KHOI DONG GIO HOC, MOT HOAI OONG ODAN THONG
or NANG CAD HllO. uoA THONG nOAY...HOC HOA HOC muoHCPHDIHONG
o PGS. TS. LE VAN NAM - TRAN TH! TUYETHONG*
at huy tlnh tich eve, tll gioc, chu oQng, song
QOva gay hung thu cho hoc sinh (HS) trong
QCtQP dang la mQt trong nhOng rnuc tieu
c16imai phU'OTlgphdp dQYhQc (PPDH)quan trQng
hien nay. Yeu cau nay phai OU'Q'cti6n hanh 0 teit
co' coc giai doon cue quo trinh dQY hoc. MQt
trong coc y6u t6 tQOnen thanh cong cho ti6t hoc
10hOQtoQng khoi oQng, la hOQtoQng oau tien
khoi ngu6n hung thu cho ca thay va tro trOOckhi
bl10Cvao bai hQc maL V~ mQt tam I. hQc, hung
tho 10tac nhan quan trQng dan 06n Sll tv giac;
hling thu va tll giac IQi la hoi y6u t6 tam II oam
boo 51!hinh thanh va phat tri~n tinh tich cllC, OQc
IQPsong tQo trong hQc tQP, V~ mQt I. IUQn dQY
hQc,oay la bl10C thu ba trong ceiu truc cua bai
len lap (neu vein o~ nghien cuu va chuan b, ti6p
thu ki6n thuc, kTnang moi). MQc dau vQY, hOQt
c1Qngkhoi oQng nay chl1a oU'Q'chOOngdan trong
cac tai Ii~u I. IUQn dQY hQc cOng nhl1 trong cac
50chgiao vien (GV). D~ giup cho hOQtoQng nay
c1l1qcthuQn Iqi han, bai vi6t giai thi~u mQt 56
hinhthuc Illa chQn, cac booc ti6n hanh khoi oQng
trong dQYhQc hoa hQCrna chung toi oa thllC hi~n
c6 hi~u qua 0 trl1ang ph6 thong.
V~ hinh thu-c khai dQng trong gio dQY hQc
h06 hoe
C6 ~hi~u hinh thuc hOQtoQng khoi oQng trong
dQYhQc, vi~c Illa chQn hinh thuc nao phv thuQc
veooQc thu eua tlrng bQ mon, kh6i lap, 06i t\.rqng
HS, aQc oi~m nQi dung ki6n thuc cua bai hQC,va
dQcbi~t 10 ki6n thuc cO nao lien quon 06n nQi
dung ki6n thuc maL Tren co sO 06, GV Illo chQn
hinhthuc khoi oQng nhl1 th6 nao o~ g6p phan oQt
hi~uqua coo trong gia giang la tuy thuQc vao kT
nang dQY hQc cuo GV. Trong dQY hQChoC hQC0
truOngph6 thong, mQt56 hinh thuc khoi oQng cho
bai giang thOOnggQP la: - Sli dyng mo hinh, hi~n
fvQnghoC hQCthllc t6 mau thuan vai ki6n thuc oa
biet; - Dlla tren ceiu tQOnguyen tli, phan tli; - Sli
dyng th. nghi~m (TN); - Dung SO 06 bi~u dien m6i
quan h~ giOa cac cheit; - Sv dyng cau hOi, bai
t(lp; - Dung hinh anh ung dyng; ...
_T,_p_C_hi_G_i_aO_d_~_c_s_6_2_5_8__ (_ki_2_._3_/2_0_1_1)
MQt 56 vi dv v~ hOQt oQng khai oQng trong
dQY hoc hoo hQe
1J Sli d'lng rna hinh, hi~n htc;Ingth.,c II
mau thuon voi /ciln thcJci/d bilt. Coch thi6t k6:
- GV chuan b] kTtronh anh, mo hinh, ... (chuan b,
twac khi len lop); - GV neu vein o~, HS tra lai,
coc HS khac b6 sung; - GV hocn thi~n cau tra loi
va oat vein o~ voo bai mol.
S& dyng hinh thuc nay c6 l1UOi~m la: - Ki~m
tro, oanh gia va cung c6 ki6n thuc cO cua HS;
- Gay sll to mo, thac mac cho HS, kkh thkh 51!
tim hi~u ki6n thtlc moi; - Giup HS cach nha ki6n
thuc qua hi~n tl1qng thllC t6, hinh anh mQt cach
de dang; - Hinh thanh va phat tri~n kha nang
phon ooan, suy IUQno~ giai thich hi~n tvqng cho
HS, gay hung thu cho HS vao ti6t hQc moL
Tren co sO nghien CtlUva thllC t6 dQYhQc hoa
hQctQicac ti6t hQCtrong cac kh6i lap, theo chuong
trinh va SGK Hoa hQe (co ban - CB; nang coo -
NC) 0 trl1ang THPT, chung toi theiy dQng bai ap
dyng vai hinh thuc nay khong nhi~u nhvng n6u
ap dyng t6t thi 06 la mQt cach cfQt bi~t gay Sll
chu y tim hi~u ki6n thtle mai cho HS, chang hQn
nhl1: - Cac ti6t hQc c61. thuy6t mai, cac hQcthuy6t
hoa hQc hi~n OQi, hoQc cac hi~n tU'Q'ngkhong th~
dung cae ki6n thtlC eo ban oa Ol1qc hQc o~ giai
thkh rna can c6 ki6n thtlC rQng va coo han; - Cac
ti6t hQc v~ cae cheit rna ceiu tQo c6 phan gi6ng
10Qicheit trOOe 060a hQc nhvng cOng c6 phan
khac nen c6 tinh cheit hoC hQc khac (thl1ang la
cac hqp cheit hou co). Cv th~ 0 cac kh6i lop va
chuyen ban nhl1 sou (xem bang 1J.
Bang 1
Lap eo
Cae ti,jt thd ap dl,mg
10 NC 3,6,28, 30,36,40,41,72, ...
CB 3, 7,29, 30, 55,...
11 NC 4, 1~ 18,22,42,43,61,62,75 .....
CB 12,17,14,51,58, ...
12 NC 10,11,23, ...
CB 8,9,17, ...
* TruongB~i hqc Vinh
~
 Vi dv 1:Ti6t 30. SI! lai hoa coc obiion nguyen - GV trinh chi6uhinh anh, sa d6, cau tc;JO
nguyenhi
tv (Hoc hoc 10 - NC) trong dia CD len ban cho HSquan sOt va yeu cau:
- GV trinh chi6u hinh anh v~ Su lai hoc cdc + HS 1: «Di~n cdc s6 li~u voo 0 tr6ng trong
obltcn nguyen hi cho HSquan satva yeu c5u coc bang 2".
em: «Giai thich SI! hinh thanh cac cCJpelectron Bang 2
lien k§t giCia cac nguyen tv trong phon tv metan 160 170 180 35Cl 37Cl
{CHi Cac lien k§t (LK) ao co gi6ng nhau khong?" £)$cdi~m 8 8 8 17 17
(HS: C: (He) 2s12p3 S6 P

H : 1s1
rn nmr } 1LK~-s,3 LKAs-p
C~c LKkhong
S6 e
S6 n

rn rnrnrn
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
giong nhau S6 kh6i

- 1 HS tra lai, cdc HS con lc;Jib6 sung, danh + HS 2: «Nhc;mxet v~ s6 p, s6 n, s6 kh6; cuo
gia. GV hocn thi~n, cho di6m; - GV chi6u ma cdc hqt nhon nguyen tV cua cung mgt nguyen t6
hinh d~>ngphon hi CH4 cho HSnhQnxet 4 LKC-H oxi, cua cung mgt nguyen t6 clo".
c6 gi6ng nhau khang (hinh 1)? Tv d6 dQtveind~ + Cac HS khac nghien cuu b6 sung, GV hoOn
bai moi: «Thl!c nghi~m cho biit 4 LK C-H trong thi~n, cho di6m. GV dQtvein d~: «Ba nguyen tv
phan tV CH gi6ng h~t nhau co g6c LK /0 10'/)28'. oxi tren atlqc 99i 10 a6ng vi cua nguyen t6 oxi.
Dt giai thich atJqc twang hqp tren va cac troong Vc;iya6ng vi 10gi? Nguyen tV kh6; 10gi va nguyen
hqp tl!01lgtl!ch(mg ta cdn phai nghien cvu thuyit tV kh6i cua mgt nguyen t6 co nhi~u a6ng vi nhlf
lai hoa cua nho hoa h9CMTSlay-to va Pau-/;nh". oxi atJqc tinh nhtl thi noo, ch(mg ta nghien cvu
2) Dung cau hOi, boi mai at tim cau tra 10;".
boi tgp: Cach thi6t 3} Sti cJVng TN. Cach thi6t k6: - Trvoc khi len
k6: - GV chuein bi lop GV chuan bi kiTN thl.!chOQc00; - Phatcho
be i tq p, cau hd i moi ban mQtphi6u ghi phvong phap ti6n hanh
dvai hinh thl1c tv TN va cac yeu c5u HS quan sat, giai thfch hi~n
lua n hoclc tra ~ tvqng; - GV ti6n hanh TN (mQts6 TN dan gian
nghi~m (c·huein bi c6 th6 gQi HS ti6n hanh, cac TN dQChc;Jiva kh6
twoc khi len lap); c6 th6 trinh chi6u trong dia CD TN hOQcTN 00);
- GV dQt cau hOi, ra - HS trinh bay k6t qua quan sat, HS khac bci
bai tQPcho HS; - HS sung; - GV b6 sung hoan thi~n va dQt vein d~
hoan thanh bai tQP,HSkhac b6 sung; - GV hoon vao bai moL Sli dyng TN c6 vu di6m: ki6m tro,
thien cau tra lai va dot veind€ vao bai moi dva danh gia ki6n thuc cCicua HS,cung c6 ki6n thuc
va~ bai lam cua HS. . . dO hQc,lam dOvvng chac cho vi~c ti6p thu ki6n
lJu aitm: - Ki6m tra, danh gia ki6n thuc cCi thl1c moi; gay Sl.!chu y cho HS, kfch thfch moi
cua HS thuc day vi~c hQctQPcua cac em. Cling lien h~ voi ki6n thuc cCi,gay hung thu cho HS
c6 cac ki6n thuc dO hoc hooc neu len dllOC sv vao ti6t hQc moi; giup HS cach nho ki6n thuc
gi6ng va dQ sou khac ·nhau·cua cung mQt ki6~ qua hi~n tvqng TN; hinh thanh va phat tri6n kha
thuc nhvng 6 cac ceiphQckhac nhau d6 kfchthich nong quan sat, nhQnxet va giai thich hi~n tvqng
tfnh to mo, ham hQchoi cua HS; - Cho HS theiy TN - mQttrong cac yeu c5u hang d5u mang tinh
dvqc m6i quan h~ giva cheitnay vai cheitkhac, dQCthu cua PPDHHoa hQc;giam tai mQts6 TN
giva ki6n thuc nay vai ki6n thuc khac, giva bai chl1ng minh cua bai hQc trong cac hOc;JtdQng
hQcnay vai bai hQckhac. Tv d6, giup cac em c6 ti6p theo.
cach nhin logic trong khi hQc, tim ra cach hQc Dc;Jngbai c6 th6 sli dyng TN d6 kh6i dQng
dan gian va hi~u qua nheit;- Hinh thanh va phat gia hQcthvang 10: ~ Cac ti6t dc;Jyc6 TN rna HS
tri~n kha nong phon tfch t6ng hqp cho HS dO dvqC hQca lop dvai, ceipdvai hay a cac bq
Mdu boi ap dvng: - Teitco cac ti6t dc;Jyc6 th6 man khac (VQtIf; Sinh hQc,... ); - HOQccac TN c6
ap dyng hinh thuc khoi dQng nay; - DQcbi~t 10 th6 dung cac ki6n thuc If thuy6t cOd6 suy dOan,
cac ti6t hQcc6 ki6n thuc lien quan chQtche vai giai thich hi~n tvqng; - Cac ti6t hQcv~ cac chat
ki6n thuc cOdO hoc. cu th6.
Vi dv 2: Ti6t 5: D6ng vi. Nguyen tv kh6; va . Trang chvang trinh va SGK Hoa hQca trvong
nguyen tv kh6; trung binh (Hoo hQc 10 - NC): . THPTc6 th6 ap dyng hinh thuc nay (xem bang 3):

~ ~T'~P~C~h~iG~i~a~O~dU~.C~S6~2~5~8~(k~i2~-3~/

-

3,6,48,49,50,51,54,57,58,59,63,64,
79 81 ...
Vi du 3: Ti6t 54. Lvu huynh dioxit - Lvu huynh
trioxit (Hoa hoc 10 - CB). , I. BOGD-DT. BOSGKHoahQcl6'p 10, 11, 12 (chuong
- GV chucinbi TN {xem hinh 2}, ong nghi~m,
n...
oachelthoQctrinh chi6u I?n IVQtcacT,N(vi 50~,
H 5 co tfnh d9C nen GV con trinh chieu TN gO):
Ongnghi~m1:H 0 (co ch(ra mciuquy tim); 9ng
nghi~m2: dung J,ch Br210ang(mau vang); Ong
nghi~m3: dung d,ch H2S(~hong maul {/vu y:
Niu tiin hcmh TN c5n c"huon bi san dung d/ch
ki~m ad khli 502 dv}.
lIOnGt.4m
dd NaOH 1oAng.. _. _.•.•
c::J
£)i~uch~ 502 trong phong TN
,Tran thai Milu sik Tfnh tan
1 2
K~tluanv~ tfnh chill
, - GV ti6n hanh TN: L6n Illat suc khi so vao
cac6ngnghi~m: 1; 2; 3 (m6i c{ng i-2 phut) (l,oQc
trinhchi6uTN) va yeu c6u HS«Quan sat cac TN
r~i di~n thong tin vao phi6u"; 1 HS tro lai, cac
HS con IQi nghien c(ru b6 sung, danh gia. GV
hoanthi~n, cho di~m.
- GV dat veind~ bai m6i: «Cac TN tren da th~
hi~ncac ti~h chat cua IlJUhuynh dioxit, cac tinh
cheltdo 10gi va tQi sao, nhiing phon (rng hoa
•hQcnao co th~ ch(rng minh cac tinh cheitdo?Ti6t
hQchom nay sa giup cac em co lai gioi dap
nhlingveind~ neu tren".
y__T'_P_Ch_i_G_ia_' O_d..,;IJ_C_s_6_2_5_8__ (k_i_2_-_3_/2_O_I1...'
***
Khoi dQng gia h9Cv6i cdc hinh th(rc neu tren
cho theiyHS h(rng thu h9CtQPhan, yeu thkh h9C
tQP bQ rnon va k6t qua h9C tQP mon Hoe h9C
dllqc nang len ro r~t. HOQtdQngkhoi dQngthanh
cong ~hong nhang too h(rng thu cho HS ti6p tyc
chi6m ITnhki6n th(rc cue co ti6t h9Crna con giom
toi dllqc mQts6 hoot dQng khac trong thai gian
ti6p theo cue ti6t hoc do nhu lam TN ch(rng minh,
dlla ra mo hinh ch(rng minh, gi6i thi~u cdc hinh
onh (rng dyng,,,. Nhll vQY,khoi dQnggia h9C10
hoot dQng khong th~ thi6u dllqc trong trong coc
bai len lap nol chungva rnon Hoe hoc noi rieng.D
Tal lieu tham khao
trinh chuAn va nang cao).
2. Nguyen Cuong. PhU'O'llgphap d~y hQc hoa hQc cY
tnrong pM thOng va ~i hQC.NXB Giao dflC, H. 2007.
3. Nguyen Thj Siiu - Le Van Nam. PhU'O'llgphap giang
d~y hoa hQc- Giang d~y nhling nQidung quan trQng
clla chU'O'Dgtrinh va sach giao khoa hoa hQc pM
thOng. NXB Khoa hQc va ki thu~t, H. 2007.
Van
. dung
. day
. hoc
. ...
(Tidp theo trang 53)
Sau khi HS hoen thanh PHT,GV cho mQtvai
H20, quytim HS len bong trinh bay k6t quo di~n PHTcac em
khac gop y ki6n, r6i chinh slia va chfnh xac hoa
Hinh2 dap an.
Nhll vQY,trong qua trinh DH bai «Quy IUQt
phan Ii dQcIQp"(Sinh hQc 12) GV co th~ t6 ch(rc
cho HSd9CSGK, tro lai cau hOi,di~n PHT,quan
sattranh va trao d6i nhom d~ gianh leiyki6n th(rc
dSO KK. . tv nhang trang SGKva phlJOTlgti~n h9c tQP.Day
3 la nhang hOQtdQng dQc trllng cua DHKP- mQt
hinh th(rc DH nham phat huy tinh tich CllC,dQc
IQP,chu dQngva sang tQocua HS trong h9CtQP
cOngnhll trong cUQcs6ng hang ngay.D
Tai Ii~u tham khao
I. Trtm Ba Hoanh. "HQc bAng ho~t dOng kham ph a"..
T~p chi ThOng tin Khoa hQc giao dflC, s6 103, 2004.
2. Nguyen Thanh D~t (t6ng chu bien) - Ph~m Van
L~p (chu bien) - D~ng Huu Lanh - Mai Sy Tuan. Sinh
hQc 12. NXB Giao dflC, H. 2008.
3. Alan Colburn. Inquyry primer. Science scope
journal, 3/2000 .
4. Peter Westwood. What teachers need to know about
teaching method, ACER press (Australian council of
educational Research press). 2008.
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