PANCHSHEEL PUBLIC SCHOOL

NAME: KULDEEP BHATT

CLASS:12
ROLL NO.:
SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project reported here has

been successfully completed and submitted by
Kuldeep Bhatt of class XII according to the
syllabus prescribed by Central Board of
Secondary Education (C.B.S.E), under the
guidance of Ms. Shweta for academic session
2023-2024.

Subject Teacher’s Signature External Teacher’s Signature

Introduction
When we put iron object in open environment, we
can notice that after some days a reddish-brown
substance has started to layer the object. That
substance is known as “RUST”.

When an object got rusted then that is totally

waste because rust causes damage to them, as we
can see in the image that the bridge is layered by
rust and now can not be used again. Rusting of
iron is very slow process therefore we have some
methods to prevent rusting.
 Theory-rusting of iron
When iron comes into contact with oxygen and water, a
chemical reaction takes place, leading to the formation
of rust. This reaction involves the oxidation of iron and
reduction of iron.

Here’s the breakdown of the theory:

1. Iron Oxidation: Iron atoms in the presence of

water lose electrons and are oxidized, resulting
in the formation of iron ions. This process can be
represented as:
Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e-
2. Reduction of Oxygen: Oxygen molecules from
the air react with water and electrons to form
hydroxide ions. This process is the reduction
half-reaction and can be represented as:

O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- → 4OH-(aq)

3. Rust Formation: The iron ions (Fe2+) and

hydroxide ions (OH-) combine to form iron
 hydroxide, which is the initial stage of rust
formation:

Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s)

4. Further Oxidation: Over time, the iron

hydroxide reacts with more oxygen and water,
leading to the conversion of iron hydroxide into
hydrated iron(III) oxide, commonly known as
rust:

4Fe(OH)2(s) + O2(g) + 3H2O→ 2Fe2O3·7H2O(s)

In this given figure, we can easily understand how iron

got rust due to oxidation reaction.