14

01

Biomolecules
KEYNOTES 2.0

By: Dr. Anand Mani

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Biomolecules
CARBOHYDRATES
Classification of Carbohydrates:

A. Monosaccharides: A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolysed further to give simpler unit of

polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone. Examples: Glucose, fructose, arabinose etc.

B. Oligosaccharides: These carbohydrates yield two to ten monosaccharide units on hydrolysis.

They are further classified as disaccharides, trisaccharides etc.

C. Polysaccharides: They yield a large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis.

Example : Starch, Cellulose etc.

Monosaccharides:

If a monosaccharide contains an aldehyde group, it is known as an aldose and if contains a keto

group, it is called ketose f- 4
- aldehyde •
.

(a) Glucose: It is an aldohexose

-6C 2$
-

Structure of glucose (C6H12O6) 3&

Uk

structure
open chain

c. & of glucose
Reactions of Glucose
-

On prolonged heating with HI, it forms n-hexane, suggesting carbons are linked in straight chain.

Presence of carbonyl group is confirmed by the following reactions.

- CHO

cyano hydride ◦ ✗
imlofgluiose
Carbonyl group present is an aldehyde is confirmed by the given reaction
A
'

Miedo
-

Acetylation of glucose gives glucose pentaacetate which confirms presence of five OH groups

Aidan'd derivative + alcohol

g- wits tester
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 Glucose and gluconic acid is oxidised to saccharic acid by nitric acid. This indicates presence of
primary –OH group

Cyclic Structure of Glucose

The given observations could not explain chain structure of glucose

(i) It does not react with NaHSO3 or Schiff's reagent

• It does not give DNP test . does not react G- R .

(ii) Pentaacetate of glucose does not react with NH2OH.

(iii) Glucose exist in two different crystalline forms,✗

B
a and b forms.

☐ sand
5 side
u
• ②
3
☐

-
( 5C 1- 10
)
-

and forms of glucose are called anomers. Six membered cyclic structure of glucose is
called pyranose structure

E- fructose &

}
(b) Fructose
-
-

glucose
are
Fructose is a ketohexose
- GC ( GH ,±o , ,
Following structures have been assigned to this molecule functional
☐ ☐ ☐ isomers of

D-
eachother
☐

ring
-

fwranose
Tests of Glucose and Fructose

Both glucose and fructose reduce Tollen's reagent and Fehling's solution. They are also called
reducing sugars.

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DISACCHARIDES
(i) Sucrose -D Glucose + -D Fructose

I b
1-2
glycosidic linkage
R- R
-
o

ether linkage
It is dextrorotatory
non
It is reducing sugar
sucrose - X-D Glu + B- ☐ fire
(ii) Maltose -D Glucose + -D Glucose
Maltose a- ☐ Glu
_ ✗ -
☐
glut
Lactose -

B- A gale + p -

Dyke
I &

1- 4

glycosidic
It is dextrorotatory linkage
It is reducing sugar
-

It gives positive test with Tollen's reagent and Fehling’s solution

(iii) Lactose -D Glucose + -D Glucose

☒

I 4

•
p I -

glycosidic linkage
Reducing
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sugar
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POLYSACCHARIDES

c) STARCH Polymer of x-D

Glucose

Amylose (15-20% of starch) Amylopectin (80-85% of starch)

• Water soluble component • Water insoluble component
• Unbranched having 1-6• A • Branched chains having
glycosidic linkage of -D 1-4 glycosidic linkages along
Glucose with 1-6 glycosidic linkages.

(ii) Cellulose
• It is a straight chain polysaccharide
It is composed of b-D-glucose units
•
(iii) Glycogen
p
• It is called animal starch.
• Its structure is similar to amylopectin and is rather more highly branched.

PROTEINS
NI H
-
-
Coo

All proteins are polymers of a

a-amino acid
Amino acid Total 20
-

The amino acids which can be synthesised in the body, are known as non-essential amino acids.

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The amino acids which cannot be synthesised in the body and must be obtained through diet are
known as essential amino acids.

In aqueous solution, the carboxyl group can lose a proton and amino group can accept a proton,
giving rise to a dipolar ion known as zwitter ion Total 10 (essential
+ semi essential )

0 ¥
p

C) H

ng
L
Structure of Proteins
Me
(a) Fibrous proteins: Thi
Tails
The polypeptide chains run parallel and held together by hydrogen and disulphides bonds giving
fibre like structure

They are insoluble in water e.g. keratin, myosin

(b) Globular proteins:

In this case polypeptide chains coil around to give a spherical shape

so
They are soluble in water e.g. insulin, globulin

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VITAMINS
(i) Fat soluble vitamins: vitamins are soluble in fat. These are vitamins A, D, E and K.

(ii) Water soluble vitamins: B group vitamins and vitamin C are water soluble vitamins.
B@
Name of Vitamin Deficiency Diseases
gg
1. Vitamin A Xerophthalmia

2. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Beri beri

3. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Cheilosis

4. Vitamin B12 Pernicious anaemia

5. Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Scurvy

6. Vitamin D Rickets (in children) osteomalacia (in adults)

7. Vitamin K Increased blood clotting time

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