Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Civil Engineering (CE, Set-2)

Q.1 - Q.16 Multiple Choice Question (MCQ), carry ONE mark each (for each wrong answer
: 1/3)

Topic : Calculus
Concept : Limit of function
Subconcept : Indeterminate form of function
Concept field : Using L' hospital rule
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60 sec.
xln(x)
lim
The value of x→ 1+ x is
2
Q.1
(A) 0 (B) 1.0 (C) 0.5 (D) 
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given limit function is
x·ln(x)  ln(  ) 
lim = =
x → 1 + x 2 1+ 2  form

Using L' Hospital Rule

 d 
ln(x)  dx (x·ln(x)) 
lim x = lim  
1+ x 2 x →  d
( )
x →
2 
1+ x
 dx 

 1 
 x  x + ln(x) 
lim  
x →
 2x 
=  

 1+ ln(x)  
lim  =
=
x →
 2x  
Again using L' Hospital Rule
 d 
x ln(x)  dx (1+ ln(x)) 
lim = lim  
x → 1+ x 2 x →
 d
(2x) 
 dx 

 1
x ln(x)  
lim = lim  x 
x → 1 + x 2 x → 2
 
 
=0
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Hence, right option is A.

Topic : Linear Algebra

Concept : Rank of Matrix
Subconcept : Row Echelon form
Concept field : Rank of 4×4 square matrix
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60 sec.
5 0 –5 0
0 2 0 1 

–5 0 5 0
 
Q.2 The rank of the matrix 0 1 0 2  is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given a 4×4 square matrix
 5 0 −5 0 
 
 0 2 0 1
 −5 0 5 0 
 
A= 
 0 1 0 2  44

Using elementary transformation ⇒

R2 ↔ R4 and R3 → R3 + R1
5 0 −5 0 
 
0 1 0 2  → R → R − 2R
0 0 0 0  4 4 2

 
A = 
0 2 0 1

5 0 −5 0 
 
0 1 0 2
 R3  R4
0 0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 −3 
A = 

5 0 −5 0 
 
0 1 0 2
0 0 0 −3 
 
A = 
0 0 0 0 

It is row echelon from

According to row echelon form
Rank of matrix = Number of non-zero rows
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

∴ ρ(A) = 3
Hence right option is C.

Topic : Vector Calculus

Concept : Vector Differential Calculus
Subconcept : Gradient of vector
Concept field : Unit normal vector of the surface
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60 sec
Q.3 The unit normal vector to the surface X2 + Y2 + Z2 – 48 = 0 at the point (4, 4, 4) is
1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , ,
(A) 2 2 2 (B) 3 3 3
2 2 2 1 1 1
, , , ,
(C) 2 2 2 (D) 5 5 5
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given :
φ = x2 + y2 + z2 – 48
At the point P(4, 4, 4)
Gradient on surface
 ˆ  ˆ 
 = ˆi +j +k
gradφ = x x z

ˆ ˆ ˆ
= (2x)i + 2yj + (2z)k
But

n = 
p

So that,

n =  = (2xy)iˆ + (2xy)ˆj + (2 + 4)kˆ

P( 4 ,4,4)

ˆ ˆ ˆ
= 8i + 8 j + 8 k
Formula of unit normal vector is

n 8iˆ + 8ˆj + 8kˆ

n̂ = =
|n | 64 + 64 + 64

ˆı + ˆj + kˆ
= 3
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

 1 1 1 
n̂   , , 
 3 3 3
Hence, right option is B.

Topic : Linear Algebra

Concept : Algebra of Matrices
Subconcept : Orthogonal matrix
Concept field : Property of orthogonal matrix
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 30 sec.
Q.4 If A is a square matrix then orthogonality property mandates
(A) AAT = I (B) AAT = 0 (C) AAT = A–1 (D) AAT = A2
Ans. (A)
Sol. According to property of orthogonal matrix,
If AAT = I
or A–1 = AT
The matrix is called orthogonal matrix.
Hence right option is A.

Topic : Surveying
Concept : Fundamental Concepts of Surveying
Sub Concept : Types of Survey
Concept Field : Plane Survey
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60sec
Q.5 In general, the CORRECT sequence of surveying operations is
(A) Field observations → Reconnaissance → Data analysis → Map making
(B) Data analysis → Reconnaissance → Field observations → Map making
(C) Reconnaissance → Field observations → Data analysis → Map making
(D) Reconnaissance → Data analysis → Field observations → Map making
Ans (C)
Sol. Reconnaissance Survey : Preliminary survey data such as landforms, topographic
features, vegetation type, water sources etc. are obtained. These field observations
are analyzed and used to make map.

Topic : Strength of Materials

Concept : Property of Metals
Sub Concept : Stress Strain
Concept Field : Curve
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
Q.6 Strain hardening of structural steel means
(A) experiencing higher stress than yield stress with increased deformation
(B) strengthening steel member externally for reducing strain experienced
(C) strain occurring before plastic flow of steel material
(D) decrease in the stress experienced with increasing strain
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Ans (A)
Sol. Deformation occurs due to movement of dislocations in material. As the strain
increases the dislocations starts saturating due to that strain hardening happens.
When this saturation reaches a limit that plastic deformation cannot be made
without an increment in stress. At this point strain hardening starts.

Topic : Structural Analysis

Concept : Structural Dynamics
Sub Concept : SDOF System
Concept Field : Natural Frequency
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.7 A single story building model is shown in the figure. The rigid bar of mass ‘m’ is
supported by three massless elastic columns whose ends are fixed against
rotation. For each of the columns, the applied lateral force (P) and corresponding
moment (M) are also shown in the figure. The lateral deflection (δ) of the bar is
PL3
given by δ = 12EI, Where L is the effective length of the column, E is the Young’s
modulus of elasticity and I is the area moment of inertia of the column cross-
section with respect to its neutral axis.

For the lateral deflection profile of the columns as shown in the figure, the natural
frequency of the system for horizontal oscillation is
EI 1 2EI
6 rad /s rad /s
(A) m L3 (B) L m
6EI 2 EI
2 rad /s rad /s
(C) m L3 (D) L m
Ans (A)
12EI 36EI
3
= 3
Sol. Combined stiffness K = 3 × L L
k
Natural frequency (ω) = m
36 EI
 ω= L3  m
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

EI
hence ω = 6 × m L3

Topic : Building materials

Concept : Timber
Sub Concept : Seasoning of Timber
Concept Field : Objective of Seasoning
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60 sec.
Q.8 Seasoning of timber for use in construction is done essentially to
(A) increase strength and durability
(B) smoothen timber surfaces
(C) remove knots from timber logs
(D) cut timber in right season and geometry
Ans (A)
Sol. Seasoning of timber is the process by which moisture content in the timber is
reduced to required level. By reducing moisture content, the strength, elasticity
and durability properties are developed. A well-seasoned timber has approximately
15% moisture content in it.

Topic : Construction Project Management

Concept : Engineering Economics
Sub Concept : Tender and Contracts
Concept Field : Two Bid Method
Level : Difficult
Exp. Time : 30 sec
Q.9 In case of bids in Two-Envelop System, the correct option is
(A) Technical bid is opened first
(B) Financial bid is opened first
(C) Both (Technical and Financial) bids are opened simultaneously
(D) Either of the two (Technical and Financial) bids can be opened first
Ans (A)
Sol. Technical competency is must to execute a project, hence in two bid system firstly
evaluation of technical bid (Envelope) done by screening committee and successful
bidders are announced, after that new date is announced for envelope - 2 (that is
financial bid) evaluation.

Topic : Geo-technical and Foundation Engineering

Concept : Shear Strength
Sub Concept : Shear Test
Concept Field : Triaxial Test
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60 sec
Q.10 The most appropriate triaxial test to assess the long-term stability of an excavated
clay slope is
(A) consolidated drained test
(B) unconsolidated undrained test
(C) consolidated undrained test
(D) unconfined compression test
Ans (A)
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Sol. To find shear strength parameters of clayey soil a longer duration is required to
dissipate excess pore pressure hence in lab CD test is done for this condition.

Topic : Geo-technical and Foundation Engineering

Concept : Classification of Soil
Sub Concept : Unified soil Classification System
Concept Field : Use of Plasticity Chart
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60 sec
Q.11 As per the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), the type of soil represented
by ‘MH’ is
(A) Inorganic silts of high plasticity with liquid limit more than 50%
(B) Inorganic silts of low plasticity with liquid limit less than 50%
(C) Inorganic clays of high plasticity with liquid limit less than 50%
(D) Inorganic clays of low plasticity with liquid limit more than 50%
Ans (A)

Sol.

Topic : Fluid Mechanics

Concept : Flow Through Pipe
Sub Concept : Types of Flow
Concept Field : Laminar Flow
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
Q.12 The ratio of the momentum correction factor to the energy correction factor for a
laminar flow in a pipe is
1 2 3
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 2
Ans (B)
Sol. For laminar flow in circular pipe
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Energy correction factor (α) = 2

4
Momentum correction factor (  ) = 3
4 /3 2
  / = 2 = 3

Topic : Transportation Engineering

Concept : Highway Engineering
Sub Concept : Traffic Studies
Concept Field : Traffic Capacity Study
Level : Difficult
Exp. Time : 180 sec
Q.13 Relationship between traffic speed and density is described using a negatively
sloped straight line. If vf is the free-flow speed, then the speed at which the
maximum flow occurs is
vf vf
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) vf
Ans (C)
Sol. As per Greenshields’s model
 k
vf 1−  ;also q = vs  k
vs =  k j …..(1)
q = traffic volum e
vs = speed
K = density
k j = jam density
 k2 
vf k – 
 q=  k j 
put k from (1)
 v   v 
2

 q = vf  1– s  k j –  1– s  k j
 vf   vf  
 v – v   v – v 2 
 q = vf k j  f s
–
f s
 
 vf   vf  
dq
=0
For maximum dvs …..(2)
dq  1  v – vs   1  
 = vf k j – + 2 f  .  
dvs  vf  vf   vf  
dq  –1 2 2vs 
= vf k j  + − 2
dvs  vf vf vf 
dq  v 
= k j 1– 2 s 
dvs  vf 
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

vs v
 vs = f
From (2) ⇒ 1 – 2 vf = 0 2

Topic : Environmental Engineering

Concept : Municipal Solid Waste
Sub Concept :
Concept Field :
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 60 sec
Q.14 Determine the correctness or otherwise of the following Assertion [a] and the
Reason [r].
Assertion [a] : One of the best ways to reduce the amount of solid wastes is to
reduce the consumption of raw materials.
Reason [r] : Solid wastes are seldom generated when raw materials are converted
to goods for consumption.
(A) Both [a] and [r] are true and [r] is the correct reason for [a]
(B) Both [a] and [r] are true but [r] is not the correct reason for [a]
(C) Both [a] and [r] are false
(D) [a] is true but [r] is false
Ans (D)

Sol.

Topic : Environmental Engineering

Concept : Water Supply Engineering
Sub Concept : Quality Parameters of Water
Concept Field : Chemical Water Quality Parameter
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.15 The hardness of a water sample is measured directly by titration with 0.01 M
solution of ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) using eriochrome black T (EBT)
as an indicator. The EBT reacts and forms complexes with divalent metallic cations
present in the water. During titration, the EDTA replaces the EBT in the complex.
When the replacement of EBT is complete at the end point of the titration, the
colour of the solution changes from
(A) blue-green to reddish brown
(B) blue to colorless
(C) reddish brown to pinkish yellow
(D) wine red to blue
Ans (D)
Sol. EBT has wine red color. The EDTA replaces EBT in the hardness test. After complete
replacement of EBT color of the solution becomes blue from wine red.
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Topic : Transportation Engineering

Concept : Highway Engineering
Sub Concept : Binder
Concept Field : Tests for Bitumen
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 40 sec
Q.16 The softening point of bitumen has the same unit as that of
(A) distance
(B) temperature
(C) time
(D) viscosity
Ans (B)
Sol. As per IS : 334-1982 Softening point is the temperature in °C at which a standard
ball passes through a sample of bitumen in a mould and falls through height of 2.5
cm, when heated under water or glycerin at specified conditions of test.

Q.17 Multiple Select Question (MSQ), carry ONE mark (no negative marks).

Topic : Environmental Engineering

Concept : Air Pollution
Sub Concept : Photochemical Air Pollution
Concept Field :
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.17 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ?
(A) Increased levels of carbon monoxide in the indoor environment result in the
formation of carboxyhemoglobin and the long-term exposure becomes a cause of
cardiovascular diseases.
(B) Volatile organic compounds act as one of the precursors to the formation of
photochemical smog in the presence of sunlight.
(C) Long term exposure to the increased level of photochemical smog becomes a
cause of chest constriction and irritation of the mucous membrane.
(D) Increased levels of volatile organic compounds in the indoor environment will
result in the formation of photochemical smog which is a cause of cardiovascular
diseases.
Ans (A, B, C)

Sol.
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Q.18 – Q.25 Numerical Answer Type (NAT), carry ONE mark each (no negative marks).

Topic : Calculus
Concept : Integration of function
Subconcept : Definite Integration
Concept field : Property of definite integration
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 30 sec.
1

Q.18 The value (round off to one decimal place) of –1

xe|x|dx
is ________
Ans. (0)
Sol. Given the integration,
1

I= 
−1
xe|x|dx

According to property of definite integral

2 a f (x)dx
−a f (x)dx =  0 0
a ; if f ( −x) = f (x) − Even f unct ion
 ; if f ( −x) = −f (x) − odd f unct ion

Let f(x) = xe|x|

f(–x) = (–x)e|–x|
= –[xe1x1]
= –f(x)
f(–x) = –f(x)
It is odd function.
1

So that I = 
−1
xe|x| ·dx = 0

Hence, value of −1

xe|x| ·dx
is 0.

Topic : Strength of Material

Concept : Torsion of Shaft
Sub Concept : Circular Shaft
Concept Field : Theory of Pure Torsion
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.19 A solid circular torsional member OPQ is subjected to torsional moments as shown
in the figure (not to scale). The yield shear strength of the constituent material is
160 MPa.
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

The absolute maximum shear stress in the member (in MPa, round off to one
decimal place) is ________________.
Ans 15.3 (14 – 16)
Sol. Drawing FBD.

T
 rm ax
Maximum shear stress in solid shaft = J
3  106 100
O P = 
 2
 (100)4
32
O P = 15.28 M Pa
1 106 80
PQ = 
 2
 (80)4
32
PQ = 9.94 M Pa
Maximum shear stress in shaft = 15.28 MPa

Topic : Strength of Materials

Concept : Shear Force & Bending Moment
Sub Concept : Bending Moment
Concept Field :
Level : Easy
Exp. Time :120 sec
Q.20 A propped cantilever beam XY, with an internal hinge at the middle, is carrying a
uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m, as shown in the figure.
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

The vertical reaction at support X (in kN, in integer) is ________.

Ans 30 (30 – 30)

Sol.
Let vertical reaction at support Y is (Vy) & at X is (Vx)
Taking B.M. about internal hinge (RHS)
M C =0

 Vy × 2 – 10 × 2 × 1 = 0
Vy = 10 kN (  )
F y =0

 Vx + Vy = 10 × 4
Vx + 10 = 10 × 4
Vx = 30 kN ()

Topic : Geo-technical Engineering & Foundation Engineering

Concept : Soil Exploration
Sub Concept : Samples
Concept Field : Open Drive Samples
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 120sec
Q.21 The internal (di) and external (do) diameters of a Shelby sampler are 48 mm and 52
mm, respectively. The area ratio (Ar) of the sampler (in %, round off to two decimal
places) is ___________
Ans 17.36 (17.25 – 17.45)
Sol. Internal diameter of sampler (di) = 48 mm
External diameter of sampler (d0) =52 mm
do − d i2
2

2
 100
Area ratio (Ar) = d i

2
52 − 482
 100
Ar = 482
A r = 17.361 %
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Topic : Engineering Hydrology

Concept : Surface Water Hydrology
Sub Concept : Hydrograph
Concept Field : Unit hydrograph
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 3 Minute
Q.22 A 12-hour unit hydrograph (of 1 cm excess rainfall) of a catchment is of a triangular
shape with a base width of 144 hour and a peak discharge of 23 m3/s. The area of
the catchment (in km2, round off to the nearest integer) is ________.
Ans 596.16 (595 to 598)

Sol.
Excess rainfall (R) = 1 cm
Peak discharge (Qp) = 23 m3/sec
Base time (T) = 144 hour
Let catchment area be A km2
Area of unit hydrograph = Runoff volume
1
 Qp  T
2 = A×R
1 1
 23  144  60  60
2 = A × 10 100
6

A = 596.16 km 2

Topic : Fluid Mechanics

Concept : Fluid Statics
Sub Concept : Pressure & its Measurement
Concept Field :
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.23 A lake has a maximum depth of 60 m. If the mean atmospheric pressure in the
lake region is 91 kPa and the unit weight of the lake water is 9790 N/m 3, the
absolute pressure (in kPa, round off to two decimal places) at the maximum depth
of the lake is ____________.
Ans 678.4 (677.5 – 679.5)
Sol. Depth of lake (h) = 60 m
Mean atmospheric pressure (Patm) = 91 kPa
Unit weight of lake water (γw) = 9790 N/m3 = 9.79 kN/m3
Absolute pressure at maximum depth of lake = patm + γw .h
= 91 + 9.79 × 60
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Plake bottom = 678.4 kPa

Topic : Transportation Engineering

Concept : Highway Engineering
Sub Concept : Traffic Control Devices
Concept Field : Design of Signal Timing
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.24 In a three-phase signal system design for a four-leg intersection, the critical flow
ratios for each phase are 0.18, 0.32, and 0.22. The total loss time in each of the
phases is 2 s. As per Webster’s formula, the optimal cycle length (in s, round off
to the nearest integer) is _______.
Ans 50 (48 – 52)
Sol. Number of phases (n) = 3
Lost time in each phase (tL) = 2 sec
Critical flow ratios for each phase y1 = 0.18
y2 = 0.32
y3 = 0.32
Optimal cycle time as per Webster formula
1.5L + 5
Co = 1– Y
Total lost time (L) = ntL = 3 × 2 = 6 sec
Where n is number of phases
Sum of critical flow ratio (Y) = 0.18 + 0.32 + 0.22
Y = 0.72
1.5  6 + 5
Co = (1– 0.72)
C o = 50 sec

Topic : Surveying
Concept : Fundamental Concepts of Surveying
Sub Concept : Theory of Error
Concept Field : Most Probable Value
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60 sec
Q.25 A horizontal angle θ is measured by four different surveyors multiple times and the
values reported are given below.
Surveyor Angle θ Number of
observations
1 36°30` 4
2 36°00` 3
3 35°30` 8
4 36°30` 4
The most probable value of the angle θ (in degree, round off to two decimal places)
is ________.
Ans. 36 (36 – 36)
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

w i  ni
Sol. Most probable value (MPV) = w i
3630' 4 + 3600' 3 + 3530' 8 + 3630' 4
MPV = 4+3+8+4
M PV = 36

Topic : Differential Equation

Concept : Linear Differential Equation
Subconcept : First Degree D.E.
Concept field : Linear Equation form
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60 sec
dy y
– =1
Q.26 If k is a constant, the general solution of dx x will be in the form of
(A) y = x ln(kx) (B) y = k ln(kx)
(C) y = x ln(x) (D) y = xk ln(k)
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given Differential equation is,
dy y
− =1
dx x
It is form of linear equation,
dy
+ Py = Q
dx
So that,
1
I·F· = e = e x
P·dx − dx

1
e − log x =
= x
Solution of differential equation is
I·f · =  Q·I·f ·dx + K

1 1
y· =
x  x dx + K
1
y. = log x + logK
x
y = xlog(Kx)
Hence, right option is A.

Topic : Linear Algebra

Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Concept : Eigenvalue and Eigenvector

Subconcept : Characteristics Equation
Concept field : Eigenvalue and Eigenvector of square matrix
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 120 sec
2 − 2
 6 
Q.27 The smallest eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenvector of the matrix −1
, respectively, are
2.00 1.00 
1.55 and   2.00 and  
(A) 0.45 (B) 1.00 
–2.55   2.00 
1.55 and   1.55 and  
(C) –0.45 (D) –0.45
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given a square matrix,
 2 −2 
 
−1 6 
A= 
Characteristics equation of square matrix.
|A – λI| = 0
2− −2
=0
−1 6 − 

(2 – λ)(6 – λ) – 2 = 0
l2 – 8λ + 10 = 0
l2 – 8λ + 10 = 0

8  64 − 40 8  24
= =4 6
λ= 2 2

Smallest Eigenvalue (λ5) = 4 − 6

Consider (A –λI)X = 0
2 −  −2   x 1  0 
 ·  =  
 −1 6 −   x 2  0 

Taken λ = 4 − 6

2 − (4 − 6 ) −2   x  0 
   1 =  
 −1 6 − (4 − 6 )  x 2  0 
So that,
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

 −2 + 6 −2  x 1  0 
   =  
 −1 2 + 6  x 2  0 

⇒ −(2 − 6 )x 1 + ( −2)x 2 = 0

Let x2 = K
2k
Then x1 = −2 + 6

 2 
x 1   K
  =  −2 + 6 
x 2   K 


For K = −2 + 6

x 1   2  2.00 
  = 
x 2   −2 + 6  0.45 
Hence, right option is A.

Topic : Steel Structures

Concept : Plastic Analysis
Sub Concept : Calculation of Collapse Load
Concept Field : Beam
Level : Difficult
Exp. Time : 180 sec
Q.28 A prismatic steel beam is shown in the figure

The plastic moment, Mp calculated for the collapse mechanism using static method
and kinematic method is :
2PL 2PL
M P,static  = M p,kinem atics M P,static   M p,kinem atics
(A) 9 (B) 9
2PL 2PL
M P,static = = M p,kinem atics M P,static  = M p,kinem atics
(C) 9 (D) 9
Ans (C)
Sol. Ds = 0  At least one - hinge is required to make mechanism
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Internal virtual work = External virtual work

 L


Mp ( + 2 ) = P × 3
2PL
 Mp = 9

Topic : Strength of Materials

Concept : Deflection of Beam
Sub Concept : Finding Slope and Deflection
Concept Field : Superposition Method
Level : Difficult
Exp. Time : 240 sec
Q.29 A frame EFG is shown in the figure. All members are prismatic and have equal
flexural rigidity. The member FG carries a uniformly distributed load w per unit
length. Axial deformation of any member is neglected.
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Considering the joint F being rigid, the support reaction at G is

(A) 0.375 wL (B) 0.453 wL (C) 0.482 wL (D) 0.500 wL
Ans (C)

Sol.
δ = θ × L + δR + δw
 2RL2 w L3  RxL3 w L4
= –   L + –
 EI EI  3EI 8EI
As per compatibility δ = 0
7RL3 9w L4 27
 – =0R = wL
3EI 8EI 56
 R = 0.482 wL

Topic : Geo-technical and Foundation Engineering

Concept : Consolidation of Soil
Sub Concept : Initial Settlement
Concept Field : Cohesive Soil
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60sec
Q.30 A clay layer of thickness H has a reconsolidation pressure p c and an initial void
ratio e0. The initial effective overburden stress at the mid-height of the layer is p0.
At the same location, the increment in effective stress due to applied external load
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

is Δp. The compression and swelling indices of the clay are Cc and Cs, respectively.
If P0 < Pc < (P0 + Δp), then the correct expression to estimate the consolidation
settlement (sc) of the clay layer is
H  pc P + p 
sc = C s log + C s log 0 
(A) 1+ e0  p0 pc 
H  pc P + p 
sc = C s log + C c log 0 
(B) 1+ e0  p0 pc 
H  p0 P + p 
sc = C c log + C s log 0 
(C) 1+ e0  pc pc 
H  p0 P + p 
sc = C s log + C c log 0 
(D) 1+ e0  pc pc 
Ans (B)
H  pc P + p 
sc = C s log + C c log 0 
Sol. 1+ e0  p0 pc 

Topic : Fluid Mechanics

Concept : Open Channel Flow
Sub Concept : Gradually Varied Flow
Concept Field : Critical Flow
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.31 A rectangular open channel of 6 m width is carrying a discharge of 20 m 3/s.
Consider the acceleration due to gravity as 9.81 m/s2 and assume water as
incompressible and inviscid. The depth of flow in the channel at which the specific
energy of the flowing water is minimum for the given discharge will then be :
(A) 0.82 m (B) 1.04 m (C) 2.56 m (D) 3.18 m
Ans (B)
Sol. → Maximum discharge (Qmax) occurs @ Critical depth where specific energy is also
minimum
1
 q2  3 Q 20 10
  q= = =
 ycr =  g  B 6 3
1
 100  3
  = 1.04 m
⇒ ycr =  9  9.81

Topic : Environment Engineering

Concept : Air Pollution
Sub Concept : Control of Air Pollution
Concept Field : Natural Processes
Level : Difficult
Exp. Time : 240 sec
Q.32 Read the statements given below.
(i) Value of the wind profile exponent for the ‘very unstable’ atmosphere is smaller
than the wind profile exponent for the ‘neutral’ atmosphere.
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

(ii) Downwind concentration of air pollutants due to an elevated point source will
be inversely proportional to the wind speed.
(iii) Value of the wind profile exponent for the ‘neutral’ atmosphere is smaller than
the wind profile exponent for the ‘very unstable’ atmosphere.
(iv) Downwind concentration of air pollutants due to an elevated point source will
be directly proportional to the wind speed.
Select the correct option.
(A) (i) is False and (iii) is True (B) (i) is True and (iv) is True
(C) (ii) is False and (iii) is False (D) (iii) is False and (iv) is False
Ans (D)
Sol.

Topic : Environment Engineering

Concept : Water Supply Engineering
Sub Concept : Purification of Water
Concept Field : Filtration
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.33 A water filtration unit is made of uniform-size sand particles of 0.4 mm diameter
with a shape factor of 0.84 and specific gravity of 2.55. The depth of the filter bed
is 0.70 m and the porosity is 0.35. The filter bed is to be expanded to a porosity of
0.65 by hydraulic backwash. If the terminal settling velocity of sand particles during
backwash is 4.5 cm/s, the required backwash velocity is
(A) 5.79 × 10−3 m/s (B) 6.35 × 10−3 m/s
(C) 0.69 cm/s (D) 0.75 cm/s
Ans (B)
0.22
V 
`=  B 
Sol.  VS  where ` = porosity in expanded condition
Vs = Settling velocity
VB = Back wash velocity
0.22
 V 
 0.65 =  B 
 4.5 
 VB = 0.63506 cm/s or 6.35 × 10–3 m/s

Topic : Surveying Engineering

Concept : Traverse Surveying
Sub Concept : Latitude and Departure
Concept Field : Calculation & Correction
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.34 For a given traverse, latitudes and departures are calculated and it is found that
sum of latitudes is equal to +2.1 m and the sum of departures is equal to –2.8 m.
The length and bearing of the closing error, respectively, are
(A) 3.50 m and 53°7'48" NW (B) 2.45 m and 53°7'48" NW
(C) 0.35 m and 53.13° SE (D) 3.50 m and 53.13° SE
Ans (A)
Sol. Given:
Error in departure = – 2.8 = ex
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Error in latitude = + 2.1 = ey

ex2 + ey2 = (–2.8)2 + (2.1)2
Length of closing error (e) =
 e = 3.5 m
 ex   2.8 
  =  
Angle of closing error  tanθ =  ey   2.1 
 q = 53°7'48" NW ; since ex = (+) Ve and ey = (–) Ve
Hence error is in 4th Quadrant

Topic : Geo-technical and Foundation Engineering

Concept : Properties of Soil & Soil Water Relationship
Sub Concept : Atterberg Limits
Concept Field : Consistency Index & Interrelation
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.35 From laboratory investigations, the liquid limit, plastic limit, natural moisture
content and flow index of a soil specimen are obtained as 60%, 27%, 32% and 27,
respectively. The corresponding toughness index and liquidity index of the soil
specimen, respectively, are
(A) 0.15 and 1.22 (B) 0.19 and 6.60
(C) 1.22 and 0.15 (D) 6.60 and 0.19
Ans (C)
Sol. PI = LL – PL = 60 – 27 = 33
PI 33
= = 1.22
It = If 27
w – PL 33 – 27
= = 0.15
Liquidity index (IL) = LL – PL 60 – 27
Hence It = 1.22
and IL = 0.15

Q.36 – Q.55 Numerical Answer Type (NAT), carry TWO mark each (no negative marks).

Topic : Vector Calculus

Concept : Vector Differential Calculus
Subconcept : Gradient of Vector
Concept field : Directional derivative
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.36 A function is defined in Cartesian coordinate system as f (x, y) = xe y. The value of
the directional derivative of the function (in integer) at the point (2, 0) along the
1 
 ,2 
direction of the straight line segment from point (2, 0) to point  2  is _______.
Ans. (1)
Sol. Given function,
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

f(x, y) = xey
Straight line segment point
1 
 ,2
P(2, 0) and Q  2 

 d
f = (xe y )iˆ + (xe y )ˆj
grad f = x y

yˆ yˆ
= e i + xe j

f = ˆi + 2ˆj
(2,0)

1 
 ,2
Vector along the direction of straight-line segment from (2, 0) to  2  is given by

1 
pQ =  − 2  ˆi + (2 − 0)ˆj
2 

3
PQ = − ˆi + 2 j
2
The value of direction derivatives is

PQ
f ·PQ = ·f ·
| PQ |

 3ˆ 
− j + 2j
(ˆi + 2ˆj)  
2
2
 3
 −  + (2)
2

=  2

3 5
− +4
2 = 2 =1
5 5
= 2 2

·f ·PQ = 1
Hence, the value of direction derivative is 1.

Topic : Strength of Materials

Concept : Column and Strut
Sub Concept : Euler’s Theory
Concept Field : Load Calculation
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 180 sec
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Q.37 An elevated cylindrical water storage tank is shown in the figure. The tank has inner
diameter of 1.5 m. It is supported on a solid steel circular column of diameter 75
mm and total height (L) of 4 m. Take, water density = 1000 kg/m3 and acceleration
due to gravity = 10 m/s2.

If elastic modulus (E) of steel is 200 GPa, ignoring self-weight of the tank, for the
supporting steel column to remain unbuckled, the maximum depth (h) of the water
permissible (in m, round off to one decimal place) is ___________.
Ans 2.7 (2.5 – 2.9)
Sol. We know that:
  
2  2  1011    (75  10–3 )4 
2EI  64 
=
(l
Pcr = eff )2
(2  4)2

 Pcr = 47903.22 N
Now,
Maximum depth of water in tank should be limited such that force on column does
not exceed Pcr.
 hmax × ρg × tank area  Pcr

 hmax × 1000 × 10 × 4 × 1.52  47903.22
 hmax = 2.7 m

Topic : Structural Analysis

Concept : Structural Dynamics
Sub Concept : SDOF System
Concept Field : Natural Frequency
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 60 sec
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Q.38 A prismatic fixed-fixed beam, modelled with a total lumped-mass of 10 kg as a

single degree of freedom (SDOF) system is shown in the figure.

If the flexural stiffness of the beam is 4π2 kN/m, its natural frequency of vibration
(in Hz, in integer) in the flexural mode will be __________.
Ans 10 (10 – 10)
1 k
Sol. Natural frequency ωn = 2 m
1 42  1000

ωn = 2 10
 ωn = 10 Hz

Topic : Structure Analysis

Concept : Cable
Sub Concept : Analysis
Concept Field :
Level : Difficult
Exp. Time : 240 sec
Q.39 A perfectly flexible and inextensible cable is shown in the figure (not to scale). The
external loads at F and G are acting vertically.

The magnitude of tension in the cable segment FG (in kN, round off to two decimal
places) is ____________.
Ans 8.25 (8.10 – 8.40)
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Sol.
Equations of statics:
fy = 0 ….(1)
 RE + RH = 22 kN
M E = 0 ….(2)
 10 × 2 + 12 × 4 – H × 1 – RH × 6 = 0
 6 RH + H = 68
Now,
By property of cable
BMF = 0 ….(3)
 RE × 2 – H × 3 = 0
2RE = 3H
From (1) and (2)
6 × (22 RE) + H = 68
 (132 – 68) = 6 RE – H
3
(put RE = 2 H from (3))
 8H = 64
 H = 8 kN and, RE = 12 kN, RH = 10 kN

Tension in EF cable = H 2 + RE2 = 14.42 kN

Calculation for ‘x’
BMG = 0
 10 × 2 – 0.8 × y = 0
 y = 2.5 m
Now,
x=y+1–3
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

 x = 0.5 m
0.5
 tan  = 2   = 14.05°
 3
 
And x = tan–1  2  = 56.31°
Now,
Consider FBD at (F)

TFG cos  = 14.42 × cos 

cos56.31
 TFG = 14.42 × cos14.05
TFG = 8.25 kN

Topic : Engineering Mechanics

Concept : Projectile Motion
Sub Concept : Distance and Time
Concept Field :
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.40 A fire hose nozzle directs a steady stream of water of velocity 50 m/s at an angle
of 45° above the horizontal. The stream rises initially but then eventually falls to
the ground. Assume water as incompressible and inviscid. Consider the density of
air and the air friction as negligible, and assume the acceleration due to gravity as
9.81 m/s2. The maximum height (in m, round off to two decimal places) reached by
the stream above the hose nozzle will then be ____________.
Ans 63.71 (63.50 – 63.90)

Sol.
in vertical plane
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

V2 = u2 + 2 as
2
 50 
  + ( −2  9.81 S ) = 0
 2
1250
= 63.71m
 S = 2  9.81

Topic : Reinforced Concrete Structure

Concept : Design Philosophy
Sub Concept : WSM
Concept Field : Neutral Axis
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 180 sec
Q.41 A rectangular cross-section of a reinforced concrete beam is shown in the figure.
The diameter of each reinforcing bar is 16 mm. The values of modulus of elasticity
of concrete and steel are 2.0 × 104 MPa and 2.1 × 105 MPa, respectively.

The distance of the centroidal axis from the centerline of the reinforcement (x) for
the uncracked section (in mm, round off to one decimal place) is _________.
Ans 129.4 (129 – 130)

Sol.

Ast = 4 × 162 × 3 = 602.88 m2
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Es 21
= = 10.5
m = Ec 2
1 B(D − xna )2
Bxna2 = (m − 1)A st  (d – xna )+
2 2
1 200
  200  xna2 = 9.5  602.88  (315 – xna )  (350 xna )2
2 + 2
xna = 185.59 mm 185.6 mm
(y) distance from reinforcement center = 315 – 185.6
 y = 129.4 mm

Topic : Construction Project Management

Concept : Critical Path Method
Sub Concept : Network
Concept Field : Project Duration
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 180 sec
Q.42 The activity details for a small project are given in the Table.
Activity Duration (days) Depends on

A 6 -
B 10 A
C 14 A
D 8 B
E 12 C
F 8 C
G 16 D,E
H 8 F, G
K 2 B
L 5 G, K
The total time (in days, in integer) for project completion is _______.
Ans 56 (56 – 56)

Sol.
Critical path : (1)-(2)-(4)-(5)-(6)-(8)
Critical duration : 6 + 14 + 12 + 16 + 8 = 56 days
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Topic : Construction Project Management

Concept : Engineering Economics
Sub Concept : Depreciation
Concept Field : Sum of Digits Method
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 240 sec
Q.43 An equipment has been purchased at an initial cost of ₹160000 and has an
estimated salvage value of ₹10000. The equipment has an estimated life of 5
years. The difference between the book values (in ₹, in integer) obtained at the end
of 4th year using straight line method and sum of years digit method of
depreciation is________.
Ans 20000 (20000 – 20000)
Sol. Given:
Ci = 160000 (initial cast)
Cs = 10000 (salvage value)
n = 5 yrs
(1) Straight line method :
160000 – 10000
= 30,000
Depreciation rate = 5
Book value at the 4th year end B = 16000 – 4 × 30000
 B = 40,000
(2) Sum of digit method :
n(n + 1)
= 15
Sum of digits of year = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 2
(n + 1)– m
 (Initial value − salvage value)
Depreciation in mth year = sum of digits
 (5 + 1) + 1
   (16000 – 10000)
 In first year (D1) =  15  = 50,000
6–2
 150000 = 40000
 In second year (D2) = 15
6– 3
 150000 = 30000
 In third year (D3) = 15
6– 4
 150000 = 20000
 In fourth year (D4) = 15
 Book value (B) = Ci – (D1 + D2 +D3 +D4) = 160000 – 140000 = 20000
Difference in book value from above two methods = 40000 – 20000 =
20000

Topic : Reinforced Concrete Structure

Concept : Shallow Foundation
Sub Concept : Analytic Approach
Concept Field : Meyerhof's Method
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 240 sec
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Q.44 A rectangular footing of size 2.8 m × 3.5 m is embedded in a clay layer and a vertical
load is placed with an eccentricity of 0.8 m as shown in the figure (not to scale).
Take Bearing capacity factors: Nc = 5.14, Nq = 1.0, and Nγ = 0.0; Shape factors: sc =
1.16, sq = 1.0 and sγ= 1.0; Depth factors: dc = 1.1, dq = 1.0 and dγ = 1.0; and
Inclination factors: ic = 1.0 and iq = 1.0 and Iγ = 1.0.

Using Meyerhoff’s method, the load (in kN, round off to two decimal places) that
can be applied on the footing with a factor of safety of 2.5 is___________.
Ans 440.7 (439.00 – 442.00)

Sol.
In case of eccentric load reduced foundation width to be used
B 
 – ex 
 B`= 2x  2 
 2.8 
 – 0.8 
 B` = 2 ×  2  = 1.2 m
There is not any eccentricity in length direction, hence ey = 0
 L = L` = 3.5 m
Now:
Ultimate Bearing Capacity qu = CNc.Scdcic + qNqSqdqiq + 0.5B`y NySydyiy
qu = (40 × 5.14 × 1.16 × 1.1 × 1) + (1.5 × 18.2) × 1 × 1 × 1 + 0.5 × 1.5 × 0
qu = 289.65 KN/m2
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

 qu – D f   289.65 – 18.2  1.5 

=  = 104.94 KN /m
2

Also: qnet safe =  FO S   2.5 
Thus net safe load carried by footing QNet safe = qnet safe × L`B`
= 104.94 × 3.5 × 1.2 = 440.74 KN
Note :- Here load which can be applied is asked means additional load coming
from superstructure however if safe load that can be carried was asked, then the
answer would be from qsafe inertia, not by qnet safe.

Topic : Geo-technical and Foundation Engineering

Concept : Consolidation of Soil
Sub Concept : Primary Consolidation Characteristic
Concept Field : Empirical Relation and Calculation
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 180 sec
Q.45 The soil profile at a road construction site is as shown in figure (not to scale). A
large embankment is to be constructed at the site. The ground water table (GWT)
is located at the surface of the clay layer, and the capillary rise in the sandy soil is
negligible. The effective stress at the middle of the clay layer after the application
of the embankment loading is 180 kN/m2. Take unit weight of water, γw = 9.81 kN/m3

The primary consolidation settlement (in m, round off to two decimal places) of
the clay layer resulting from this loading will be ________.
Ans 0.33 (0.32 – 0.34)
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Sol.
 G – 1
    w ; se = w G
γsub =  1+ e 
For saturated soil s = 1
e=wG
 2.65 – 1 
 sub =    9.81
 1+ 2.65  0.45 
 sub = 7.38 kN /m 2
0 at mid of clay layer = γsand × 2 + γsub × 3
= 18.5 × 2 + 7.38 × 3 = 59.14 kN/m2
Primary consolidation settlement
C c .H  0 +    0 +   = 180 kN /m 2
 log  
S = 1+ e0  0  is given
0.25  6000  180 
 log  
 S = 1+ 0.45  2.65  59.14 
S = 330 m m
S = 0.33 m

Topic : Numerical Method

Concept : Numerical Integration
Subconcept : Trapezoidal Rule
Concept field : Numerical value of polynomial
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Q.46 Numerically integrate, f (x) = 10x − 20x2 from lower limit a = 0 to upper limit b =
0.5. Use Trapezoidal rule with five equal subdivisions. The value (in units, round off
to two decimal places) obtained is ___________.
Ans 0.4 (0.38 to 0.42 )
Sol. Given function
f(x) = 10x – 20x2
b − a 0.5 − 0 0.5
= = = 0.1
Step size = n 5 5

X 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

f(x) = y 0 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.8 0
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5
The formula of Trapezoidal rule to the given data

( y + y 5 ) + 2 ( y 1 + y 2 + y 3 + y 4 ) 
0.5 h

0
f (x)dx = 10x − 20x 2 =
2 0 

0.1
[(0 + 0) + 2(0.8 + 1.2 + 1.2 + 0.8)]
= 2

0.1
[2  4] = 0.40
= 2
Hence, the value of numerical integral f(x) is 0.40.

Topic : Geo-technical and Foundation Engineering

Concept : Consolidation of Soil
Sub Concept : Primary Consolidation Characteristic
Concept Field : Empirical Relation and Calculation
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.47 The void ratio of a clay soil sample M decreased from 0.575 to 0.510 when the
applied pressure is increased from 120 kPa to 180 kPa. For the same increment in
pressure, the void ratio of another clay soil sample N decreases from 0.600 to
0.550. If the ratio of hydraulic conductivity of sample M to sample N is 0.125, then
the ratio of coefficient of consolidation of sample M to sample N (round off to three
decimal places) is ___________.
Ans 0.095 (0.090 – 0.100)
Kv
Sol. mv = C v  w
H = mv (  ) H
Kv
H = C v  w (  ) H
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

kvM M HM
( H )M C vM  w M
=
(H)N kvN N HN
C vN  w N (as  for M & N is same)
( H M )
(H M )  K vM   C vN 
=   
( H N )  K vN   C vM 
(H N )
 0.6 – 0.55 
 
 1+ 0.6 
C vM  0.575 – 0.51
C vN = 0.125 ×  1+ 0.575 
0.05 1.575

= 0.125 × 1.6 0.065
C vM
C vN = 0.095

Topic : Engineering Hydrology

Concept : Abstractions from Precipitation
Sub Concept : Infiltration
Concept Field : Infiltration Index
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.48 The hyetograph in the figure corresponds to a rainfall event of 3 cm

If the rainfall event has produced a direct runoff of 1.6 cm, the φ-index of the event
(in mm/hour, round off to one decimal place) would be _________.
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Ans 4.2 (4.2 – 4.2)

Sol. Given:
Total rainfall = 3cm = 30 mm
Total runoff = 1.6 cm = 16 mm
Totalinfiltration Totalrainfall– Totalrunoff
w-index = Totaldurationof strom = Totaldurationof strom
(30 – 16) 14
mm =  10 = 4 m m /hr
= 3.5 hrs 3.5

as   w − index
Removing 3 mm/hr rainfall intensity
 30 
30 – 16 –  3  
 60 
= 4.17 m m /hr
 = 3
Removing 4 mm/hr rainfall intensity
 30   30 
30 – 16 –  3   – 4  
 60   60 
= 4.2 m m /hr
 = 2.5
No rainfall intensity is below 4.2 mm/hr
  index = 4.2 mm/hr

Topic : Fluid Mechanics

Concept : Fluid Dynamics
Sub Concept : Flow Measurement
Concept Field : Venturimeter
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 180 sec
Q.49 A venturimeter as shown in the figure (not to scale) is connected to measure the
flow of water in a vertical pipe of 20 cm diameter.
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Assume g = 9.8 m/s2. When the deflection in the mercury manometer is 15 cm, the
flow rate (in lps, round off to two decimal places) considering no loss in the
venturimeter is ___________.
Ans 49.37 (49.0 – 50.0)
 
x  m − 1
Sol. H =  w 

x = 0.15 m, m = 13.6 × 103 kg/m3,  w = 1000 kg/m3

 13.6  103 
 3
– 1
h = 0.15  10 
= 12.6 × 0.15 = 1.89 m
A1 A2
2gh
Discharge, Q = Cd A 21 − A 22

For no loss  coefficient of discharge = Cd = 1

A1 A2 A1
2gh 2gh
2
 A1  A 2
A2   − 1 1
−1
Q=  A 2  = A 2
2


(0.2)2  2  9.8  1.89
4
2
4  0.04
  −1   37.044
=  1 = 4 15
= 0.04937 m3/s = 49.37 /s

Topic : Irrigation Engineering

Concept : Soil Moisture and Water Requirement
Sub Concept : Water Requirement of Crop
Concept Field : Duty
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 120 sec
Q.50 A reservoir with a live storage of 300 million cubic metre irrigates 40000 hectares
(1 hectare = 104 m2) of a crop with two fillings of the reservoir. If the base period
of the crop is 120 days, the duty for this crop (in hectares per cumec, round off to
integer) will then be__________.
Ans 691.2 (689 – 693)
Sol. Given:
Reservoir storage = 300 million m3
Area = 40,000 hectare
Reservoir is filled twice
Base period = 120 days
Total volum e of w ater
Depth (Δ) = Area irrigated
300  2  106
= 40,000  10
4

= 1.5 m
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

8.64  B
Duty (D) = 
8.64  120
Duty = 1.5
= 691.2 hectares/cumec

Topic : Environmental Engineering

Concept : Waste Water Engineering
Sub Concept : Sewage Treatment
Concept Field : Activated Sludge Process
Level : Difficult
Exp. Time : 240 sec
Q.51 An activated sludge process (ASP) is designed for secondary treatment of 7500
m3/day of municipal wastewater. After primary clarifier, the ultimate BOD of the
influent, which enters into ASP reactor is 200 mg/L. Treated effluent after
secondary clarifier is required to have an ultimate BOD of 20 mg/L. Mix liquor
volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration in the reactor and the underflow
is maintained as 3000 mg/L and 12000 mg/L, respectively. The hydraulic retention
time and mean cell residence time are 0.2 day and 10 days, respectively. A
representative flow diagram of the ASP is shown below.

The underflow volume (in m3/day, round off to one decimal place) of sludge
wastage is ______________.
Ans 37.5 (37 – 38)
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Sol.
Q0 = 7500 m3/day
xu = 12000 mg/L
x = 3000 mg/L
(HRT) Hydraulic retention time = 0.2 days
Mean cell residence time = 10 days
Volume of ASP Reactor = Discharge × HRT
= 7500 × 0.2
= 1500 m3
VX
Sludge age θc = (Q 0 – Q w )xe + Q w xu (Assume xe = 0)
1500  3000
10 = Q w  12000
Qw = 37.5 m3/day

Topic : Environmental Engineering

Concept : Water Supply Engineering
Sub Concept : Purification of Water Supplies
Concept Field : Sedimentation
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 180 sec
Q.52 A grit chamber of rectangular cross-section is to be designed to remove particles
with diameter of 0.25 mm and specific gravity of 2.70. The terminal settling velocity
of the particles is estimated as 2.5 cm/s. The chamber is having a width of 0.50 m
and has to carry a peak wastewater flow of 9720 m3/d giving the depth of flow as
0.75 m. If a flow-through velocity of 0.3 m/s has to be maintained using a
proportional weir at the outlet end of the chamber, the minimum length of the
chamber (in m, in integer) to remove 0.25 mm particles completely is
______________.
Ans 9 (9 – 9)
Sol. Given:
Vsettling = 2.5 cm/sec
B = 0.5 m
Depth = 0.75 m
Vflow = 0.3 m/sec
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

D epth
Detention time (td) = vsettling
0.75
= 2.5  10–2
= 30 sec
Length = Vf × td
= 0.3 × 30
=9m

Topic : Transportation Engineering

Concept : Highway Engineering
Sub Concept : Mix Design
Concept Field : Marshall Method
Level : Moderate
Exp. Time : 180 sec
Q.53 In an aggregate mix, the proportions of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and mineral
filler are 55%, 40% and 5%, respectively. The values of bulk specific gravity of the
coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and mineral filler are 2.55, 2.65 and 2.70,
respectively. The bulk specific gravity of the aggregate mix (round off to two
decimal places) is _______________.
Ans 2.60 (2.58 – 2.61)
Sol. Given:
% Proportion Specific
gravity
Coarse aggregate 55 2.55
Fine aggregate 40 2.65
Mineral filler 5 2.7

% proportion
 % proportion 
 
Bulk specific gravity =  Specific gravity 
55 + 40 + 5
55 40 5
+ +
= 2.55 2.65 2.7
= 2.5964 2.6

Topic : Transportation Engineering

Concept : Highway Engineering
Sub Concept : Sight Distance
Concept Field : stopping Sight Distance
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 180 sec
Q.54 The stopping sight distance (SSD) for a level highway is 140 m for the design speed
of 90 km/h. The acceleration due to gravity and deceleration rate are 9.81 m/s2 and
3.5 m/s2, respectively. The perception/reaction time (in s, round off to two decimal
places) used in the SSD calculation is__________.
Ans 2.03 (1.90 – 2.10)
Gate_Civil_2021_Set-2

Sol. Given:
SSD = 140 m
v = 90 km/sec
= 25 m/sec
G = 9.81 m/s2
Deceleration (a) = 3.5 m/s2
v2
SSD = vt + 2a (a = ƒg)
252
140 = 25 t + 2  3.5
t = 2.028 sec
t = 2.03 sec

Topic : Transportation Engineering

Concept : Railway Engineering
Sub Concept : Geometric Design of Railway Track
Concept Field : Horizontal Curve
Level : Easy
Exp. Time : 180 sec
Q.55 For a 2° curve on a high speed Broad Gauge (BG) rail section, the maximum
sanctioned speed is 100 km/h and the equilibrium speed is 80 km/h. Consider
dynamic gauge of BG rail as 1750 mm. The degree of curve is defined as the angle
subtended at its center by a 30.5 m are. The cant deficiency for the curve (in mm,
round off to integer) is_____________.
Ans 57 (55 – 59)
Sol. Given
2° Curve
Maximum sanctioned speed = 100 km/h
Equilibrium speed = 80 km/h
Dynamic gauge = 1750 mm
1750 1750
= = 875 m
Radius of curve = D  2
G V2
eequilibrium = 127R
1.75  802
= 127  875
eequilibrium = 0.10079 m
1.75  1002
eequilibrium for maximum sanctioned speed = 127  875
= 0.15748 m
Cant deficiency = 0.15748 – 0.10079
= 0.05669 m
= 56.69 m
57 mm