PROJECT REPORT

ON
SMART PARKING SYSTEM

DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF

TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION

PREPARED BY: GUIDED BY:

Pujan Gangrade (EC020), Sem. V prof. Vasim vohra
Vrushti Jagad(EC025), Sem. V
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project on Smart Parking System and term work carried
out in the subject of Term Project is bonafide work of PUJAN GANGRADE (Roll
No.: EC020) and Vrushti Jagad (Roll no.: EC025) of B. Tech. semester V in the
branch of Electronics & Communication, during the academic year 2023-24

Name of Faculty Dr. Purvang dalal

Project Guide, EC Dept. HOD, EC Dept.
Prof. Vasim Vohra
 ABSTRACT

The rapid urbanization and increasing number of vehicles on the road have led to a
pressing issue: parking congestion. Traditional parking systems are struggling to cope
with the rising demand for parking spaces in densely populated areas.Finding a
parking spot can often be a time-consuming and frustrating experience. Congestion,
wasted time, and increased fuel consumption are common outcomes of inefficient
parking systems. In response to this challenge, smart parking systems have emerged
as a solution, leveraging cutting-edge technology to efficiently manage and optimize
parking spaces.at gate of parking system you’ll know which slot is empty. This essay
delves into the concept of a Smart Parking System, highlighting its significance,
working principle, and the technology behind it.
 INDEX
Sr. No. Title Page no

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Relevance of the project 1

1.2 Problem Statement 1

1.3 Objective 1

2 Block diagram 2

3 Circuit diagram 3

4 Component Description 4

4.1 IR sensor 4

4.2 RF Encoder 7

4.3 RF Decoder 8

4.4 RF Transceiver Module 9

5 Working of Circuit 11

6 Practical Setup and Trouble 12

Shooting
6.1 Components 12

6.2 setup 13

6.3 Troubleshooting 13

7 Limitations of Circuit 14

8 Conclusion 15

9 Application and Future work 16

10 References 17
1.INTRODUCTION
In an era marked by exponential population growth, urbanization, and the
proliferation of automobiles, one of the most pressing urban challenges is finding a
parking space. Endless circling around parking lot to find an empty parking slot. The
resulting parking congestion not only leads to lost time and increased frustration for
drivers but also contributes to traffic congestion at parking lots, air pollution, and
wasted fuel.Traditional parking systems are increasingly strained as cities struggle to
accommodate the ever-expanding number of vehicles.

The need for a more efficient, organized, and sustainable solution has given rise to the
concept of smart parking systems. These systems integrate technologies such as
sensors,RF encoder decoder and LEDs to streamline the process of reserving, and
managing parking spaces and provide real-time information to users about the
availability of parking spots at gate of the parking lot only.The goal is to alleviate the
parking chaos and optimize the use of available parking resources.

1.1 Relevance of the project

The main important benefit of a smart parking system is its advanced technology. It
follows the latest technologies and concepts to assure profitable outcomes . The
design and implementation of smart parking is very easy to supervise and manage.
This system doesn’t need be easily handled by the staff members because of its well
organized structure and easy to use interface.

1.2 Problem Statement

In recent research in metropolitan cities the parking management problem can be
viewed from various angles such as high vehicle density on roads. This results in
annoying issues for the drivers to park their vehicles as it is very difficult to find a
parking slot. The drivers usually waste time and effort in finding parking space at
parking lot. In worst case, people fail to find any parking space especially during peak
hours and festive season.

1.3 Objective
Smart Parking involves the use of low cost sensors and real-time data that allow users
to monitor available and unavailable parking spots at gate of parking lot. The goal is
to automate and decrease time spent manually searching for the optimal parking floor
and spot. A parking solution can greatly benefit both the user and the lot owner.

 Optimized parking
– Users find the best spot available, saving time, resources and effort. The parking lot
fills up efficiently and space can be utilized properly by commercial and corporate
entities.

 Reduced traffic
– Traffic flow increases as fewer cars are required to drive around in search of an
open parking space.

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

1
 Reduced pollution
– Searching for parking burns around one million barrels of oil a day. An optimal
parking solution will significantly decrease driving time, thus lowering the amount of
daily vehicle emissions and ultimately reducing the global environmental footprint.

4. Decreased Management Costs

– More automation and less manual activity saves on labor cost and resource
exhaustion.

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

2
3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 1

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

3
4.Component Description
4.1 IR sensor
IR sensor is an electronic device, that emits the light in order to sense some object of
the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects
the motion. Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of
thermal radiation. These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, but infrared
sensor can detect these radiations.

Figure 2

The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an
IR photodiode . Photodiode is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength which is
emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and the
output voltages will change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.
There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared detection system: an infrared
source, a transmission medium, optical component, infrared detectors or receivers and
signal processing. Infrared lasers and Infrared LED’s of specific wavelength used as
infrared sources.

The three main types of media used for infrared transmission are vacuum, atmosphere
and optical fibers. Optical components are used to focus the infrared radiation or to
limit the spectral response.

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

4
Active infrared sensors consist of two elements: infrared source and infrared detector.
Infrared sources include the LED or infrared laser diode. Infrared detectors include
photodiodes or phototransistors. The energy emitted by the infrared source is reflected
by an object and falls on the infrared detector.

 IR Sensor Working Principle.

-There are different types of infrared transmitters depending on their wavelengths,
output power and response time. An IR sensor consists of an IR LED and an IR
Photodiode, together they are called as PhotoCoupler or OptoCoupler.
IR Transmitter or IR LED

Infrared Transmitter is a light emitting diode (LED) which emits infrared radiations
called as IR LED’s. Even though an IR LED looks like a normal LED, the radiation
emitted by it is invisible to the human eye.
The picture of an Infrared LED is shown below.

Figure 3
 IR Receiver or Photodiode
-Infrared receivers or infrared sensors detect the radiation from an IR transmitter. IR
receivers come in the form of photodiodes and phototransistors. Infrared Photodiodes
are different from normal photo diodes as they detect only infrared radiation. Below
image shows the picture of an IR receiver or a photodiode.

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

5
 Figure 4

Different types of IR receivers exist based on the wavelength, voltage, package, etc.
When used in an infrared transmitter – receiver combination, the wavelength of the
receiver should match with that of the transmitter.

The emitter is an IR LED and the detector is an IR photodiode. The IR photodiode is

sensitive to the IR light emitted by an IR LED. The photo-diode’s resistance and
output voltage change in proportion to the IR light received. This is the underlying
working principle of the IR sensor.

Figure 5

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

6
When the IR transmitter emits radiation, it reaches the object and some of the
radiation reflects back to the IR receiver. Based on the intensity of the reception by
the IR receiver, the output of the sensor defines.

4.2 RF encoder
HT12E is a 212 series encoder IC (Integrated Circuit) for remote control applications.
It is commonly used for radio frequency (RF) applications. By using the paired
HT12E encoder and HT12D decoder we can easily transmit and receive 12 bits of
parallel data serially. HT12E simply converts 12 bit parallel data in to serial output
which can be transmitted through a RF transmitter. These 12 bit parallel data is
divided in to 8 address bits and 4 data bits. By using these address pins we can
provide 8 bit security code for data transmission and multiple receivers may be
addressed using the same transmitter.

HT12E is able to operate in a wide voltage range from 2.4V to 12V and has a built in
oscillator which requires only a small external resistor. Its power consumption is very
low, standby current is 0.1μA at 5V VDD and has high immunity against noise.

 Pin Diagram and Description

Figure 6
Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University
7
 VDD and VSS are power supply pins which are used to connect positive and
negative of the power suppy respectively.

 OSC1 and OSC2 are used to connect external resistance for the internal oscillator.
OSC1 is the oscillator input pin and OSC2 is the oscillator output pin.

Oscillator of HT12E

 TE is used for enabling the transmission and is an active low input.

 A0 – A7 are the input address pins. By using these pins we can provide a security
code for the data. These pins can be connected to VSS or left open.

 D8 – D11 are the input data pins. These pins can be connected to VSS or may left
open for sending LOW and HIGH respectively.

 DOUT – It is the serial data output of the encoder and can be connected to a RF
tranmistter.

4.3 RF Decoder
HT12D is a 212 series decoder IC (Integrated Circuit) for remote control applications
manufactured by Holtek. It is commonly used for radio frequency (RF) wireless
applications. By using the paired HT12E encoder and HT12D decoder we can
transmit 12 bits of parallel data serially. HT12D simply converts serial data to its
input (may be received through RF receiver) to 12 bit parallel data. These 12 bit
parallel data is divided in to 8 address bits and 4 data bits. Using 8 address bits we can
provide 8 bit security code for 4 bit data and can be used to address multiple receivers
by using the same transmitter.

HT12D is a CMOS LSI IC and is capable of operating in a wide voltage range from
2.4V to 12V. Its power consumption is low and has high immunity against noise. The
received data is checked 3 times for more accuracy. It has built in oscillator, we need
to connect only a small external resistor. As HT12E, it is available in 18 pin DIP
(Dual Inline Package) and 20 pin SOP (Small Outline Package)

 Pin Diagram and Description

-VDD and VSS are used to provide power to the IC, Positive and Negative of the
power supply respectively. As I said earlier its operating voltage can be in the range
2.4V to 12V
-OSC1 and OSC2 are used to connect external resistor for internal oscillator of
HT12D. OSC1 is the oscillator input pin and OSC2 is the oscillator output pin as
shown in the figure below.

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

8
 Oscillator of HT12D

Figure 7

-A0 – A7 are the address input pins. Status of these pins should match with status of
address pin in HT12E (used in transmitter) to receive the data. These pins can be
connected to VSS or left open.

-DIN is the serial data input pin and can be connected to a RF receiver output.

-D8 – D11 are the data output pins. Status of these pins can be VSS or VDD
depending upon the received serial data through pin DIN.

-VT stand for Valid Transmission. This output pin will be HIGH when valid data is
available at D8 – D11 data output pins.

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

9
4.4 RF Transceiver Module
Generally, an RF module is a small size electronic device, that is used to transmit or
receive radio signals between two devices. The main application of the RF module is
an embedded system to communicate with another device wirelessly. This
communication may be accomplished through radio frequency communication. For
various applications, the medium of choice is radio frequency since it does not need a
line of sight. The applications of RF modules mainly involve low volume and medium
volume products for consumer applications like wireless alarm systems, garage door
openers, smart sensor applications, wireless home automation systems, and industrial
remote controls. This article discusses the block diagram of the RF transceiver
module and its applications.

Figure 8

A transceiver is a blend of a transmitter and a receiver in a single package. The name

applies to wireless communication devices like cellular telephones, handheld two-way
radios, cordless telephone sets, and mobile two-way radios. Sometimes the term is
used in reference to the transmitter or receiver devices in optical fiber systems or
cables.

In a radio transceiver, the receiver is silenced while transmitting. An electronic switch

permits the transmitter and receiver to be allied to the same antenna and stops the o/p
of the transmitter from injuring the receiver. With this kind of transceiver, it is
difficult to get signals while transmitting and this mode is named half-duplex.
Some kind of transceiver is designed to let reception of signals through transmission
periods. This mode is called full-duplex and needs that the transmitter (TX) and
receiver (RX) work on considerably different frequencies so the signal which is
transmitted doesn’t interfere with reception. Communication device sets use this
mode. Satellite communication networks frequently employ full-duplex transceivers
at the surface-based subscriber points.

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

10
 RF Transmitter
-An RF transmitter module is a small size PCB capable of transferring a radio wave
and modulating a radio wave to carry data. RF transmitter modules are usually applied
along with a microcontroller, which will offer data to the module which can be
transmitted. These transmitters are usually subject to controlling requirements that
command the maximum acceptable transmitter power o/p, band edge, and harmonics
requirements.

 RF Receiver
An RF receiver module takes the modulated RF signal to demodulate it. There are two
kinds of RF receiver modules, namely the super-regenerative receivers and super-
heterodyne receivers. Usually, super-regenerative modules are low power designs and
low cost using a series of amplifiers to remove modulated data from a carrier wave.

5. Working of Circuit
The heart of the Smart Parking System lies in the utilization of Infrared (IR) sensors
strategically placed within a parking area. These sensors detect the presence or
absence of vehicles in parking spots. When a spot becomes vacant, the IR sensor
sends a signal to an RF encoder, which encodes the information and transmits it
wirelessly to a receiver at the entrance of the parking lot and in series with this we are
placing a decoder which decodes the data received from the receiver and the output of
the decoder will be tailored to led panel at the entrance which will display the vacancy
of the slot (0-Vancant, 1-Booked)

 Detection of Vehicle Presence by IR Sensors:

- At each parking spot, an IR (Infrared) sensor is installed. These sensors emit
infrared light and measure the reflection. When a vehicle enters the spot, it obstructs
the path of the infrared light, causing a change in the sensor's output.

 Data Encoding and Transmission via RF Modules:

- The output from each IR sensor, which indicates the presence or absence of a
vehicle, is encoded into a digital signal . RF (Radio Frequency) modules are used for
wireless communication. The rf coder transmits the data to a central receiver unit
using RF communication.

 Displaying Spot Occupancy Status in Real-Time at the Gate of the Parking Lot:
- The central monitoring unit has a display LED panel that shows the real-time
occupancy status of each parking spot.
- It updates this display continuously based on the data received from the individual
parking spots.

The key components involved in this system are the IR sensors for vehicle detection,
and RF modules for wireless communication. This setup allows real-time monitoring

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

11
of parking spot occupancy, providing valuable information for drivers looking for
available parking spaces and the parking lot management.

6. Practical Setup and Trouble Shooting

Figure 9

6.1 Components
 IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor):
Place IR sensors in each parking space to detect the presence of vehicles. These
sensors will send signals to the encoder when a car is detected.

 Encoder:
Use an encoder to process the signals from the IR sensors and prepare the data for
transmission. It will convert the sensor data into a format suitable for wireless
transmission.

 Signal Transmitter:
Employ a signal transmitter (such as an RF module) to wirelessly transmit the data
from the encoder to a receiver located at a central control unit.

 Signal Receiver:
At the central control unit, have a receiver to receive the wireless signals from the
transmitter. The receiver will demodulate the signals and pass the data to the control
system.

 Decoder:
Use a decoder for process a signal received by receiver. It decodes the encoded signal
and give parallel output to LED.

 LED Panel:
Install an LED panel at the entrance of the parking lot. This panel will display the
availability of parking spaces in real-time, based on the data received from the
Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University
12
receiver. When LED is not on there is vacant spot and when LED is blow there will
be vehicle.

6.2 Setup
 Place the IR sensors in each parking space, ensuring they are positioned to detect
the presence of vehicles.

 Connect the IR sensors to the encoder, which will process the data.

 The encoder will send this data to the signal transmitter, which will wirelessly
transmit it to the receiver.

 The receiver is located at the central control unit, which will pass the data to
decoder.

 Decoder will decode the encoded signal and give parallel output to LEDs.

 The LED panel at the entrance of the parking lot will provide real-time
information to drivers about parking space availability.

This setup allows for efficient monitoring and management of the parking spaces,
providing a convenient experience for users and optimizing space utilization.

6.3 Trobleshooting
 Investigation:
- We conducted a thorough review of the system configuration and connections.
- Checked for power supply and RF antenna alignment, which were confirmed to be
correctly set up.

 Root Cause Analysis:

- It was determined that there was more than one pair of RF transmitter and receiver
units operating within the vicinity.
- These multiple units were causing interference and preventing our transmitter and
receiver from communicating effectively.

 Solutions or Resolutions:
- To address this issue, we decided to change the address or identification code of our
RF transmitter and receiver units.
- This adjustment allowed us to differentiate our units from others in the vicinity.

 Testing and Validation:

- After changing the address, we conducted tests to ensure that the transmitter and
receiver were now functioning correctly and in sync.
- The system responded as expected, confirming that the issue was resolved.

 Conclusion:
Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University
13
- Changing the address of the RF transmitter and receiver units successfully resolved
the problem of interference and allowed them to communicate effectively.
- The system is now operational and functioning as intended.

 Recommendations:
- It's important to thoroughly assess the RF environment and address potential
interference issues by configuring unique addresses or codes for the transmitter and
receiver units.
- Regularly monitor the system to ensure continued smooth operation and consider
addressing any future interference that may arise.

7. Limitations of Circuit
 Limited Range: The wireless communication between the transmitter and
receiver may have a limited range. This could result in the system not being able
to cover a very large parking area effectively.

 Interference: Wireless signals can be susceptible to interference from other

electronic devices or structures, which could disrupt the communication between
the transmitter and receiver.

 Power Requirements: IR sensors, transmitters, and receivers require power

sources. Depending on the size of your parking lot and the number of sensors,
power management and the need for frequent battery replacements or recharging
may be a concern.

 Maintenance: The IR sensors may require regular maintenance due to

environmental factors like dust, dirt, or weather conditions that could obstruct
their functionality.

 Accuracy: IR sensors may not always provide perfect accuracy. They can
sometimes be triggered by non-vehicle objects, such as animals or pedestrians,
leading to incorrect occupancy readings.

 Initial Cost: Setting up the system with all the required components can be
expensive, especially if you have a large parking lot.

 Security: Wireless communication could potentially be vulnerable to hacking or

unauthorized access, posing a security risk.

 Scalability: Expanding the system to cover more parking spaces might require
additional infrastructure and could be complex to manage.

 Dependence on Sensors: The system's functionality heavily relies on the proper

functioning of the IR sensors. If a sensor fails or malfunctions, it can disrupt the
entire system's accuracy.

 Limited User Interaction: Your system may not provide additional features like
mobile apps or online reservations, limiting user interaction and convenience.
Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University
14
8. Conclusion
In conclusion, the development and implementation of the Smart Parking System
represent a significant step forward in addressing the growing challenges of urban
parking management. This innovative system harnesses technology to enhance the
efficiency, convenience, and sustainability of parking facilities. Throughout this
report, we have explored the various components and functionalities of the system, as
well as its real-world applications.

The integration of Infrared (IR) sensors for vehicle detection, encoding and wireless
transmission of data, and the user-facing LED panel at the parking lot entrance has
demonstrated the practicality and potential benefits of our system. By providing real-
time information on parking space availability, it streamlines the parking process for
users and optimizes space utilization. This, in turn, contributes to reduced congestion,
lower fuel consumption, and a more pleasant experience for drivers.

However, it is essential to acknowledge that, like any technological solution, our

Smart Parking System has its limitations. These include potential range and
interference issues with wireless communication, maintenance requirements for IR
sensors, initial costs, and the dependence on sensor accuracy.

As technology evolves and urban areas continue to grow, the need for efficient and
smart parking solutions becomes increasingly evident. Our system lays the
foundation for further advancements in this field, offering a blueprint for future
enhancements and expansion. The introduction of mobile applications, predictive
analytics, and enhanced security measures can be considered in future iterations of
the system to address some of the identified limitations.

In summary, the Smart Parking System presented in this report is a promising

solution to the challenges of modern parking management. By providing a real-time
view of parking space availability and improving user convenience, it contributes to
the creation of smarter, more sustainable cities. As urbanization continues, innovation
in parking solutions remains vital, and our system is a step in the right direction.

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

15
9. Application and Future Work

9.1 Application
 Real-time Parking Availability:
-The heart of the system lies in its ability to monitor the occupancy status of each
parking space using Infrared (IR) sensors. Drivers can access real-time data through
the mobile application to locate available parking spots effortlessly.

 Wireless Communication:
-The application seamlessly connects with IR sensors via wireless transmitters and
receivers, ensuring that the occupancy data is continuously updated and accurate. This
feature allows drivers to receive instant updates on parking availability.

 User-Friendly Interface:
-The user interface is intuitive and easy to navigate. Drivers can quickly find parking
information by looking at LED panel. No need to wondering around parking lot to
find an open parking spot.

9.2 Future work

As technology evolves and urban areas continue to grow, the need for efficient and
smart parking solutions becomes increasingly evident. Our system lays the foundation
for further advancements in this field, offering a blueprint for future enhancements
and expansion. The introduction of mobile applications, predictive analytics, Security
improvements, diverse payment options, energy-efficient components, and the
development of a parking guidance system can be considered in future iterations of
the system to address some of the identified limitations.Environmental monitoring,
user feedback systems, and expansion to multi-level facilities are potential
improvements. Advanced reporting tools for facility operators, sustainable initiatives,
and the integration of public transit options are key focus areas, along with APIs for
third-party developers and a continued emphasis on data privacy and security
measures. These future developments promise a more efficient, user-friendly, and
sustainable urban parking solution.

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

16
10. References

 https://electrosome.com/ht12d-decoder-ic-remote-control-systems/

 https://robu.in/ir-sensor-working/

 https://www.watelectronics.com/rf-transceiver-module-with-block-diagram-
explanation/

 https://www.electroduino.com/rf-transmitter-and-receiver-using-rf-module/

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

17
 ANNEXURE

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

18
Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University
19
Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University
20