwide to
enhance the preparedness of healthcare workers in order to respond to
threats of outbreaks of highly transmissible infectious diseases and more

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importantly, prevent and reduce the occurrence of healthcare- associated
infections among patients.
V. Methodology
This chapter presents the methodology of the study which includes the
research design, the research locale, the research respondents, and the
research instruments. This chapter also includes the validation of instrument,
data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of data, and ethical
consideration of the study.
A. Research Design
To fulfill the study's objectives, the descriptive correlational approach
will be used to gather information and data. The design will be appropriate
since it will concentrate on the current situation to discover a piece of new
knowledge.
The goal of the design is to present static images of events while also
establishing the connection between knowledge, attitude, and practices for
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infection control. The research focuses on particular factors directly connected
to nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and practices to control infection. The goal of
this study is to know if the knowledge, attitude, and practices of infection
control among nurses is properly executed and to determine if there is an
impact to the safety and well-being of the patients. This was analyzed by
looking at the mean score for each question answered.
B. Research Locale
The study will be conducted at Biliran Provincial Hospital which is
located on Castin Street, Naval, Biliran. The Biliran Provincial Hospital is a
2nd Level and currently 75 bed capacity hospital which serves the whole
island of Biliran as well as the neighboring towns. The hospital ensures
patient safety and excellent quality of treatment by offering a variety of health
services such as emergency care, dental services, animal bite vaccine,
surgery, maternity child health care, and long hospital stays.
C. Research Respondents and Sampling Method
This study will include nurses as respondents from the Biliran
Provincial Hospital. The study utilized purposive sampling. Purposive
sampling refers to a group of non-probability sampling techniques in which

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units are selected because they have characteristics that are needed to
sample. In other words, units are selected “on purpose” in purposive sampling
(Nikolopoulou, 2022). The researchers chose the nurses that is at high risk for
infections. The following are the inclusion and exclusion standards used to
choose the respondents:
1. He/she is a natural-born Filipino;
2. He/she is a registered nurse working in Biliran Provincial Hospital
3. He/she can read and write;
4. He/she can understand simple English
Exclusion Criteria:
1. He/she withdraws to participate in the study.
D. Research Instrument
The researchers used standardized questionnaires and were divided
into four parts. The first part contains questions about the respondents'
sociodemographic profile that includes age, sex, civil status, religion,
educational attainment, hospital area; and years of service, a total of 7 items.
The second part is Knowledge on infection control among respondents
that will be answered by yes or no (3) items and (8) items that will be
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answered by true or false, a total of (11) items, by (Al-Ahmari et. Al 2021)
Knowledge, attitude and practice about infection control among primary care
professionals in Abha City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It measures the
knowledge, attitude and practice since health professionals have suboptimal
knowledge and practice levels regarding standard precautions of infection
control.
The third part presents the questions that measure the attitude towards
infection control. The third part is the nurses’ attitude on infection control. The
questions were answered by strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and
strongly disagree. A total of (5) items.
The fourth part presents the questions that measures the practices on
infection control. The fourth part is the nurses’ practices on infection control.
The questions were answered by always, often, sometimes, rarely, and never.
A total of (5) items. It has 5-point Likert scales from Always to Never. All parts
of the questionnaires will be self-administered.
E. Data Gathering Procedure
F. Data Scoring
The gathered data will be collated, tabulated, analyzed, interpreted,
and presented in tables and narrative descriptions, which was further used in
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the formulation of the situational analysis after the investigation will be
conducted.
The following scoring was adopted on the practices on infection
control.
Point Range Value Description
5 5.0-4.21 Always
4 4.20-3.41 Often
3 3.40-2.61 Sometimes
2 2.60-1.81 Rarely
1 1.8-1.0 Never
G. Statistical Treatment of Data
In analyzing the data, descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage,
and frequency distribution as the most appropriate statistical measures will be
utilized to arrive at a definite interpretation of each item.
To determine the responses of the nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and
practices in infection the 5-point Likert scale will be use.
The data gathered will be analyzed, from its demographic profile of the
respondents, the level of knowledge, attitude on infection control will be

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derived from the third questionnaire, and practices on infection control which
derived from the fourth part of questionnaire.
H. Ethical Consideration
Informed consent forms explaining the study objective, potential
benefits and drawbacks for the research subjects, as well as guarantees of
their complete privacy during the experiment, will be provided to them.
Additionally, sufficient time will be allotted for the respondents to complete the
questionnaire, ensuring that each question was adequately thought out. Also,
rigorous anonymity was ensured regarding the answer to guarantee data
protection. Survey responses will be gathered, computed, and maintained for
security purposes until data input and analysis. The researchers will discuss
on ethical standards including truthfulness, impartiality, respect for property
rights, social responsibility, confidentiality, non-discrimination, and others.
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LITERATURE CITED
Diseases caused by improper healthcare waste disposal. (2022, September
10). Daniels
Health. https://www.danielshealth.com/knowledge-center/disease-from-
improper-disposal
G. (n.d.). IPCU. IPCU. Retrieved January 8, 2023, from
https://wvmc.doh.gov.ph/index.php/programs/infection-prevention-and-control-
unit?
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waste
Hospital hygiene - how the NHS stays clean - St marks hospital. (2020,
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midst of COVID-19 pandemic. (n.d.).
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(2022, May 6). https://www.who.int/news/item/06-05-2022-who-launches-first-
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SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
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Dear Respondent,
Greetings of Peace!
You have been chosen as one of the selected respondents for this
study that we are conducting as part of the partial fulfillment for the
requirement in our research subject at the Biliran Province State University,
Naval, Biliran. This aims to collect data that may be utilized to develop
understanding and provide safety measures that can help to improve
sanitation practices in infection prevention while sustaining patient quality of
care.
Please fill out the questionnaire to the best of your ability, and be
assured that any information you provide will be treated with strict
confidentiality and respect.
Thank you.
The Researchers
---------------------------------------------------------
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Part I. Profile of the Respondents
Directions. Please specify your answer to each of the following items by
filling in or checking the appropriate choice. Thank you.
1.1Age: _____ 60 and above (senior citizen)
_____ 46-59 (old age)
_____ 31-45 (middle-aged)
_____ 30 years and below (young)
1.2 Sex: _____ Male _____ Female
1.3 Civil Status: _____ Single _____ Married
_____ Widowed
1.4 Religion: __________________________
1.5 Monthly Income: __________________________
1.6 Highest Educational Attainment:
______Elementary Level
______Elementary Graduate
______High School Level
______High School Graduate

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______College Level
______College Graduate
______Master’s Degree
______Doctorate Degree
1.7 Hospital area;
OPD Cardio Unit NICU ER OR/DR
PEDIA WARD OB WARD MEDICAL WARD SURGICAL
WARD
1.8 Number of years in service;
< 1 year 1-3 years 4-5 years > years
II. Knowledge on infection control (please tick one).
1. Availability of a special room for sterilization?

Yes No
2. Availability of a special and separate room for medical waste?
Yes No
3. Having attended a training program on infection control?
Yes No
TRUE FALSE
Dirty needle and sharp materials can transmit disease
causing agents.
Standard precautions should be practiced on all patients.
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Sharps should never be recapped.

Needles should be bent or broken after use.
When you have a patient who vomited in dressing room or
clinic, the first step in infection control procedure is to
isolate infected area.
Sharp containers are utilized for used injection needles.
The best disinfecting material to clean exposed skin after
contamination is soap.
The appropriate immediate action after pricking finger by
I.V. line needle is dressing wound and inform infection
control supervisor.
ANSWER KEY:
1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
6. TRUE
7. TRUE
8. TRUE
III. Attitude on infection control (please tick one).
1. Standard precautions prevent infection at health care facility.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
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Disagree
Strongly Disagree
2. There is no need to wash or decontaminate hands after touching patients’

surroundings.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
3. Using gloves while patient care is a useful strategy for reducing risk of
transmission of microbes.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
4. In absence of standard precautions, health care facilities can be the source

of infection and disease epidemics.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
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5. There is high risk of occupational infection among health workers in my

work.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
IV. Practices on infection control (please tick one).
1. Washing hands before examining patients.
Always
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
2. Recapping needles immediately after use.
Always
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
3. Using gloves while examining all patients.
Always
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Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
4. Using face mask while examining possibly infective patients.
Always
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
5. Wearing medical gown during procedures
Always
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
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Republic of the Philippines

Biliran Province State

Name of Proponents: Haidy P. Perino

Adviser : Ma. Flossie L. Tangpuz, RN

Designation : Faculty member and students

“KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES ON INFECTION

CONTROL AMONG NURSES IN BILIRAN PROVINCIAL

B. Cooperating Agency: Biliran Provincial Hospital

Biliran Province State

II. Introduction/ Rationale

of bio-medical waste. Healthcare workers, from point of origin to the

employees of a waste management facility or landfill are often exposed to

needlestick injury scenarios that are contaminated with infected blood or

waste stained with infected blood or body fluids. Improperly disposed of

that instigates bacteremia, quickly spreading through the bloodstream and

causing inflammation and infected organs. (Chamberlain, 2019). The

emergence of modern medicinal practices and diagnosis processes has

global concern. However, the improper waste management rules adopted in

ecosystem which generates contagious and deadly diseases affected by

others-young children, the elderly, and persons with compromised immune

stays, the use of indwelling catheters, failure of healthcare workers to wash

their hands, and overuse of antibiotics.

Biliran Province State

Nosocomial infections cause major health problems including longer

hospital stay and higher mortality among affected patients, especially in

developing countries. The rate of nosocomial infection is about 5% to 10% in

industrialized countries and about 20% to 25% in developing countries.

(Pezhman et al ., 2021). According to WHO, the highest rate of nosocomial

infections is reported from the Eastern Mediterranean and Southeast Asia,

It is also reported that about 7% of hospitalized patients in developed and

Philippines, on a surgical ward, approximately one-third of admitted patients

and hospital- provider-related events. Many of these complications are related

Hospital care workers (HCWs) play a significant role in the epidemiology of

MRSA infections. HCWs act as vectors for transmission of MRSA as they

of MRSA in the healthcare environment is usually by contact between patients

through the hands, clothes or equipment of HCWs. In the Philippines, most

Biliran Province State

rates being reported as 45.8% and 30.1%. (Alcazaren et al ., 2020).

A considerable fraction of those hazardous wastes is generated from

different healthcare facilities mainly from hospitals. Hospitals are established

broadly grouped in to two categories by World Health Organization (WHO)

healthcare waste is classified as non-risk or general healthcare waste, which

is comparable to domestic waste, and as hazardous waste, which has the

potential to pose a variety of health risks. Healthcare waste generation

depends on numerous factors such as type of healthcare facilities (HCF),

hospital specialization, available waste segregation mechanism, seasonal

variation, the number of hospital beds and outpatients treated on a daily.

(Anicetus et al ., 2022). Hospitals and nursing homes generate an increasing

amount of biomedical waste in an unscientific manner. As such, poor waste

management practices by these institutions cause exposure to health hazards

and actual environmental problems. The issue of biomedical waste

identification, handling, and disposal needs to have a heightened review so

that better management practices and protocols can be established.

(Manzoor, Sharma 2019). Many countries are demonstrating strong

Biliran Province State

engagement and progress in scaling-up actions to put in place minimum

requirements and core components of IPC programs.

However, no research has been conducted yet to determine the

knowledge, attitude, and practices on infection control among nurses in Biliran

Provincial Hospital. As a result, the researchers decided to conduct the study.

The study will be conducted using a descriptive-correlation research design

gathered, an action plan will be established to fills the gap between