Chemisiry dnoDoo

GROUP 16 ELEMENTS

OXYGEN FAMILY
Oxygen is the most abundant of all the elements on earth crust.
polonium isa metal.
2. Oxygen and sulphur are non-metals, selenium and tellurium metalloids, whereas
3. Polonium hardly shows-2 oxidation state.
Reducing property of dioxide decreases from SO, to TeO,: SO, is reducing while TeO, is an oxidising
agent
Sulphur hexafluoride, SF, is exceptionally stable for steric reasons.
The well known monohalides are dimeric in nature. Examples are SF,. S,Cl. S,Br,. Se,, and >e,B
These dimeric halides undergo disproportionation as given below: 2Se.Cl, SeC, + 3>8
The weakening of M-H bond with the increase in the size of M (not the electronegativitsy) explains the increasirg
acidic character of hydrides down the group.
Halides :All these elements form a number of halides. The halides of oxygen are not very stable. 5elernium
does not form dihalides.
e.g. OF CIO LO,, etc.

sODIUMTHIOSULPHATE Na,s,0,5H0
Preparation:
3S,02Fe FeS,OJFH
Violet
Na,SO, +S Bol Na,S,O,
The violet colour disappears quickly due to the
4S+6NaOHBoNa,S,O, +2Na,S +3H,O reducton of ferric chloride by S,O,3 ions.

2Fer 2S,0,2 2Fe +S,O3

2Na,S+3SO,o> 2Na,5,O,+5
2CuCl, +2Na,S,O, > 2CuCI Na,S,O +2NaC|
Spring's reaction
) AuCl, +2S,O> AuCl+ S,O-+2C
Na,S+ Na,SO, +l-Heat Na,S,O, +2Nal
AuCl+25,02Au(S,O),+C
Concentrated Na,S,O, does not give a white ppt Sulphur trioxides (SO) is a white crystalline
solid with melting point 290K and boiing poin
with AgNO, This is because siver thiosulphate formed 318K.
is readily soluble in excess of sodium thiosulphate
SO, is prepared by the direct oxidation of
foming soluble complex. SO
with atmospleric @xUgen in presence ot tinally

3s0 +AgS0,2AS0) divicieci Htor V2O at a pressure ot 2 bar.

temperature 720K.
and
soluble
Reaction with oxidizing agent 2S0g)+O(g) 250
NaS,O,+a,+H,0-> Na,SO, +2HCI+S SO, reacts with water to produce H.SO, and large
amount ot heat is evolved.
2NaS,O,+ Na,S,O, +2Nal
SO, +H,O> HSO,+ hsat
Sodium tetrathionate
This reaction forms the basis of iodometric estimation
of Cr,0 and Cu salts.

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Reducing property
OZONE
H,OFe"/OH:_ Fe2 +O,
Pb5PbSO4
Pb Grkds PbO
T, HO +OH+O (ii) H,O
Oxidizing MSMSO, +O2 (ii) H,O,C%/5n HX +0,
Property
O2endotheric Pb/Cu/Zn
of (iv) H,O,MnO/OH MnO, +0,
Ca
moist IC Torm
process parent.
S/P/AS Oxy acid Mn*2 +O,
Pale
Violet () HO,MnO,/H
Bue
ark blue black Hg,O +O Cr*2+ O,
Gas liquid Solid 1g
(ui) H,O,_C,0 /E,
Peroxide Oxide +O2|

of
Fishy odour, Highly toxic. Tailing of mercury is due to the formation
Gases Absorbent mercury oxide when Hg reacts with ozone.
Turpentine Oil/Oil of cinnamon. 2Hg +O, Ha,O+O,
NO FeSO, As a result of it, mercury looses it's meniscus and

SO, NaOH starts sticking to the glass.

CuCl, The bleaching action of ozone and H,O, is
O PyTogalol permanent and is due to oxidation while that of
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SO, is temporary and is due to reduction.
Preparation: Ho, isused to restore the colour of old lead
Na,O, + H,0(ficecold)> NaOH + H,O, paintings which have been blackened due to the
BaO +H,S0, -> BasO, +H,O, formation of PbS by the action of H,S present in
(Now a day conc. H,PO, is used) the air.
2H,SO,2H +2HSO, PbS+4H,0,> PbSO, + 4H,O|
Black White
Anode: 2HSO, >H,S,O, +2e
Cathod: 2H* + e>H, Antichlor action of H,O, is due to its tendency to

HS,O, +2H,0-> 2H,SO, + H,O, reduce the excess of chlorine from bleaching
OH powder to HCI.
EtH/Pd ,0,+Cl 2HC +0,

OH NH,. NH, + H,O, as rocket propellant.

+0
-H,O2
Storage
Properties: H20, decomposes slowly on exposure to light.
Oxidizing property:
2H,0,) 2H,01) +O,a)
H,O, Po5 PbSO, In the presence of metal surfaces or traces of alkal

(i) HO, BaSO, + H,O (present in glass containers), the above reactionis
catalysed. It is, therefore, stored in wax-lined glass
(i) H.O, HSA, S/1, +H,O
or plastic vessels in dark. Acetanalide or Glycero
(iv) H,O, HFe3+H,O or Urea can be added as a stabiliser. It is kept
away from dust because dust can induce explosive
HO t/OH Cr+ H,O decomposition of the compound.

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SULPHURIC ACID (H,SO
It is also known
as oil of vitriol and king of chemicals.
Manufacture ofsulphurlc
acid: (c) So, absorbed by conc. H SO, and then water is
is
Lead chamberproces: added to produce the acid of desired concentration.
The various steps involved H,SO, + SO, HS,0,
are:
(a) Production of SO,:
By burning S or iron pyrites.
HS,0, + HO>2HSO,
Properties: Its specific gravity is 1.8 and it is 98% by
S+Op >SO2 weight.
It is strong dibasic acid.
4Fes+110 2Fe0, +880
(6) HSO, 2H* + SO
Production of catalyst: Oxides of
nitrogen.
2NaNO, +HSO,Na,SO, +2HNO,
Metal above
2HNO,
HO + NO +NO, +O In reactivity
Metal Sulphate + HT
(c) Reaction in lead chamber Series
dil. H,SO,
(Non-oxidizing acid) Class A
SO+ NO SO, + NO Sub gp- Volatile Product
acidic radical
SO, +HO>HSO,
2NO+O, 2NO, (used again)
Contact process: Ac
Dehydralion
NH, + HSO,-> (NHJ,SO, +
HO
eg: HCOOH CO HO +

Thesteps involved are: Conc. H,SO,

HCO, > CO, + CO HO
Oxing eg: Br/l>Br/
(a) Production of So,: It is produced by burning Nature
S/C-> CO/SO, + SO, + HO
sulphur or iron pyrites and purified by treating Metal
xcept Au. P) Vetal sulphate SO,
with steam to remove dust particles Zn + 2HSO, ZnSO, SO, + 2H,0
(b) Conversion of S0, to SO, : It is done in Uses
container or catalyst chamber after being
In lead storage batteries.
pre-heated to 450°C.
In manufacture of paints and pigments.
2S0.+O =250, + x cal
In metallurgy for electrolytic refining of metals.
Catalyst: Formerly, platinised asbestos was used
which is costly and easily poisoned. These days
V,O, is used.

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