A PROJECT REPORT

ON

Heart Disease Predication Using Machine

Learning Techniques

Bachelor Of Technology
in
Computer Science & Engineering

Submitted by

Amit Kumar (CSJMA20001390011)

Anuj Kumar (CSJMA20001390013)
Deepankaj Sharma (CSJMA20001390020)

Under the guidance of

Dr. Vineeta Singh

(Asst. Professor, Department of CSE)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

C.S.J.M. UNIVERSITY KANPUR, 208024
DEC, 2023
 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a big problem globally, causing more than 70% of deaths
worldwide. By 2030, these diseases are expected to cause even more deaths. They're expensive too,
costing about USD 3.7 trillion between 2010 and 2015. Detecting heart disease is tough because the
tests are costly, impacting both people's health and how much organizations spend.
It's crucial to find heart disease early. Using data mining and machine learning helps predict heart
disease risk, but it's complex. Factors like diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and
irregular pulse make it hard to predict accurately.
Data mining finds hidden patterns that help doctors diagnose diseases. Machine learning also helps
predict diseases better. But earlier studies had trouble accurately predicting how heart disease
progresses.

Predicting heart diseases using machine learning is a critical application in the healthcare domain.
The project aims to leverage machine learning techniques to predict the likelihood of heart diseases
based on various health-related features. This involves understanding the dataset, identifying relevant
features, and building a predictive model.

There are several approaches to predicting heart diseases, ranging from traditional statistical methods
to advanced machine learning algorithms. The project will explore the effectiveness of machine
learning techniques in improving prediction accuracy and identifying key risk factors.

Our main goal is to predict heart disease accurately using different machine learning methods. We
used random forest, decision trees, Boosting and Ensemble technique on a dataset from Kaggle. We
cleaned up the data to improve our models. We hope to improve on past studies by using a larger and
more diverse dataset to get more reliable results.
 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND OBJECTIVE

Cardiovascular diseases remain a significant global health concern, contributing to a substantial

number of fatalities each year. Early detection and intervention are pivotal in mitigating the impact of
these diseases. The project, "Heart Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning Techniques,"
addresses the critical need for an efficient and accurate predictive model to assess the risk of heart
diseases based on individual health parameters.

Problem Statement:
Despite advancements in medical science, predicting the onset of heart diseases with precision
remains challenging. Traditional methods often lack the sophistication to analyze complex
relationships among diverse health factors. There is a pressing need for a comprehensive and reliable
predictive model that leverages machine learning techniques to enhance accuracy and provide a
timely assessment of cardiovascular risk.

Objective:
The primary objective of this project is to develop an advanced machine learning-based predictive
model capable of accurately identifying the likelihood of heart diseases. The project aims to:

1. Gather a diverse and comprehensive dataset, incorporating various health parameters.

2. Employ feature engineering techniques to enhance dataset informativeness.
3. Identify influential features for heart disease prediction.
4. Utilize machine learning algorithms to construct an effective predictive model.
5. Rigorously evaluate model performance using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and
F1 score.
6. Enhance model interpretability for clear understanding of influencing factors.
7. Deploy the model in real-time environments for timely predictions.
8. Develop a user-friendly interface facilitating seamless integration into clinical workflows.

The overarching goal is to contribute to healthcare by providing a valuable tool for early detection of
heart diseases, thereby improving patient outcomes and reducing cardiovascular-related mortality.
 LITERATURE REVIEW:
In recent years, the healthcare industry has seen a significant advancement in the field of machine
learning. These techniques have been widely adopted and have demonstrated efficacy in various
healthcare applications, particularly in the field of medical cardiology. The rapid accumulation of
medical data has presented researchers with an unprecedented opportunity to develop and test new
algorithms in this field. Heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality in developing nations and
identifying risk factors and early signs of the disease has become an important area of research. The
utilization of data mining and machine learning techniques in this field can potentially aid in the early
detection and prevention of heart disease.
Several studies are cited to illustrate the efficacy of machine learning techniques in predicting
cardiovascular disease and identifying crucial risk factors:
 METHODOLOGY
The project's methodology involves the following steps:
1. Data collection. The first step is to gather a dataset containing features such as age, blood
pressure, cholesterol levels, and other health-related indicators.
2. Data Preprocessing: Conduct thorough data cleaning, handling missing values, and
addressing outliers. Implement techniques such as normalization and scaling to
ensure uniformity across diverse features.
3. Feature Engineering: Apply advanced feature engineering techniques to extract
relevant patterns and relationships from the dataset. This involves transforming and
creating new features to enhance the model's predictive capabilities.
4. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Perform in-depth EDA to gain insights into data
distributions, correlations, and potential hidden patterns. This step guides further
decisions in feature selection and model development.
5. Feature Selection: Employ rigorous feature selection methods, including statistical
tests and model-based techniques, to identify the most influential factors contributing
to heart disease prediction.
6. Model Selection: Explore a range of machine learning algorithms such as logistic
regression, decision trees, random forests, and gradient boosting to identify the most
suitable model. Fine-tune hyperparameters to optimize model performance.
7. Cross-Validation: Implement cross-validation techniques to ensure the model's
robustness and generalizability. This includes techniques like k-fold cross-validation
to assess performance across different subsets of the dataset.
8. Performance Metrics: Evaluate the model using a comprehensive set of
performance metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and area under
the ROC curve (AUC-ROC), providing a holistic view of the model's effectiveness.
9. Model Interpretability: Employ interpretability tools, such as SHAP (SHapley
Additive exPlanations), LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations), or
feature importance plots, to enhance understanding of the model's decision-making
process.
Flow Diagram
Machine learning model flow

Ensemble Model
In ensemble model, diverse
predictors/classifiers are used for
classification.
Different types of ensemble model
are voting, averaging, weighted
averaging,
stacking, blending, bagging, boosting
etc. In this research, the voting and
averaging ensemble models have been
used. Following figure shows the
concept
of ensemble model using voting
approach:
Ensemble Model
In ensemble model, diverse
predictors/classifiers are used for
classification.
Different types of ensemble model
are voting, averaging, weighted
averaging,
stacking, blending, bagging, boosting
etc. In this research, the voting and
averaging ensemble models have been
used. Following figure shows the
concept
of ensemble model using voting
approach:
Ensemble Model
In ensemble model, diverse
predictors/classifiers are used for
classification.
Different types of ensemble model
are voting, averaging, weighted
averaging,
stacking, blending, bagging, boosting
etc. In this research, the voting and
averaging ensemble models have been
used. Following figure shows the
concept
of ensemble model using voting
approach:

This shows a flow chart diagram that outlines the sequential steps involved in predicting the
probability of heart disease. The diagram visually depicts the data preprocessing procedures, such as
cleaning, removing duplicate entries, detecting outliers, and scaling data. It also emphasizes the
utilization of ensemble learning algorithms and the process of hyperparameter tuning to train and
optimize the model. The flow chart serves as a visual representation of the study’s methodology,
aiding in the comprehension of the research process
 EXPECTED OUTCOME
The project aims to deliver a highly accurate predictive model for early heart disease detection,
contributing to improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare burdens. The expected outcomes
include precise risk assessments, widespread adoption among healthcare professionals through a user-
friendly interface, and real-time predictions. The model's interpretability features aim to foster user
trust, and continuous improvement mechanisms ensure adaptability to changing healthcare dynamics.
Ultimately, the project aspires to make a positive impact on public health by aiding in the prevention
and early management of heart diseases.

Conclusions and Future Work

In this report, we have presented a heart disease prediction model that leverages feature selection,
data standardization, and a concatenated hybrid ensemble voting classifier. The results of the
performed experiments demonstrate the model’s promising capability to accurately predict heart
disease. By utilizing the Extra Trees Classifier for feature selection and StandardScaler for data
standardization, we have enhanced the model’s overall performance and reliability.
The standout feature of our approach is the concatenated ensemble classifier, which combines the
strengths of multiple base classifiers. This amalgamation results in improved accuracy, robustness,
and interpretability of the model. These findings underscore the potential of machine learning
techniques in advancing heart disease prediction and aiding clinical decision-making and patient care.
There is certainly ample room for future research in the domain of the current research. One avenue is
the exploration of more sophisticated feature engineering techniques which could be used to further
refine the model’s predictive capabilities. Additionally, the incorporation of larger and more diverse
datasets from varied demographics could enhance the model’s generalization and real-world
applicability. Furthermore, deep learning models and neural networks warrant investigation as
potential additions to our approach, potentially improving prediction accuracy. Rigorous validation on
a broader patient population is essential to establish the model’s clinical utility and efficacy.
In conclusion, this work contributes to the ongoing efforts in the development of heart disease
prediction models based on ensemble machine learning methods. Our proposed model shows promise
and opens up exciting possibilities for future research in the field of using Artificial Intelligence for
cardiovascular health care. Ultimately, the advancements in this research field hold the potential to
positively impact clinical practices and patient outcomes.