INFLAMMATION

 defined as the local response of living mammalian tissues to injury due to any agent.

Agents of Inflammation:

1. Infective Agents
2. Immunological Agents
3. Physical Agents
4. Chemical Agents
5. Inert material

Cardinal signs of Inflammation

1. Rubor
2. Calor
3. Tumor
4. Dolor

Types Inflammation
A. Duration
Acute inflammation
I. Vascular events.
II. Cellular events.
Chronic Inflammation
prolonged process in which tissue destruction and inflammation occur at the
same time.
I. Mononuclear cell infiltration
II. Tissue destruction
III. Proliferative changes

Causes of Chronic Inflammation

1. Chronic inflammation following acute inflammation.
2. Recurrent attacks of acute inflammation.
3. Chronic inflammation starting de novo.

Type of EXUDATE formed:

1. Serous Inflammation
- from: serum or serosal mesothelial cells (peritoneal, pleural, pericardial)
- Pulmonary Tuberculosis
2. Fibrinous Inflammation
 - with fibrinogen, precipitation of fibrin
- Diphtheria, Rheumatic pericarditis,
early stage of pneumonia
3. Catarrhal Inflammation
- mucous surfaces
- degenerative changes in epithelium
- Respiratory, GI, mucus-secreting glands
4. Hemorrhagic Inflammation
- Bacterial and other infections
5. Suppurative or Purulent Inflammation
- Thick, creamy fluid
- Necrotic polymorphonuclear cells
6. Ulcers

Healing
 Components of Healing
 Regeneration
 Repair

 Healing by first intention
i) clean and uninfected;
ii) surgically incised;
iii) without much loss of cells and tissue; and
iv) edges of wound are approximated by surgical sutures.
 Healing by second intention
i) open with a large tissue defect, at times infected;
ii) having extensive loss of cells and tissues; and
iii) the wound is not approximated by surgical sutures but is left open.

Factors that impairs wound healing

Local Factors:
1. Infection
2. Poor blood supply
3. Foreign body
4. Movement
5. Exposure to ionizing radiation
6. UV
7. Type, size and location

Systemic Factors
1. Age
2. Nutrition
3. Systemic infection
4. Administration of glucocorticoids
 5. Uncontrolled diabetics
6. Haematologic abnormalities

Complications of wound Healing

1. Infection
2. Implantation cyst
3. Pigmentation
4. Deficient scar formation
5. Incisional hernia
6. Hypertrophied scars and keloid
7. Excessive contraction
8. Neoplasia