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FOOTNOTES:
[124] The notes to this chapter within brackets are by Mr. Edward A.
Preble of the United States Biological Survey.
[125] See pages 255, 164, 235, and 254.
[126] This is the so-called elk or wapiti, Cervus canadensis Erx., formerly
abundant from the west side of Lake Winnipeg north-westward to the
Peace River region.
[127] The wolves of the wooded country belong to the species to which
the name Canis occidentalis of Richardson seems applicable; those of the
Barren Grounds, which are frequently white, may be considered as
subspecifically separable under the name Canis o. albus Sabine (type
locality, Fort Enterprise, North-West Territory).
[128] Vulpes lagopus innuitus Merriam. This name is applicable to the
Arctic foxes of the American mainland. They are larger than and differ in
cranial characters from the typical animal of Lapland.
[129] See Pennant, "Arct. Zool.," i. p. 43, 1784, where this statement is
credited to Mr. Graham. While Hearne is probably right about the foxes
appearing every season, yet at intervals of a few years there is an
incursion of more than ordinary numbers, and on these occasions the
species reaches farther south than usual.
[130] The Canada Lynx, Lynx canadensis Kerr, is of general distribution
throughout the wooded country, and occasionally in summer extends its
wanderings for a short distance into the Barren Grounds.
[131] Thalarctos maritimus (Phipps). This species, of circumpolar
distribution, keeps closely to the sea-coasts, and reaches the southern
extremity of Hudson Bay, probably the most southern point of its present
distribution.
[BY] It is rather singular that the Polar Bears are seldom found on the
land during the Winter, on which account it is supposed they go out on
the ice, and keep near the edge of the water during that season, while
the females that are pregnant seek shelter at the skirts of the woods,
and dig themselves dens in the deepest drifts of snow they can find,
where they remain in a state of inactivity, and without food, from the
latter end of December or January, till the latter end of March; at which
time they leave their dens, and bend their course towards the sea with
their cubs; which, in general, are two in number. Notwithstanding the
great magnitude of those animals when full grown, yet their young are
not larger than rabbits, and when they leave their dens, in March, I have
frequently seen them not larger than a white fox, and their steps on the
snow not bigger than a crown-piece, when those of their dam measure
near fifteen inches long and nine inches broad. They propagate when
young, or at least before they are half-grown; for I have killed young
females not larger than a London calf, with milk in their teats; whereas
some of the full grown ones are heavier than the largest of our common
oxen. Indeed I was once at the killing of one, when one of its hind feet
being cut off at the ankle, weighed fifty-four pounds. The males have a
bone in their penis, as a dog has, and of course unite in copulation; but
the time of their courtship is, I believe, not exactly known: probably it
may be in July or August, for at those times I have often been at the
killing of them, when the males were so attached to their mistresses,
that after the female was killed, the male would put his two fore-paws
over, and suffer himself to be shot before he would quit her. I have
frequently seen and killed those animals near twelve leagues from the
land; but as the Fall of the year advances, they are taught by instinct to
seek the shore. Though such a tremendous animal, they are very shy of
coming near a man; but when closely pursued in the water, they
frequently attack the boat, seize the oars, and wrest them from the
hands of the strongest man, seeming desirous to get on board; but the
people on those occasions are always provided with fire-arms and
hatchets, to prevent such an unwelcome visit. The flesh of this animal,
when killed in Winter, (if not too old,) is far from being unpleasant
eating; and the young cubs, in the Spring, are rather delicate than
otherwise. The teats of the female are only two in number, and are
placed between the fore-legs. The best Drawing of this Animal I have
seen, is that done by Mr. Webber, among the Plates of Cook's last
Voyage.
[132] Ursus americanus Pallas. This species inhabits all the region west
of Hudson Bay nearly or quite to the limit of trees, though it is rare near
the border of the woods.
[BZ] The insects here spoken of are of two kinds; the one is nearly black,
its skin hard like a beetle, and not very unlike a grasshopper, and darts
through the water with great ease, and with some degree of velocity.
The other sort is brown, has wings, and is as soft as the common cleg-
fly. The latter are the most numerous; and in some of the lakes such
quantities of them are forced into the bays in gales of wind, and there
pressed together in such multitudes, that they are killed, and remain
there a great nuisance; for I have several times, in my inland voyages
from York Fort, found it scarcely possible to land in some of those bays
for the intolerable stench of those insects, which in some places were
lying in putrid masses to the depth of two or three feet. It is more than
probable, that the Bears occasionally feed on these dead insects.
[133] The insects here referred to are mainly May-flies (Ephemeridæ),
which are washed up along the shores of the lakes in this region in
incredible quantities, and are eaten by the bears, as Hearne says.
[CA] It is common for the Southern Indians to tame and domesticate the
young cubs; and they are frequently taken so young that they cannot
eat. On those occasions the Indians oblige their wives who have milk in
their breasts to suckle them. And one of the Company's servants, whose
name is Isaac Batt, willing to be as great a brute as his Indian
companions, absolutely forced one of his wives, who had recently lost
her infant, to suckle a young Bear.
[134] By brown bears, Hearne probably refers to the brown or cinnamon
phase of the black bear. This colour phase, which is often spoken of as if
constituting a distinct species, is rare near the northern border of the
range of the animal.
[135] Ursus richardsoni Swainson. See ante, p. 181.
[136] Gulo luscus (Linn.). This powerful freebooter ranges north to the
extremity of the continent, and has been detected in a few instances on
the islands of the Arctic Sea.
[CB] Mr. Graham says they take their lodging in the clefts of rocks, or in
hollow trees. The former I acknowledge, but I believe that neither Mr.
Graham nor any of the Company's servants ever saw an instance of the
latter. In fact, during all my travels in the interior parts of Hudson's Bay, I
never saw a hollow tree that was capable of affording shelter to any
larger animal than martins, jackashes, or wejacks; much less the
quiquehatch or Bear, as some have asserted.
[This statement is from Pennant, "Arct. Zool.," i. p. 68, 1784, and given
on the authority of Mr. Graham.]
[137] Lutra canadensis (Schreber). This valuable fur-bearer is found
throughout the wooded country, but is rare near the borders of the
forest.
[CC] The Otter is very fond of play; and one of their favourite pastimes
is, to get on a high ridge of snow, bend their fore-feet backward, and
slide down the side of it, sometimes to the distance of twenty yards.
[138] Lutreola vison lacustris (Preble, North Am. Fauna, No. 22, p. 66,
1902). This race differs from the typical race of Eastern Canada in its
larger size and some minor cranial characters. It inhabits the region west
of Hudson Bay, north to the limit of trees.
[139] Mustela pennanti Erxleben. As far as known, this fur-bearer
reaches its northern limit on the coast of Hudson Bay near Cape Tatnam.
[CD] Mr. Graham asserts that this animal frequents the banks of creeks,
and feeds on fish; but these are by no means their usual haunts. I have,
however, no doubt, but when they find fish on the land, that they may
eat it, like other carnivorous animals; but they are as shy of taking the
water as a domestic cat. They climb trees, and catch partridges, mice,
and rabbits, with as much ease as a martin. They are easily tamed and
domesticated, are very fond of tea-leaves, have a pleasant musky smell,
and are very playful.
[This statement is apparently from Pennant ("Arct. Zool.," i. p. 82, 1784),
who gives Mr. Graham as authority.]
[140] The Skunk, Mephitis mephitis (Schreber), has not been detected
on the coast of Hudson Bay north of Fort Albany, but farther westward it
reaches Oxford House and Great Slave Lake. The animal of the
Cumberland House region is the Northern Plains Skunk, Mephitis
hudsonica Richardson.
[141] Mustela americana abieticola Preble. A much larger race than
typical M. americana of Eastern Canada is the form inhabiting the
country west of Hudson Bay.
[142] The common weasel of the wooded parts of the Hudson Bay
region is Putorius richardsoni (Bonaparte). North of the tree-limit is found
a larger species, P. arcticus Merriam, which ranges north of the continent
over the Arctic islands. Both species turn white in winter and are then
known as ermine.
[143] Fiber zibethicus hudsonius Preble (North Am. Fauna, No. 22, p. 53,
1902; type locality, Fort Churchill). This race, which differs from the
typical animal of Eastern Canada in smaller size and in cranial characters,
inhabits the region west of Hudson Bay, north to the limit of trees.
[144] Acorus calamus Linn. A widely diffused herb abundant in the
southern part of the Hudson Bay region. The Crees are said to style it
Wachusk mitsu-in, i.e. that which the musk-rats eat.
[145] Erethizon dorsatum (Linn.). In Hearne's time the porcupine was
rather common throughout the southern part of the Hudson Bay region,
and ranged nearly or quite to the limit of trees. Hearne's journey to the
Coppermine River was mainly through the Barren Grounds, or near the
edge of the timber, where of course the animal was scarce, which
accounts for the small number seen by him.
Now, throughout the region, constant persecution has reduced this
species almost to the verge of extinction, so that a person may travel
hundreds of miles through its range without encountering one.