Wind Energy Fundamentals With KPIs 1690991145

Wind Energy Fundamentals with KPIs (Key Performance Indicators):
1) Grid Down Hr. = GF + FM

Where GF = Gride Fault Down Hr., FM = Force Major Down Hr.
Example: Total Yearly Generation of Turbine 57,50,000 kWh, Installed Capacity of Turbine 2.1 MW = 2100 kWh,
Yearly Grid Fault (GF) 14.5 Hr., Force Major (FM) 0.5 Hr., Machine Schedule (S) Down 80 Hr., Machine
Unschedule (U) Down 254 Hr. and Machine Not Operational Reason (NOR) 1 Hr.
Gride Down Hr. = GF + FM = 14.5 + 0.5 = 15 Hr.
2) Gride Availability (GA) Hr. = (Operational Hr. – Gride Down Hr.)

Operational Hr. = (No. of Day x 24)
GA Hr. = (Operational Hr. – Gride Down Hr.) = [ (365 x 24) – 15 ] = 8745 Hr.
3) GA % = [(Operational Hr. – Gride Down Hr.) / Operational Hr.] x 100
GA % = [(Operational Hr. – Gride Down Hr.) / Operational Hr.] x 100

= [ ( {365 x 24} – 15) / {365 x 24} ] x 100
GA % = 99.82 %
4) Machine Down Hr. = S + U + NOR

Where S = Scheduled Machine Down Hr., U = Unscheduled Machine Down Hr. and NOR = Non Operational
Reason Hr.
Machine Down Hr. = S + U + NOR = 80 + 254 + 1 = 335 Hr.
5) Machine Availability (MA) Hr. = (Grid Availability Hr. – Machine Down Hr.)
MA Hr. = (Grid Availability Hr. – Machine Down Hr.) = (8745 – 335) = 8410 Hr.
6) MA % = [ (Operational Hr. – {Gride Down Hr. + Machine Down Hr.) / Operational Hr. ] x 100 Or
MA % = [ {Y-(GF+FM+S+U+NOR)} / {Y-(GF+FM+NOR)} ] x 100
Where Y = Operational Hr. (No. of Day x 24 Hr.)
MA % = [ (Operational Hr. – {Gride Down Hr. + Machine Down Hr.) / Operational Hr. ] x 100
= [ ( (365*24) – {15 + 335} ) / (365*24) ] x 100
MA % = 96.00 %
OR
MA % = [ {Y-(GF+FM+S+U+NOR)} / {Y-(GF+FM+NOR)} ] x 100
= [ {(365*24)-(14.5+0.5+80+254+1)} / {(365x24)-(14.5+0.5+1)} ] x 100
MA % = 96.18 %
7) Revenue = Meter Export Generation {kWh} x PPA (Power Purchase Agreement) Rs.
Example: Total Yearly SCADA Generation of Turbine 57,50,000 kWh, Meter Export Generation 55,71,175 kWh,
Meter Import RKVAH Unit 28,750 kWh, Installed Capacity of Turbine 2.1 MW = 2100 kWh, Yearly Grid Fault
(GF) 14.5 Hr., Force Major (FM) 0.5 Hr., Machine Schedule (S) Down 80 Hr., Machine Unschedule (U) Down 254
Hr. and Machine Not Operational Reason (NOR) 1 Hr., PPA 3.50 Rs./Unit for 25 Years from D.O.C. (Date Of
Commissioning: 15th March, 2015). [PPA valid from 15th March, 2015 to 14th March, 2040]
Revenue = 55,71,175 x 3.50 = 1,94,99,112 Rs.
8) PLF (Plant Load Factor)

Plant Load Factor is a percentage of energy output by the power plant corresponding to installed capacity in
that total period.
PLF % = [ (Actual Energy Output) / (Installed Capacity x Total Operational Hr.) ] x 100
Solar Power Plant PLF: 20-30 %

Wind Power Plant PLF: 25-40 %
Hybrid (Solar + Wind) Power Plant PLF: 35-45 %
Hr. and Machine Not Operational Reason (NOR) 1 Hr., PPA 3.50 Rs./Unit.
Total Yearly Operational Hr. = 365 x 24 = 8760

SCADA Generation PLF % = [ (57,50,000) / (2100 x 8760) ] x 100 = 31.25 %
Meter Export Generation PLF % = [ (55,71,175) / (2100 x 8760) ] x 100 = 30.28 %
9) CFU (Capacity Utilization Factor)

Capacity Utilization Factor is a percentage of energy output by the power plant corresponding to installed
capacity in that actual period.
CFU % = [ (Actual Energy Output) / (Installed Capacity x Actual Operational Hr.) ] x 100
Actual Yearly Operational Hr. = Total Yearly Operational Hr. – (Yearly Machine Down Hr. + Yearly Gride Down
Hr.)
Solar Power Plant CUF: 20-35 %

Wind Power Plant CUF: 25-45 %
Hybrid (Solar + Wind) Power Plant CUF: 35-50 %
CFU % = [ (Actual Energy Output) / (Installed Capacity x Actual Operational Hr.) ] x 100
Actual Yearly Operational Hr. = 8760 – (15 + 335) = 8410

SCADA Generation CFU % = [ (57,50,000) / (2100 x 8410) ] x 100 = 32.55 %
Meter Export Generation CFU % = [ (55,71,175) / (2100 x 8410) ] x 100 = 31.54 %
10) PAF (Plant Availability Factor)

PAF is the ratio of the actual operating hours of a power plant to the total scheduled operating hours during a
given period.
PAF % = (No. of Actual Operational Hr. / No. of Total Operational Hr.) x 100
Total Yearly Operational Hr. = No. of Day x 24 = 365 x 24 = 8760

Actual Yearly Operational Hr. = Total Yearly Operational Hr. – (Gride Down Hr. + Machine Down Hr.)
= 8760 – (15 + 335) = 8410
PAF % = (8410 / 8760) x 100 = 96.00 %
11) TLL (Transmission Line Loss)

TLL Unit {kWh} = ( SCADA Generation {kWh} – Meter Export Generation {kWh} )
TLL % = [ ( SCADA Generation {kWh} – Meter Export Generation {kWh} ) / ( SCADA Generation {kWh} ) ] x 100
TLL Unit {kWh} = 57,50,000 – 55,71,175 = 1,78,825 kWh

TLL % = [ (57,50,000 – 55,71,175) / (57,50,000) ] x 100 = 3.11 %
12) RPL (Reactive Power {RKVAH} Loss)

RPL Unit {kWh} = Meter Import RKVAH Unit {kWh}
RPL % = [ Meter Import RKVAH Unit {kWh} / Meter Export Generation {kWh} ] x 100
RPL % = ( 28,750 / 55,71,175 ) x 100 = 0.51 %

13) MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure)
MTBF is the average time between system breakdowns.
MTBF = Total Machine Operational Hr. / No. of Breck Down
MTBF is good as high as possible. (Machine Total Hr.)
14) MTTR (Mean Time To Restore)

MTTR is the average time required to fix a failed component or device and return it to production status.
MTTR = Total Machine Down Hr. / No. of Breck Down
MTBF is good as low as possible. (Machine Down Hr.)
15) MTTF (Mean Time To Failure)

MTTF is a maintenance metric that measures the average amount of time a non-repairable asset operates
before it fails.
MTTF = MTBF – MTTR
MTTF is good as high as possible. (Machine Running Hr.)
Example: Total Machine Operational 24 Hr., Total Machine Down 4 Hr. and 1 No. of Breck Down (Fault)
MTBF = Total Machine Operational Hr. / No. of Breck Down = 24 / 1 = 24
MTTR = Total Machine Down Hr. / No. of Breck Down = 4 / 1 = 4
MTTF = MTBF – MTTR = 24 – 4 = 20
16) Tip Speed = [ 3.14 x Rotor Diameter {meter} x Rotor Speed {RPM} ] / 60
Example: Turbine Rotor Diameter 97 m, Rotor Speed 14.60 RPM, Wind Speed 7.7 m/s
Tip Speed = [ 3.14 x 97 x 14.60 ] / 60 = 74.11
17) TSR (Tip Speed Ratio)

TSR = Tip Speed / Wind Speed {m/s}
Ideally TSR range between 6 to 10.

Also, low TSR value is good for low generating noise from blade and low mechanical stress.
TSR = 74.11 / 7.7 = 9.62
18) Swept Area = пr2

Where п = 3.14, r = Blade Radios {meter}
Blade Radios = Rotor Diameter / 2 = 97 / 2 = 48.5 m

Swept Area = 3.14 x (48.5)2 = 7386.06 m2
19) Power P = ½ ( ρ x A x V3 )
Where ρ = Air Density {1.225 kg/m3}, A = Swept Area {m2}, V = Flow of Wind Speed {m/s}
Power P = ½ ( 1.225 x 7386.06 x (7.7)3 ) = 20,65,337 kWh (2.06 MW)
20) PC (Power Curve)
Power curve is a graphical representation that shows the relationship between the wind speed and the
electrical power output of the wind turbine.
The power curve typically plots the electrical power output (in kilowatts or megawatts) on the y-axis against
the wind speed (in meters per second or miles per hour) on the x-axis. The curve can vary depending on the
specific wind turbine model, its design, and the manufacturer.
CUT-IN WIND SPEED: The wind speed at which the wind turbine starts generating power. Below this wind
speed, the turbine remains idle to avoid damage or inefficient operation.
RATED WIND SPEED: The wind speed at which the wind turbine produces its rated or maximum power output.
The wind turbine operates at its optimal performance around this wind speed.
CUT-OUT WIND SPEED: The wind speed at which the wind turbine stops generating power and shuts down for
safety reasons. This is typically higher than the rated wind speed.
If Power Curve seems down then checks blade calibration (±1% deviation then ±3% power loss, wind vane
anemometer calibration, temperature of all device, generator compensation capacitor (RKVA Increase and
Active Power Decrease), CT of generator, power cable issue, module earthing or malfunctioning (Rearrest to
ratee), Software Issue.
21) CBM (Condition Base Monitoring)
CBM (Condition Based Monitoring) for wind turbines involves monitoring the health and performance of
critical components and systems to optimize maintenance activities and ensure the reliable operation of the
wind turbine. CBM focuses on making maintenance decisions based on the actual condition of the equipment
rather than performing maintenance at fixed intervals.
By implementing CBM strategies, wind turbine operators can optimize maintenance efforts, reduce downtime,
and extend the lifespan of the turbines, resulting in increased energy production and improved cost-
effectiveness of wind power generation.
Example: Following are the suzlon parameters for CBM
Environment: Average Wind Speed m/s

Gear Box: Average Oil Sump Temp °C
Average HSS DE Temp °C
Average HSS NDE Temp °C
Average IMS DE Temp °C
Average IMS DE Temp °C
Generator: Average Generator Speed RPM
Average Fluid Coupling Temp °C
Average G1L1 Temp °C
Average DE Generator Bearing Temp °C
Average NDE Generator Bearing Temp °C
Nacelle: Average Nacelle Temp °C
Rotor: Average Main Bearing Temp °C
Turbine Elec.: Average Active Power kWh
22) Opportunity Loss:

Opportunity loss is defined as the difference between the optimal generation and the actual generation
received from system. Opportunity Losses are always calculated approximately.
In short opportunity loss is the loss incurred due to failure of not adopting the best possible course of action
or strategy. Opportunity losses are calculated, separately for each system of nature that might occur.
WTG Opportunity Loss: Breakdown, Derating, Preventive Maintenance etc.

Grid Opportunity Loss: Internal Grid – Breakdown, Preventive Maintenance, Testing, PSS Shutdown etc.
External Grid – Breakdown, Preventive Maintenance, Testing, Load Curtailment etc.
Other Opportunity Loss: ROW, Material Delay/Shortage, Force Major etc.
Example: Date 01-07-2023, SCADA Generation of Turbine 37,400 kWh, Meter Export Generation 36,750 kWh,
Meter Import RKVAH Unit 600 kWh, Installed Capacity of Turbine 2.1 MW = 2100 kWh, Grid Fault (GF) 0 Hr.,
Force Major (FM) 0 Hr., Machine Schedule (S) Down 0 Hr., Machine Unschedule (U) Down 2.79 Hr. and Machine
Not Operational Reason (NOR) 0 Hr., Operational 21.21 hr., Average Wind Speed 11.35 m/s, PPA 3.50 Rs./Unit.
Turbine Break Down 2.79 Hr., Grid Fault 0 Hr. and Turbine Operational 21.21 Hr. (24 Hr. Day: 2.79+0+21.21=24)
Turbine Operational Hourly Generation {kWh} = Turbine Generation {kWh} / Turbine Operational Hr.
= 37,400/21.21 = 1763.32 kWh
Opportunity Loss Generation {kWh} = Turbine Down Hr. x Turbine Operational Hourly Generation {kWh}
= 2.79 x 1763.32 = 4,835.96 kWh
Opportunity Loss Revenue {Rs.} = Opportunity Loss Generation {kWh} x PPA
= 4,835.96 x 3.50 = 16,925.86 Rs.
Therefore, approximation opportunity loss due to turbine break down will be 4,4835.96 kWh units or 16,925 Rs.
revenue.
23) WTG (Wind Turbine Generator) Inspection Summary:
Sr.
Components WTG Inspection Summary
No.
Ensure completeness of WTG foundation civil work, surrounding land area and vegetation.
Check WTG light pole with earthing cable, CCTV camera etc.
1 General Check out side bolt, cover, tower torquing date and nuking test.
Check WTG door lock and rubber beading.
Check outside turbine painting, corrosion, cleanness and damages.
Check bottom fire extinguisher, fire boll and first aid box.
Check all panel shock absorber rubber mate.
Check bottom control panel with UPS.
Check bottom power panel and ACB.
Check bottom DFIG/SFS panel with coolant motor, coolant level, leakage etc.
2 Bottom
Check bottom capacitor panel.
Check bottom OFC panel.
Check bottoms all panels filter, cooling fan, light, blow out device, zest capsule, cable lopping,
emergency switch, component status with connection.
Check power cable, FRP paint, ladder, wire rope, cable tray.
Check wire rope of stairs, rails, lift or climber, ventilation system etc.
Check tower T1, T2, T3, T4 cells light illumination, bolt nuking test, torquing date, corrosion,
3 Tower earthing cable, power cable, clamp, cleanness.
Check tower T4 cell DB, cable FRP, cable twisting status and twist sensor.
Check yaw grease and oil leakage, cable shock absorber, cable tension and FRP condition.
Check nacelle illumination, cooling fan and temperature sensor, vibration sensor etc.
Check nacelle fire extinguisher and first aid box.
Check nacelle winch.
Check nacelle lubber and hub lock.
Check nacelle yaw twist adjustment box.
Check nacelle yaw motors and drives with oil levels.
Check nacelle bearing DE and NDE.
Check nacelle shaft DE and NDE.
Check gearbox, hoses (fitting, leakages, cracks), slipring, sensors, abnormal sound etc.
4 Nacelle Check gearbox oil cooling system (radiator, air duct, oil pressure) with filter and silica gel.
Check gearbox radiator motor, cleanness of radiator, pillow cover condition, oil leakage in pipe.
Check nacelle calliper disk and coupling.
Check nacelle generators alignment, silica gel, connections (CT, PT, busbar, cooling system,
carbon brush, encoder etc.)
Check nacelle control panel.
Check nacelle power panel.
Check nacelles all panels filter, cooling fan, light, blow out device, zest capsule, cable lopping,
Check nacelle aviation lamp, wind van and wind anemometer or ultrasonic wind sensor,
resister box, corrosion of structure.
Check blade vertex, blade rain guard cover, earthing, cleanness, outside blade visual inspection
5 Rotor Blade for crack or damage.
Check rotor bolt, rotor disk, rotor lock hydraulic system etc.
Check hub door, illumination, panel, cable looping, cleanness.
Check blade pitch motor with drive, resolver, encoder, blade position angle, blade teeth with
grease, lubber, Inside blade visual inspection for crack or damage.
6 Hub
Check battery bank or capacitor bank or hydraulic system with sensors.
Check hubs all panels filter, cooling fan, light, blow out device, zest capsule, cable lopping,
24) USS (Unit Substation) Inspection Summary:
Sr.
Components USS Inspection Summary
No.
Ensure completeness of civil work for yard assembly.
Check USS danger board and CCTV board, door with lock.
1 General Check gravel and vegetation in yard area.
Check light pole, Illumination of light, earthing and CCTV camera.
Check earthing pits structure, GI earth road with connection, and earthing register value.
2 Fire & Safety Check fire bucket and it's structure.
Ensure use of correct size of insulator, clamps, connection and stay wire.
Conductor and Check clamping of conductor tightness and orientation.
3
OFC Cable Check clearance of conductor (P-P and P-E), Drop Out (DO) fuse etc.
Check OFC cable stress absorber with tightness, OFC DB and OFC cable laying.
Check level and alignment of busbar, housing assembly, greasing and flanges.
Check clearance between phase to phase and phase to earth.
4 Isolator
Check operation of isolator for proper engagement of contacts during open and close.
Check equipment earthing tightness.
5 LA Check overall alignment, connection and earthing tightness.
6 CT CT oil level/ leakage/ damage/ clearance/ live parts/ connection of cable/ earthing tightness.
7 PT PT oil level/ leakage/ damage/ clearance/ live parts/ connection of cable/ earthing tightness.
CB visual & mechanical inspection with alignment, tightness of connection with structure, top
8 CB
disk gap, tripping ckt., spring charge operation, operations (local and remote), earthing etc.
Control and Check tightness of all connection, earthing etc.
9
Relay Panel Check circuit wirings, relay, fuse, Ammeter, Voltmeter, Indicators.
Check for oil level and leakage in main tank, conservator tank, HV and LV bushing.
Check buchholz relay.
10 Transformer Check oil leakage from gasket or cooling vents or pipes.
Check for marshalling box and availability of oil in OTI/WTI pocket.
Check earthing connection of main tank, LV neutral, radiator etc.
11 Meter Check meter box with government seal, meter display, meter actual readings, indication etc.
Check insulation of cables, clamp, gland, lug and terminations tightness.
12 UG Cable Check power cable are laid in PVC conduits with tripoidal arrangements.
Check all earthings connection tightness.
25) Line Inspection Summary:
Sr.
Components Line Inspection Summary
No.
Ensure completeness of civil work for pole and guy.
1 General Check surrounding land area and vegetation (Tree) and road approach etc.
Check overall line crossing and guarding status.
Check earthing strip or cable, earthing condition, earthing strip or cable green colour, welding
2 Earthing
condition etc.
Check pole marking status, danger board, anticlimbing armour etc.
3 Pole Check pole and channel conditions likes corrosion, tension, etc.
Check bird protector condition.
Check conductor visually status likes stress, sagging, tightness, corrosion etc.
Conductor and Check conductor and jumper clearance condition (P-P and P-E), tightness.
4
OFC Cable Check conductor damper and bird diverter(reflector) condition.
Check OFC cable stress absorber with tightness, OFC DB and OFC cable laying.
Ensure use of correct size of insulator, clamps, conductor and stay wire.
Hardware
5 Check jumper/lug/connection condition, clamping of conductor tightness and orientation.
Assembly
Check overall hardware tightness, corrosion condition etc.
Check Insulator condition.
6 Insulator
Check Insulator with connection tightness.

Wind Energy Fundamentals With KPIs 1690991145

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wind Energy Fundamentals With KPIs 1690991145

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wind Energy Fundamentals with KPIs (Key Performance Indicators):

1) Grid Down Hr. = GF + FM

Gride Down Hr. = GF + FM = 14.5 + 0.5 = 15 Hr.

2) Gride Availability (GA) Hr. = (Operational Hr. – Gride Down Hr.)

3) GA % = [(Operational Hr. – Gride Down Hr.) / Operational Hr.] x 100

GA % = [(Operational Hr. – Gride Down Hr.) / Operational Hr.] x 100

4) Machine Down Hr. = S + U + NOR

Machine Down Hr. = S + U + NOR = 80 + 254 + 1 = 335 Hr.

Revenue = 55,71,175 x 3.50 = 1,94,99,112 Rs.

8) PLF (Plant Load Factor)

Solar Power Plant PLF: 20-30 %

Total Yearly Operational Hr. = 365 x 24 = 8760

9) CFU (Capacity Utilization Factor)

Solar Power Plant CUF: 20-35 %

Actual Yearly Operational Hr. = 8760 – (15 + 335) = 8410

10) PAF (Plant Availability Factor)

Total Yearly Operational Hr. = No. of Day x 24 = 365 x 24 = 8760

PAF % = (8410 / 8760) x 100 = 96.00 %

11) TLL (Transmission Line Loss)

TLL Unit {kWh} = 57,50,000 – 55,71,175 = 1,78,825 kWh

12) RPL (Reactive Power {RKVAH} Loss)

RPL % = ( 28,750 / 55,71,175 ) x 100 = 0.51 %

14) MTTR (Mean Time To Restore)

15) MTTF (Mean Time To Failure)

Tip Speed = [ 3.14 x 97 x 14.60 ] / 60 = 74.11

17) TSR (Tip Speed Ratio)

Ideally TSR range between 6 to 10.

TSR = 74.11 / 7.7 = 9.62

18) Swept Area = пr2

Blade Radios = Rotor Diameter / 2 = 97 / 2 = 48.5 m

Power P = ½ ( 1.225 x 7386.06 x (7.7)3 ) = 20,65,337 kWh (2.06 MW)

20) PC (Power Curve)

21) CBM (Condition Base Monitoring)

Environment: Average Wind Speed m/s

22) Opportunity Loss:

WTG Opportunity Loss: Breakdown, Derating, Preventive Maintenance etc.

You might also like