Welcome pz27.

27.net: The Printed Home of NAVFAC DM 7 Geotechnical Resources Geotechnical Courses About Contact Terms and Conditions of This Site

vulcanhammer.net
the page with geotechnical engineering resources and educational materials

UNCATEGORIZED Search

Numerical methods with experimental soil Search …

response in predicting vibrations from

dynamic sources
Posted on 8 January 2017
Follow vulcanhammer.net

M.R. Svinkin via Email

Consulting Engineer Enter your email address to follow this

blog and receive notifications of new
ABSTRACT: Numerical methods are presented to predict complete vibration posts by email.
response of the soil, buildings or sensitive instruments caused by anticipated, future
vibration sources such as construction or heave industry. The suggested methods Email Address
make use of either Duhamel’s integral or Fourier transforms and experimental soil
response.
FOLLOW

1 INTRODUCTION Join 974 other subscribers

Construction and industrial dynamic sources, such as pile driving and foundations
for impact machines, generate elastic waves in soil which may adversely affect
surrounding buildings and sensitive instruments (Targets). The effects of these
What’s Here:
waves range from visible structural damage to serious disturbance of working
conditions for sensitive devices and people. Therefore, legitimate concerns About
frequently arise about possible ground and structure vibrations before the start of
Contact
construction activities or installation of machine foundations.
Geotechnical Courses

Analytical methods (Miller and Pursey, 1954; Broers and Dieterman, 1992; Foundation Design and Analysis

Hanazato and Kishida, 1992; Wolf, 1994) already exist which give accurate results Soil Mechanics
for certain limited cases, but these methods are applicable only to well defined and
Soil Mechanics Laboratory
simple sites like a half-space or horizontally layered media. Indeed, for the prediction
Geotechnical Resources
of expected vibrations, it is necessary to have information about the actual soil
Combined Soil Mechanics and
deposit and to choose a proper soil model to compute vibrations. Computed results
Foundations Works
from the simple models contain valuable data about general tendencies of wave
Foundation Design and Construction
propagation at a site, but cannot take into account spatial variations of soil
Concrete and Grout in
properties and produce accurate and complete soil vibration records at any point of
Geotechnical Structures
interest.
Dams and Dam Safety
A dv ert ise me nt s

Drilled Shafts and Other Bored

Deep Foundations

Foundations on Expansive and

Collapsible Soils

Load and Resistance Factor

Design (LRFD)

Shallow Foundations and

REPORT THIS AD
Pavements: Documents
and Software
This paper presents numerical methods coupled with experimental soil response Slope Stability and Earthmoving
measurements to predict ground and structure vibrations before the beginning of
Retaining Walls
construction activities or installation of machine foundations. This approach
Anchorage, Tieback and
employs experimental impulse response functions containing real behaviour of soil Underpinning Systems
and structures without the investigation of soil and structure properties. It also
Levees and Marine Retaining Walls
provides an opportunity for accurate determination of vibration levels and aids in
Mechanically Stabilised Earth
monitoring of ground, structure and device vibrations prior to start of construction
(MSE) Walls
and industrial activities.
Sheet Piling

2 DEFINITION OF METHODS Soil Nail Walls

Soil Mechanics
The suggested methods for predicting soil and building vibrations are founded on
Compaction and Soil Improvement
utilization of the impulse response functions technique for predicting complete
Finite Element Analysis in
vibration records on existing soils, buildings and equipment prior to installation of
Geotechnical Engineering
construction and industrial dynamic sources (Svinkin 1973, 1996). The impulse
Geotextiles, Geogrids
response function is an output signal of the system based on a single instantaneous
and Geosynthetics
impulse input (Bendat and Piersol 1993). These functions are applied for studies of
complicated linear dynamic systems with unknown internal structures for which Laboratory Testing, Field
Investigations and
mathematical description is difficult or impossible. In the case under consideration,
Soil Classification
the dynamic system is the soil medium through which waves propagate outward
Field Investigations
from sources of construction and industrial vibrations. The input signal of the system
is the impulse response of the ground at the place of pile driving, dynamic Laboratory Testing

compaction of soil, or installation of a machine foundation; the output signal is the Permeability and
vibratory response of a location of interest situated on the surface or within the soil Groundwater Flow

stratum, or any point at a building receiving vibrations. Output can be obtained, for Rock Mechanics
example, as the vibration traces for displacements at locations of interest. Actually,
Soil Dynamics and Special Topics
these records are experimental Green’s functions.
Terms and Conditions of This Site
A dv ert ise me nt s
Welcome

What’s Somewhere Else:

 REPORT THIS AD

Impulse response functions for the dynamic system being considered are
determined by setting up an experiment. Such an approach does not require routine
soil boring, sampling, or testing at the site where waves propagate from the vibration
source, eliminates the need to use mathematical models of soil bases and structures
in practical applications, and provides the flexibility of considering heterogeneity
and variety of soil and structural properties. Unlike analytical methods, experimental
impulse response functions reflect real behavior of soil and structures without direct
investigation of the soil and structure properties. Because of that, the suggested
methods have substantially greater capabilities in comparison with other existing
methods.

The following is a general outline of the methods for predicting vibrations at a

distance from an impact source. It is assumed that the dynamic loads transmitted
onto the soil are known or can be found using existing theories. At the place in the
field for installation of the wave source, impacts of known magnitude are applied
onto the soil. The impact is often created using a rigid steel sphere or pear-shaped
mass falling from a mobile or bridge crane. The oscillations resulting from the impact
on the soil are measured and recorded at the points of interest (target points), for
example, at the locations of instruments sensitive to vibration, communication lines
and other devices, etc. These oscillations are the impulse response functions
(Green’s functions) of the treated dynamic system which automatically take into
account complicated soil conditions. Predicted vibrations are computed using
Duhamel’s integral or a Fourier transform.

3 APPLICATION OF DUHAMEL’S INTEGRAL

For each single output point, the considered input – soil medium – output system is a
one degree of freedom system and predicted displacements can be written as
follows

A dv ert ise me nt s
 REPORT THIS AD

(1)

where

F(t) = resultant dynamic force transmitted to the ground;

x,y = coordinates of the output point under consideration at ground or
structure;
hz(x,y,t-t) = impulse response function at the output point under
consideration;
t = variable of integration.

Dynamic loads on a machine foundation can be found using existing foundation

dynamics theories, for example Barkan (1962) and Richart et al. (1970). It is known
that the equation of vertical damped vibrations of foundations for machines with
dynamic loads can is given by

(2)

with initial conditions z = z0 and t = t0 for t = 0. In Equation (2),

c = viscous damping coefficient;

kz = spring constant for the vertical mode of foundation vibrations;
P(t) = exciting force;
M = mass of foundation and machine.

Parameters of the foundation-soil system M, c and kz are considered known in

predicting vibrations.
 A dv ert ise me nt s

REPORT THIS AD

Figure 1 Dynamic Forces on machine foundations and soil base

Equation (2) can be converted into another form as

(3)

with vulcanhammer.info: the complete

reference for driven piles and pile
(4) driving

where Chet Aero Marine (with more

engineering downloads)
f nz = natural frequency of vertical vibrations of foundation;
a = effective damping constant. Don Warrington on ResearchGate
An expression derived from Equations (3) and (4) for a dynamic load applied to the Positive Infinity (with general interest

soil can be written as downloads)

A dv ert ise me nt s

HP-35 Calculator

REPORT THIS AD

(5)

The dynamic force transmitted from the machine foundation to the soil base (Figure
1) depends on the foundation and machine mass, the damping constant, natural
frequency of vertical foundation vibrations and vertical foundation displacements as
a function of time.

Substitution of Equation (5) to Equation (1) gives

(6)

For an arbitrary dynamic load, P(t), the total foundation displacement is

Recent Posts
(7)
A Simplified Method to Design
Cantilever Gravity Walls

where fnd = damped natural frequency of vertical vibrations of the foundation and My View of Student Evaluations

Comments on “Using the Impulse–

Response Pile Data for Soil
(8)
Characterization”

Comments on “Fictitious soil pile model

for dynamic analysis of pipe piles under
The general solution for determining dynamic displacements of points on the soil or high-strain conditions”

in structures is obtained substituting Equation (7) to Equation (6) Comments on “3D FE analysis of bored
pile- pile cap interaction in sandy soils
under axial compression-
(9) parametric study”

3.1 Source with impact loads

Impact loads are transmitted to foundations from moulding machines, forge and Science and
drop hammers, and many construction operations like pile driving.
Technology Blog
A dv ert ise me nt s

Is Christianity Darwinian?

Lost and found: a 1964 interview

with Georges Lemaitre, the Father
of the Big Bang theory — Science
meets Faith

On Specialisation and Mathematics

REPORT THIS AD

Georg Cantor and infinity

Vibration displacements of the source machine foundation can be assigned
analytically as a damped sinusoid The tyranny of a Covid amnesty —
UnHerd
(10)
The Challenge from Aquinas That
Changed Mathematics
with

Should My Students Be Here?

(11)
Maybe a few Soviet Books Would
Change Their Mind
where

You Think They’ll Ever Bother to

IF = impulse force transmitted from machine to foundation;
Ask Christian Scientists About How
f = modulus of damping;
 kz = coefficient of vertical subgrade reaction; To Approach Science?
A = contact area between foundation and soil.
Christians Believing in Evolution:

According to Savinov (1979), the modulus of damping, f, ranges in a relatively My Response to Larry Arnhart

narrow range and is slightly dependent on soil conditions. For instance, f values
range from 0.004 to 0.008 sec for foundations with contact areas less than 10.0 m2.
Advertisements
Coefficient, kz¢ is determined according to Barkan (1962). Also, it is possible to use
other approaches for determining values of f and kz .

After substitution of Equation (10) to Equation (6), vibration displacement at a target

point is

(12)

3.2 Source with steady state vibration loads

A harmonic dynamic load applied to the foundation can be written as

A dv ert ise me nt s

REPORT THIS AD

REPORT THIS AD

(13)

where

P0 = load amplitude;
w = angular frequency.
Such loads are transmitted to foundations under various machines. The most
prevalent powerful sources of steady state vibrations are compressors and crushing
equipment.

The solution of Equation (3) with the right side of expression (13) is

(14)

with

(15)

After substitution of Equation (14) to Equation (6), vibration displacement in a target

point is

(16)

A dv ert ise me nt s

REPORT THIS AD

Integration limits were taken (-¥ , t) because steady state vibrations are considered.

3.3 Source with transient state vibration loads

Dynamic transient loads are transferred to a foundation from a vibro-isolated block

for a forge hammer. These dynamic loads can be represented as
 (17)

with

(18)

where

z1 = dynamic displacement of the vibro-isolated block;

z.1 = dynamic velocity of the vibro-isolated block;
λ = natural frequency of vertical vibrations of the vibro-isolated block;
kb = spring constant for the vertical mode of the vibro-isolated block;
Mb = mass of the vibro-isolated block and machine;
cb = viscous damping coefficient of vibro-isolation;
β = damping constant of vibro-isolation.

Parameters Mb, cb and kb are considered known.

Vibration displacements of the vibro-isolated block can be assigned as

A dv ert ise me nt s

REPORT THIS AD

(19)

with
 (20)

where Ib = impulse applied to the vibro-isolated block; λ1 = damped natural

frequency of the vibro-isolated block.

Substitution of Equation (19) to Equation (17) gives

(21)

The duration of transient state vibrations is commensurate with the time of

attenuation of foundation natural vibrations. For that reason determining dynamic
loads transmitted to the soil, F(t), it is necessary to take into account natural
foundation vibrations.

Next consider determination of the function F(t) in detail. A general integral of a

linear nonhomogeneous Equation (3) with the right side equal to expression (21) is

(22)

where a partial integral will be found in a form

(23)

because the vibro-isolated block parameter range eliminates the coincidence of β+iλ
with roots of characteristic equation equal α+ifnd. The use of the method of
indeterminate coefficients gives

A dv ert ise me nt s
 REPORT THIS AD

(24)

(25)

Differentiation of Equation (22) gives

(26)

Substituting initial conditions to Equation (22) and (26), we obtain arbitrary

constants c1 and c2. After substitution these constants to Equation (22) and using
expression (23), a general solution of Equation (3) is

(27)

The first term of the right side of Equation (27) presents the initial free displacement
of a point under consideration determined by initial conditions and independent of
the exciting force, the second term is excited free vibrations determined by the
exciting force and independent of initial conditions, and third term is forced
vibrations.

For zero initial conditions at the time of vibro-isolated hammer operations, Equation
(27) becomes

A dv ert ise me nt s
 (28)

Equation (28) can be transformed as

(29)

with

(30)

(31)

Substituting expression (29) into Equation (6), we obtain vertical or, similarly,
horizontal displacements of soil and structures as

(32)

The first integral represents the displacements of a point under consideration

excited by free foundation vibrations, and the second one by forced foundation
vibrations.

A dv ert ise me nt s
Coefficients in equation (32) are defined as follows

(33)

It is necessary to point out that displacements at target points depends only on

parameters observed in experiments.

Duhamel’s integral was applied to compute ground surface vibrations at distance of

8.4 and 14.0 m from the foundation with an area of 80.0 m2 under a forge hammer at
a site with clay soils. A falling weight of 7.25 tonnes produced the vibration records
in Figure 2. The prediction was performed using various frequencies of natural
vertical foundation vibrations obtained according to different theoretical
approaches. Changes of this frequency affect predicted records only slightly. It can
be seen in Figure 2 that measured and predicted records have very close shapes and
the difference between maximum amplitudes is 9-25 % and 2-10 % at distances 8.4
and 14.0 m, respectively.

A dv ert ise me nt s
 REPORT THIS AD

Figure 2 Measured (1) and Predicted (2-5) records of vertical soil vibrations excited
by operating large forge hammer with falling mass of 7.25 tonnes

4 APPLICATION OF FOURIER TRANSFORM

Application of the direct Fourier transform to an impulse response function hz(x,y,t-τ)

gives

(34)

For a real physical system, records can be measured only over some finite time
interval T, so that Sx,y(iω) is estimated by computing the finite Fourier transform

(35)

The complex Fourier transform can be presented as

(36)

where

S(x,y,ω) = magnitude spectrum and

θx,y(ω) = phase spectrum.

 A dv ert ise me nt s

REPORT THIS AD

Figure 3 Vertical and horizontal amplitudes of soil vibrations at distances 16.6 and
23.3 m from the machine foundation: 1 – Measured vibrations; 2 – Predicted
vibrations

In fact, the magnitude spectrum is the transfer function of the considered dynamic
system: ground at the place of the dynamic source – soil medium through which
waves propagate outward from the source – target point at any location of interest
at the soil or in buildings. If the impact applied onto the soil is not instantaneous, the
transfer function of the considered dynamic system can be obtained as a ratio of
spectrum magnitudes of output to input.

A magnitude spectrum of the dynamic source, Ps, transmitted from the foundation
onto the soil is

(37)

where

Pf(ω) = magnitude spectrum of the dynamic load onto foundation,

μ = amplification factor of the foundation-soil system.

A predicted magnitude displacement spectrum in the target point with coordinates x

and y is

A dv ert ise me nt s

Is Your Neck Making You Look Old? Try

This Easy Habit Before Bed

Beverly Hills MD Learn More ›

REPORT THIS AD

(38)

Predicted vertical or, similarly, horizontal displacements of soil and structures as a

function of time at the location under consideration may be derived using the inverse
Fourier transform of Sp(x,y,ω)
 (39)

For a source with steady state vibration loads, it is very easy to predict vibration
amplitudes in target points. Predicting amplitude Zx,y at target point can be find as

(40)

where

P0 = amplitude of the source dynamic load;

μ0 = ordinate of the amplification factor corresponding the source angular frequency

ω0 .

Figure 3 demonstrates examples of predicting amplitudes of soil vibrations from a

steady state vibration source. The machine foundation with contact area of 15.1 m2
was installed at the site with type-I slump-prone soils (Svinkin & Zhuchkova 1972).
The predicted amplitudes of soil vibrations matched well the measured vibration
amplitudes excited by the vibration machine installed on the foundation.
Comparison was performed at distances 16.6 and 23.2 m from the machine
foundation in frequency range of 400-800 rpm. Error margins were within 5-20%.

A dv ert ise me nt s

Is Your Neck Making You Look Old? Try

This Easy Habit Before Bed

Beverly Hills MD Learn More ›

REPORT THIS AD
Comparison of the suggested numerical predicting methods shows a preference for
Duhamel’s integral for sources with impact and transient state vibration loads
because there are some difficulties in calculation of the inverse Fourier transform for
expression with an unknown load function phase spectrum. Besides, Duhamel’s
integral is almost insensitive to small changes of original curves.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Numerical methods coupled with experimental soil response measurements are

used to predict soil and building vibrations before the installation of construction
and industrial vibration sources. Such an approach does not require routine soil
boring, sampling, or testing at the site where waves propagate from the vibration
source.

Experimental Green’s functions reflect real soil and structure behavior and take into
account spatial variations of soil properties. Because of that, the suggested methods
have substantially greater capabilities in comparison with other existing methods.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The writer is pleased to acknowledge special contributions to the paper made by Dr.
Richard D. Woods, professor of civil engineering at the University of Michigan at Ann
Arbor, USA.

REFERENCES

Barkan, D.D. 1962. Dynamics of bases and foundations. New York: McGraw Hill Co.

Bendat, J.S and Piersol, A.G. 1993. Engineering applications of correlation and spectral
analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Broers, H. and Dieterman H.A. 1992. Environmental impact of pile-driving. In F.

Barends (ed.), Proc., 4th Intern. Conf. on Application of Stress Wave Theory to Piles: 61-
68, The Hague: Balkema.
Hanazato, T. and Kishida, H. 1992. Analysis of ground vibrations generated by pile
driving – Application of pile driving analysis to environmental problem. In F. Barends
(ed.), Proc., 4th Intern. Conf. on Application of Stress Wave Theory to Piles: 105-110, The
Hague: Balkema.

Miller, G.F. & Pursey, H. 1954. The field and radiation impedance of mechanical
radiators on the free surface of a semi-infinite isotropic solid. Proc. Royal Society, A
223: 521-541.

Richart, F.E., Hall, J.R. and Woods, R.D. 1970. Vibrations of soils and foundations.
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Savinov, O.A. 1979. Modern construction of machine foundations and their calculations.
Second Ed. Stroiizdat, Leningrag.

Svinkin, M.R. & Zhuchkova, A.Y. 1972. Dynamic tests of foundations on type-I slump-
prone soils. Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., 9(1): 33-36.

Svinkin, M.R. 1973. Prediction of soil oscillations from machine foundation vibrations
(in Russian). Dynamics of structures, Proc., Kharkov Scientific-Research and Design Inst.
for Industrial Constr.: 53-65, Kiev: Budivelnic.

Svinkin, M.R. 1996. Overcoming soil uncertainty in prediction of construction and

industrial vibrations. Proc. Uncertainty in the Geologic Environment: From theory to
Practice, Geotech. Special Publication No. 58, 2:1178-1194, Madison: ASCE.

Wolf, J.P. 1994. Foundation vibration analysis using simple physical models. Englewood
Cliffs: PTR Prentice Hall.

Advertisements
 Author: Don Warrington
VIEW ALL POSTS

Previous Post

Engineering Judgement in Determination of Pile

Capacity by Dynamic Methods

Next Post
Letter Concerning Dynamic Methods

Leave a Reply

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is
processed.
The Notice

Copyright © 1997-2023 Don C.

Warrington. All Rights Reserved. Use
subject to the terms and conditions of
this website.

   

Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com.