INFLAMMATION

Dr. Iman Shaheed

Professor of Pathology
 2nd Yr Pathology 2010

INFLAMMATION

 Is a protective response
 The body’s response to injury
 Interwoven with the repair process

Another Definition
 It is a reaction of vascularized living
tissue to local injury essentially
microcirculation and its content
INFLAMMATION
 complex protective reaction
 caused by various endo- and exogenous stimuli
 injurious agents are destroyed, diluted or
walled-off
 without inflammation and mechanism of
healing could organism survive and can be
potentially harmfull.
 2nd Yr Pathology 2010

INFLAMMATION

Types
Acute(sec, mins, hrs)
Chronic (days, weeks, months, yrs)
 ETIOLOGIES

 Infectious agents: bacterial, viral, fungal, etc.

 Physical agents: burns, trauma--electricity, radiation

 Chemicals: drugs, toxins, or caustic substances like

battery acid.

 Immunologic reactions: rheumatoid arthritis.

 Nutritional imbalance: As deficiency of special vitamins

 2nd Yr Pathology 2010

INFLAMMATION
 The Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation
 1- Redness (RUBOR)
Hypermia
2- Heat (CALOR)
Hypermia
3- Swelling (TUMOR)
Exudation of fluid
4- Pain ( DOLOR)
Increase pressure on sensory nerve ending, streching of
tissues and chemical mediators
5- Loos of Function (FUNCTIO LAESA): Pain, Swelling
 MECHANISM OF INFLAMMATION
 Vascular Changes
 1- Changes in blood vessels

 Momentary constriction, Vasodilatation

 2- Changes in blood flow

 Increase the blood flow, Stasis

 A- increase the vascular permeability

 Leakage of plasma protein rich fluid (Exudation)

. Most of chemical mediators of inflammation
cause increase of vascular permeability by
opening interendothelial junction
 CELLUAR EXUDATION

 The most important feature of inflammatory

reaction is delivery of leukocytes to the site of
injury. To engulf and kill bacteria and degrade
the necrotic tissues and immune comples.
 Steps of cellular exudation

 1- margination 2- adhesion 3- emigration

 4- phagocytosis 5- Release of leukocyte

product
PHAGOCYTOSIS

 It is a process of taking particulate matter into

the cytoplasm by cells
1- RECOGNIZATION AND ATTACHEMANT

 Most bacteria not recognized by neutrophils

and macrophages until they are coated by
serum factors called opsonins ( IgG and C3 )
 Opsinized particles attached to the two
corresponding receptors on the surface of
neutrophils and macrophages
2- ENGULFMENT

 Extension of the cytoplasm ( Pseudopodia) from

the neutrophils to enclose the particles within
phagocytic vacuoles ( phagosome) cryeatic by
cytoplasmic membrane of cell.
 Degranulation of the neutrophils
3- KILLING AND DEGRADATION

 The 3 step was killing of bacteria and

degradation which occur by reactive oxygen
species.
INFLAMMATORY EXUDATE

 It is the escape of fluid , proteins , blood cells

from the vascular system to interstitial tissue
or body cavity
 Its contents are:
1- Irritant 2- injured tissue cells
3- leukocytes 4- plasma constituents
5- erythrocytes
FUNCTION OF EXUDATE
 1- It dilute the irritant
 2- The exudate mechanically carries the irritant
away.
 3- It brings phagocytes to the area to destroy
the irritant.
 4- the exudate bring antibodies to the area of
inflammation which effective against bacteria
and virus.
.
CONTINUE FUNCTION

 5- Fibrin bring to the area of inflammation

increased amount of nutrient and oxygen to
enhance the body defense and regeneration
and repair
 6- It bring the fibrin to the area

 Function of fibrin:

 A- entraps the irritant and retard its spread

 B- It form a kind of layers around the cells
thus protecting them from damdage by
irritant.
 C- It seal the lumen of lymphatic prevent the
spreading of irritant especially the bacteria.
 D- It help in healing and repair , it form a
scaffold for fibroblast and endothelial cells
for work.
 E- It have stimulating effect on the
proliferation of fibroblast
 F- help in movement of leukocyte