Lubrication & Journal

Bearing
Hydro-static / Hydro-dynamic

Objective of lubrication is to
reduce friction, wear and
heating.
Nylon Bearing
Classification by types of lubrication

1. Hydrostatic
2. Hydrodynamic
3. Elasto-hydrodynamic
4. Boundary
Hydrostatic
5. Solid film

•Self lubricated bearing,

•Solid lubricant
Graphite and Molybdenum disulphide
Plummer block
Bearing Liner

•Compressive strength Babbitt

• Conformability
• Embeddability
Dynamic equilibrium
Bearing Failures Misalignment
Overload
Lubrication failure
Wrong clearance
High temperature
Tight fits,
Improper preloading

Scoring

Spalling
Film–pressure distribution notation

W = bearing load (N)

N = speed (rps)
h0 = minimum film-thickness (mm)
e = eccentricity (mm)
P = film pressure (MPa)
Pmax= max fill pressure (MPa)
Φ= position of the minimum film thickness
θpo = terminating position of the lubricant film
θpmax = the position of maximum film pressure.

Fig. 12.15
Viscosity & Lubrication
Comparison of the viscosities of various fluids.
Sommerfeld number, or Bearing characteristic number

The Sommerfeld Number (dimensionless) is

typically defined by the following equation.

S - is the Sommerfeld Number

r - is the shaft radius
c - is the radial clearance
Μ - is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant
N - is the speed of the rotating shaft in rev/s
P - is the load per unit of projected bearing area
The Sommerfeld number is very important in lubrication
analysis because it contains all the variables normally
specified by the designer
 Hydrodynamic
PETROFF’S Law / Equation
It provides a quick and simple means of obtaining reasonable estimates of coefficients
of friction of lightly loaded bearings
PETROFF’S EQUATION:
Stable Lubrication

Region to the right of line AB defines stable lubrication because

variations are self-correcting.
Region to the left of line AB represents unstable lubrication.
 Point C represents what is probably the beginning of metal-to-metal
contact as μN/P becomes smaller.
N
Design Constraint:  1.7 10 6
P
Design Considerations

• Values either given or are under the control of the designer are
1. The viscosity μ
2. The load per unit of projected bearing area, P
3. The speed N
4. The bearing dimensions: radius, clearance & length
• The dependent variables (designer cannot control these except
indirectly by changing one or more of the above group) are
1. The coefficient of friction f
2. The temperature rise T
3. The volume flow rate of oil Q
4. The minimum film thickness h0
Viscosity Charts: II

viscosity used in the

analysis must
correspond to Tav.

Fig. 12.13
Chart for minimum film-thickness variable and eccentricity ratio.
Fig. 12.16
Lubricant Temperature Rise

self-contained bearings or pillow-block or pedestal

Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings
The heat given up by the bearing housing
H loss  hCR A (Tb  T )
Hloss = heat dissipated, J/s or W
hCR = combined overall coefficient of radiation and convection heat transfer, W/(m2 0C)
A = surface area of bearing housing, m2
Tb = surface temperature of the housing, 0C
T∞ = ambient temperature, 0C
Some representative values of hCR are

11.4 W /( m 2 0C ) for still air


hCR  15.3W /( m 2 0C ) for shaft-stirred air
33.5W /( m 2 0C )
 for air moving at 25.4 m/s
Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings

Tf − Tb = α(Tb − T∞)
where Tf is the average film temperature and α is a constant
depending on the lubrication scheme and the bearing housing
geometry
Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings

Solving the preceding equation for Tb and substituting in

the heat loss rate gives the following equation in proper
variables

hCR A
H loss  (T f  T )
1 
T f   T
Tb 
1 
Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings

From Petroff’s equation

4 r lN
2 3
Torque, T 
c
4 2 r 3lN 248 N 2lr 3
So, H gen  (2N ) 
c c
N lr
2 3
H loss  H gen  T f  T  248 (1   )
hCR Ac