Soluciones n°7: Electromagnetismo II

Luis Presle, Benjamı́n Ávila

20/11/2023

Pregunta 1: Dipolo eléctrico oscilante

Considere las siguientes definiciones:
ikr Z
⃗ r, t) = −i µω p⃗(t) e
A(⃗ , ϕ(⃗r, t) = −
iω ⃗
∇·A , p⃗(t) = ⃗r′ ρ(⃗r′ )e−iωt d3 r′ (1)
4π r k2 R3

a) Demuestre que los campos E ⃗ yB ⃗ son de la forma:

eikr k2 eikr ik eikr

   
⃗ µωk 1 ⃗ 1
B(⃗r, t) = (r̂ × p⃗) 1− , E(⃗r, t) = [(r̂ × p⃗) × r̂] + [3(r̂ · p⃗)r̂ − p⃗] 3 − 2 (2)
4π r ikr 4πϵ r r r 4πϵ

⃗ we have that
For B

⃗ r, t) = ∇
B(⃗ ⃗ × A(⃗
⃗ r, t) (3)

We note that
ikr ikr
⃗ r, t) = −i µω p⃗(t) e = −i µω p⃗eiωt e
A(⃗ (4)
4π r 4π r
Thus, the magnetic field can be separated into two functions: one that depends solely on R and another
that depends solely on t.
⃗ r, t) = ∇
B(⃗ ⃗ r)e−iωt = B(⃗
⃗ × A(⃗ ⃗ r)e−iωt (5)

Therefore, the problem is reduced to solving the expression.

⃗ r) = ∇
B(⃗ ⃗ × A(⃗
⃗ r) (6)

Now
eikr
 
⃗ = −i ωµ ∇
B ⃗ × p⃗ (7)
4π r

eikr
 
⃗ ×
∇ p⃗ (8)
r
using vectorial properties, we have that
 ikr   ikr 
⃗ e ⃗ e eikr ⃗
∇× p⃗ = ∇ × p⃗ + ∇ × p⃗. (9)
r r r

1
Note that p⃗ is a constant vector; then, the last term on the right vanishes. And thus
ωµ ⃗ eikr
 
⃗
B(⃗r) = −i ∇ × p⃗ (10)
4π r
Then

eikr
 ⃗
ik(∇r)e ⃗
ikr r − (∇r)eikr
⃗
∇ = (11)
r r2
note that
q
⃗ = ∂i
∇r x2j x̂i , i = 1, 2, 3, j = 1, 2, 3 (12)

⃗ = ∂i x2 = xq j δij x̂i
q
∇r j = r̂, δij = ∂i xj (13)
x2j

Therefore
eikr (ikeikr r − eikr )r̂ 1 eikr
 
⃗
∇ = = ik(1 − ) r̂ (14)
r r2 ikr r
Thus, the magnetic field is given by
ikr
⃗ r) = ωµ k(1 − 1 ) e r̂ × p⃗
B(⃗ (15)
4π ikr r
The magnetic field, which depends on both time and position, is

ikr
⃗ r, t) = ωµ k(1 − 1 ) e r̂ × p⃗(t)
B(⃗ (16)
4π ikr r
⃗
For the electric field, in a region far from the source, J=0, we have that
2
⃗ r, t) = i ω ∇
E(⃗ ⃗ ×B ⃗ (17)
k2
 ikr 
ωµ ⃗ e 1
=i ∇× (1 − )(r̂ × p⃗) (18)
4πk r ikr
Then
eikr eikr eikr
   
⃗ × 1 ⃗ 1 1 ⃗
∇ (1 − )(r̂ × p⃗) =∇ (1 − ) × (r̂ × p⃗) + (1 − )∇ × (r̂ × p⃗) (19)
r ikr r ikr r ikr
Note that
⃗ × (r̂ × p⃗) = (r̂ ∇)⃗
∇ ⃗ p + (⃗ ⃗ − r̂(∇
p ∇)r̂ ⃗ p⃗) − p⃗(∇
⃗ r̂) (20)
⃗ − p⃗(∇
p ∇)r̂
= (⃗ ⃗ r̂) (21)

Now
q q
  (∂ x x̂ x̂ ) x2 − (∂ x2 x̂ )x x̂
i j i j i j i j j
⃗ ⃗r =
j
⃗ =∇
∇r̂ , i = 1, 2, 3 j = 1, 2, 3 (22)
r x2j
q
δ x x̂
(δij x̂i x̂j ) x2j − ijq j2 i xj x̂j
xj 3r − r̂⃗r 3r − r 2
= = = = (23)
x2j r 2 r 2 r

2
And
q q
(pi ∂i xj x̂j ) x2j − (pi ∂i x2j )xj x̂j
(⃗ ⃗ =
p ∇)r̂ (24)
x2j
p⃗r − (⃗pr̂)⃗r p⃗ (⃗
pr̂)r̂
= 2
= − (25)
r r r
Therefore
   
⃗ × (r̂ × p⃗) = p⃗ (⃗pr̂)r̂ 2⃗p p⃗ (⃗pr̂)r̂
∇ − − =− + (26)
r r r r r
In the other hand,
ikr k 2 r̂eikr r2 + 2ikrr̂eikr 2 eikr
⃗ e
∇ = = (
1
− ) r̂ (27)
ikr2 k2 r4 r ikr2 r
Thus
eikr 1 eikr 2 eikr
 
⃗ 1 1
∇ (1 − ) = ik(1 − ) r̂ − ( − ) r̂ (28)
r ikr ikr r r ikr2 r
eikr
 
2 2
= r̂ ik − + (29)
r r ikr2
eikr
 
1 1 1
= r̂ (ik − )(1 − )+ (30)
r r ikr ikr2

Therefore, the expression (18) for electric field is reduced to

2 µ eikr
 
⃗ r, t) = i ω 1 1 1
E(⃗ (ik − )(1 − )+ r̂ × (r̂ × p⃗)− (31)
4πk r r ikr ikr2
ωµ eikr
 
1 p⃗ (⃗ pr̂)r̂
−i (1 − ) + (32)
4πk r ikr r r

2 ikr
 
⃗ r, t) = i ω µ e
E(⃗
1
(ik − )(1 −
1
)+
1
(−⃗ p + r̂(r̂⃗
p))− (33)
4πk r r ikr ikr2
ωµ eikr
 
1 p⃗ (⃗ pr̂)r̂
−i (1 − ) + (34)
4πk r ikr r r
After performing the corresponding algebra, the expression takes the following form

ω 2 µ eikr ω2µ ik eikr

 
⃗ 1
E(⃗r, t) = − p) − p⃗) +
(r̂(r̂⃗ p) − p⃗) 2 −
(3r̂(r̂⃗ (35)
4π r 4πk 2 r r r
Using the following relation

ω 2 µϵ ω 2 /v 2 k2
= = (36)
ϵ ϵ ϵ
p) − p⃗) = (r̂ × p⃗) × r̂.
(r̂(r̂⃗ (37)

The expression of the field remains as

2 ikr eikr
 
⃗ r, t) = k e (r̂ × (r̂ × p⃗)) + 1 (3r̂(r̂⃗
E(⃗ p) − p⃗)
1
−
ik
(38)
4πϵ r 4πϵ r 2 r r

3
b) Encuentre el comportamiento de estos campos en los lı́mites kr >> 1 y kr << 1.
For r>> λ or kr>>1, we have that the fields are

eikr eikr
 
⃗ µωk 1 µωk
B(⃗r, t) = (r̂ × p⃗) 1− = (r̂ × p⃗) (39)
4π r ikr 4π r

k2 eikr
  ikr
⃗ ik 1 e
E(⃗r, t) = [(r̂ × p⃗) × r̂] − [3(r̂ · p⃗)r̂ − p⃗] 2 1 − (40)
4πϵ r r ikr 4πϵ
k 2 e ikr ik eikr
≈ [(r̂ × p⃗) × r̂] − [3(r̂ · p⃗)r̂ − p⃗] 2 (41)
4πϵ r r 4πϵ
Taking the real part, we have that
2 ikr
⃗ r, t) = k [(r̂ × p⃗) × r̂] e
E(⃗ (42)
4πϵ r
Note that

⃗ r, t) = k r̂ × E(⃗
B(⃗ ⃗ r, t) (43)
ω
⃗ r, t) = ω B(⃗
E(⃗ ⃗ r, t) × r̂ (44)
k
For r<< λ or kr<<1, we have that the fields are

ikr eikr 1
 
⃗ r, t) = µωk (r̂ × p⃗) e
B(⃗ 1−
1
=
µωk
(r̂ × p⃗)
µω 1
(ikr − 1) ≈ i (r̂ × p⃗) 2 (45)
4π r ikr 4π r ikr 4π r

⃗
And the real part is equal to zero. For E

k2 eikr
  ikr
⃗ ik 1 e
E(⃗r, t) = [(r̂ × p⃗) × r̂] − [3(r̂ · p⃗)r̂ − p⃗] 2 1 − (46)
4πϵ r r ikr 4πϵ
k 2 1 1
≈ [(r̂ × p⃗) × r̂] + [3(r̂ · p⃗)r̂ − p⃗] (47)
4πϵ r 4πϵr3
If
1 k2 k
kr << 1 =⇒ k << =⇒ << 2 (48)
r r r
Then, we have that

⃗ r, t) ≈ 1
E(⃗ [3(r̂ · p⃗)r̂ − p⃗] (49)
4πϵr3
c) Determine el valor medio del vector de Poynting en el lı́mite de kr >> 1, que viene dado de la forma:

⃗ ×B
E ⃗∗
⃗ =
⟨S⟩ (50)
2µ
We know that

⃗ = 1E
S ⃗ = 1 Re[E(⃗
⃗ ×B ⃗ r)e−iwt ] × Re[B(⃗
⃗ r)e−iwt ] (51)
µ µ

4
Using the following property
1
Re(Z) = [Z + Z ∗ ] (52)
2
The expression (44) take the next form

⃗ = 1 [E(⃗
S ⃗ r)e−iwt + E
⃗ ∗ (⃗r)eiwt ] × [B(⃗
⃗ r)e−iwt + B
⃗ ∗ (⃗r)eiwt ] (53)
4µ
1 ⃗ ⃗∗ + E
⃗∗ × B ⃗ +E ⃗ × Be⃗ −2iwt + E⃗∗ × B⃗ ∗ e2iwt ]
= [E × B (54)
4µ
1 ⃗ ⃗∗ + E
⃗∗ × B ⃗ +E ⃗ × Be⃗ −2iwt + E⃗∗ × B⃗ ∗ e2iwt ]
= [E × B (55)
4µ
1 ⃗ ×B ⃗ ∗ ) + Re(E ⃗ −2iwt )]
⃗ × Be
= [Re(E (56)
2µ
For simplicity, we omit the symbol Re that refers to the real part

⃗ = 1 (E
S ⃗∗ + E
⃗ ×B ⃗ −2iwt )
⃗ × Be (57)
2µ
For high frequencies, time can’t be measured. Thus, we have an interest in the time average of the
Poynting vector

⃗ = 1 ⃗ ⃗∗ + E ⃗ −2iwt ⟩)
⃗ × B⟨e
⟨S⟩ (E × B (58)
2µ
Where
Z T
−2iwt 1 i  −2iwt T 2π
⟨e ⟩= e−2iwt dt = e 0
= 0, T = (59)
T 0 2T ω ω
Therefore
⃗ ×B
E ⃗∗
⃗ =
⟨S⟩ (60)
2µ
d) Demuestre que la distribución angular de la potencia irradiada es de la forma:

dP ω4
= p|2 sin2 (θ)
|⃗ (61)
dΩ 32π 2 ϵv 3
The magnitude of the Poynting vector is equal to the power per unit area, i.e.,
dP
S= (62)
dA
In therms of solid angle dA = r2 dΩ, we have that
dP dP
S= =⇒ = r2 S (63)
r2 dΩ dΩ
From expression (55) and the relation determined in (43), the Poynting vector can be rewritten as

⃗ = kω E(⃗
S ⃗ r) × (r̂ × E ⃗ ∗ (⃗r)) = kω E ⃗ 0 (⃗r)eikr × (r̂ × E ⃗ 0 (⃗r)e−ikr ) (64)
2µ 2µ
kω ⃗ ⃗ 0 (⃗r)) = kω |E ⃗ 0 (⃗r)|2 r̂ = 1 ϵ|E⃗ 0 (⃗r)|2 vr̂
= E0 (⃗r) × (r̂ × E (65)
2µ 2µ 2

5
 2
⃗ = 1 ϵ|E(⃗
S ⃗ r)|2⃗v , ⃗ 0 (⃗r) = k [(r̂ × p⃗) × r̂]
E (66)
2 4πϵr
Thus, we have that
2
dP 1 ⃗ 1 k2
= r2 ϵ|E r)|2 v = ϵ
0 (⃗ [(r̂ × p⃗) × r̂] r2 v (67)
dΩ 2 2 4πϵr
k4 v k4 v
= 2
[(r̂ × p⃗) × r̂]2 = p|2 sin2 θ
|⃗ (68)
32π ϵ 32π 2 ϵ
Where θ is the angle that the dipolar momentum vector makes with r̂. Thus

dP ω4
= p|2 sin2 θ
|⃗ (69)
dΩ 32π 2 ϵv 3
e) Determine la potencia total irradiada.

The total radiated power is obtained by integrating over the solid angle
Z π
ω4
Z
dP 2
P = dΩ = 3
|⃗
p| sin3 θdθ (70)
Ω dΩ 16πϵv 0

Therefore
ω4
P = p|2
|⃗ (71)
12πϵv 3

Pregunta 2: Dipolo eléctrico puntual y radiación dipolar

Considere los siguiente momentos dipolares situados en el origen de un sistema coordenado:

(a) p⃗(t) = p0 sin(ωt)ẑ

(b) p⃗(t) = p0 cos(ωt)ẑ
√ ! √ !
x̂ 3 3 ŷ
(c) p⃗(t) = p0 sin(ωt) − ŷ + p0 cos(ωt) x̂ +
2 2 2 2
   
x̂ ŷ x̂ ŷ
(d) p⃗(t) = p0 cos(ωt − π/6) √ − √ + p0 sin(ωt − π/6) √ + √
2 2 2 2
(e) p⃗(t) = p0 cos(ωt)x̂

Determine:

i) La densidad de corriente J⃗ y el potencial vector A.

⃗
⃗ ⃗
ii) Los campos E y B en la zona radiativa (kr >> 1).
iii) El potencial escalar ϕ bajo el gauge de Lorentz.
iv) El vector de Poynting S ⃗ en la zona radiativa y la distribución angular de la potencia irradiada.
v) La potencia total irradiada.

(Hint: Considere ρ(⃗r) = qδ(⃗r))

In a) we considerer the dipolar momentum is given by:

p⃗(t) = q⃗r(t) =⇒ J⃗ = ρ⃗v = δ(⃗r)p⃗˙ (72)

6
Where the dipolar momentum we write in complex form:

p⃗ = ip0 e−iωt ẑ =⇒ J⃗ = p0 ωe−iωt δ(⃗r)ẑ (73)

Now, we can write the vector potential in the form:

r −r⃗′ |
|⃗
e−iω(t− )
δ(r⃗′ )
Z
⃗ = µ0 ωp0 ẑ
c
A d3 r′ (74)
4π R3 |⃗r − r⃗′ |

These is in spherical coordinates:

⃗ = p0 ωµ0 ei(kr−ωt) [cos(θ)r̂ − sin(θ)θ̂]

A (75)
4πr
Where k = ω/c, the radiative fields it’s given by:
2 i(kr−ωt)
⃗ =∇×A
B ⃗ = −i µ0 p0 ω e
⃗ =⇒ B sin(θ)φ̂ (76)
4πc r
2 i(kr−ωt)
⃗ = −i µ0 p0 ω e
=⇒ E sin(θ)θ̂
4π r
The scalar field is given by:
2
 
iω ⃗ = −i ω p0 µ0 cos(θ) ∂ i(kr−ωt) 1 i(kr−ωt) ∂ 2
ϕ = − 2∇ · A (re )− 2 e (sin (θ)) (77)
k 4πk 2 r2 ∂r r sin(θ) ∂θ

p0 ei(kr−ωt)
=⇒ ϕ = cos(θ)(kr + i)
4πϵ0 r2
For the Poynting vector we take the real part in the radiative fields:
2 2
⃗ = µ0 p0 ω sin(kr − ωt) sin(θ)θ̂
E , ⃗ = µ0 p0 ω sin(kr − ωt) sin(θ)φ̂
B (78)
4π r 4πc r

⃗= 1E
2 4
⃗ = p0 ω
⃗ ×B sin2 (kr − ωt)
=⇒ S sin2 (θ)r̂
µ0 16π 2 ϵ0 c3 r2
With this information, we write the angular power distribution:

dP p20 ω 4
= r2 ⟨S⟩ = sin2 (θ) (79)
dΩ 32π 2 ϵ0 c3
And the total power it’s given by:
π
p20 ω 4 p20 ω 4
Z
P = sin3 (θ)dθ = (80)
16πϵ0 c3 0 12πϵ0 c3

In b) the process it’s very similar, the density current is:

J⃗ = δ(⃗r)p⃗˙ = −iωp0 e−iωt ẑ (81)

Now we can calculate the vector potential:

r −r⃗′ |
|⃗

⃗ = −iωp0 µ0 ẑ e−i(t− )
Z
c δ(⃗r) µ0 p0 ω i(kr−ωt)
A d3 r′ = −i e ẑ (82)
4π R3 |⃗r − r⃗′ | 4πr

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And the radiative fields:
2 i(kr−ωt)
⃗ =∇×A
B ⃗ = − µ0 ω p 0 e
⃗ = ikr̂ × A sin(θ)φ̂ (83)
4πc r
2 i(kr−ωt)
=⇒ E⃗ = cB ⃗ × r̂ = − µ0 ω p0 e sin(θ)θ̂
4π r
The scalar potential is given by:
!
iω µ ω 2p ∂ ei(kr−ωt) p0 ei(kr−ωt)
⃗=− 0 0
ϕ = − 2∇ · A = (1 − ikr) cos(θ) (84)
k 4π ∂z r 4πϵ0 r2

For the Poynting vector we take the real part in the radiative fields:
2 2
⃗ = − µ0 ω p0 cos(kr − ωt) sin(θ)φ̂
B , ⃗ = − µ0 ω p0 cos(kr − ωt) sin(θ)θ̂
E (85)
4πc r 4π r
4 2 2
=⇒ S ⃗ = µ0 ω p0 cos (kr − ωt) sin2 (θ)r̂
16π 2 c r2
These implies that the distribution power and the total power it’s given by:

dP p20 ω 4 2 p20 ω 4
= sin (θ) =⇒ P = (86)
dΩ 32π 2 ϵ0 c3 12πϵ0 c3
In c) we note that the dipolar momentum we can be written as follows:
π   π   cos(π/3) sin(π/3) 
p⃗ = Rz (p0 sin(ωt)x̂ + p0 cos(ωt)ŷ) , Rz = (87)
3 3 − sin(π/3) cos(π/3)

In deed:
π
p⃗ = p0 [sin(ωt + π/3)x̂ + cos(ωt + π/3)ŷ] = Re[p0 e−i(ωt+ 3 ) (ix̂ + ŷ)] (88)
Therefore, the current density:
J⃗ = δ(⃗r)p⃗˙ = −iωδ(⃗r)⃗
p0 e−iωt (89)
π
Where p⃗0 = e−i 3 p0 (ix̂ + ŷ). And the vector potential:

π r −r⃗′ |
|⃗
−i 3
e−iω(t− )
δ(r⃗′ )
Z
⃗ = −i ωµ0 p0 e
c
A (ix̂ + ŷ) d3 r′ (90)
4π R3 |⃗r − r⃗′ |

⃗ = µ0 ωp0 ei(kr−ωt−π/3) (x̂ − iŷ)

=⇒ A
4πr
And in the spherical coordinates:

⃗ = µ0 ωp0 ei(kr−ωt−π/3−φ) [sin(θ)r̂ + cos(θ)θ̂ + iφ̂]

A (91)
4πr
Now we can calculate the radiative fields:
2 i(kr−ωt−π/3−φ)
⃗ =∇×A
B ⃗ = i µ0 ω p0 e
⃗ = ikr̂ × A [cos(θ)φ̂ − iθ̂] (92)
4πc r
2 i(kr−ωt−π/3−φ)
E ⃗ × r̂ = i µ0 ω p0 e
⃗ = cB [cos(θ)θ̂ + iφ̂]
4π r

8
The scalar potential it’s given by:
!
ei(kr−ωt−π/3)
 
iω ⃗ = −i p0 ∇ · ip0 ik 1 x y
ϕ = − 2∇ · A (x̂ − iŷ) =− − 2 ei(kr−ωt−π/3) −i (93)
k 4πϵ0 r 4πϵ0 r r r r

p0 ei(kr−ωt−π/3−φ)
=⇒ ϕ = (kr + i) sin(θ)
4πϵ0 r2
We take the real part of the radiative fields for the Poynting vector, that is:
2
⃗ = µ0 ω p0 [cos(kr − ωt − π/3 − φ)θ̂ − sin(kr − ωt − π/3 − φ) cos(θ)φ̂]
B (94)
4πcr
2
⃗ = − µ0 ω p0 [cos(kr − ωt − π/3 − φ)φ̂ + sin(kr − ωt − π/3 − φ) cos(θ)θ̂]
E (95)
4πr
⃗= p20 ω 4 [cos2 (kr − ωt − π/3 − φ) + sin2 (kr − ωt − π/3 − φ) cos2 (θ)]
=⇒ S r̂
16π 2 ϵ0 c3 r2
Therefore the power it’s given by:

dP p20 ω 4 p20 ω 4
= r2 ⟨S⟩ = (1 + cos 2
(θ)) =⇒ P = (96)
dΩ 32π 2 ϵ0 c3 6πϵ0 c3
In d) the process is very similar to c), we see:
π  π   
cos(π/4) sin(π/4)
p⃗ = Rz (p0 cos(ωt − π/6)x̂ + p0 sin(ωt − π/6)ŷ) , Rz = (97)
4 4 − sin(π/4) cos(π/4)

These implies:

p⃗ = p0 [cos(ωt − 5π/12)x̂ + sin(ωt − 5π/12)ŷ] = Re[p0 e−i(ωt−5π/12) (x̂ + iŷ)] (98)

And the current density:

J⃗ = δ(⃗r)p⃗˙ = −iωδ(⃗r)⃗
p(t) (99)
Therefore, the potential vector it’s given by:
r −r⃗′ |
|⃗
i5π/12 e−iω(t− )
δ(r⃗′ )
Z
⃗ = − iµ0 p0 ωe
c
A (x̂ + iŷ) d3 r′ (100)
4π R3 |⃗r − r⃗′ |

⃗ = µ0 ωp0 ei(kr−ωt+5π/12) (ŷ − ix̂)

=⇒ A
4πr
And in spherical coordinates:

⃗ = −i µ0 ωp0 ei(kr−ωt+5π/12−φ) [sin(θ)r̂ + cos(θ)θ̂ + iφ̂]

A (101)
4πr
With these, we can calculate the radiative fields:
2 i(kr−ωt−φ+5π/12)
⃗ =∇×A
B ⃗ = µ0 ω p 0 e
⃗ = ikr̂ × A [cos(θ)φ̂ − iθ̂] (102)
4πc r
2 i(kr−ωt−φ+5π/12)
=⇒ E ⃗ × r̂ = µ0 ω p0 e
⃗ = cB [cos(θ)θ̂ + iφ̂]
4π r

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The scalar fields it’s given by:
!
ei(kr−ωt+5π/12)
 
iω ⃗ = − ip0 ∇ · ip0 ik 1 y x
ϕ = − 2∇ · A (ŷ − ix̂) =− − 2 ei(kr−ωt+5π/12) −i
k 4πϵ0 r 4πϵ0 r r r r
  (103)
p0 1 ik
ϕ= − ei(kr−ωt−φ+5π/12) sin(θ)
4πϵ0 r2 r
We note the real radiative fields it’s given by:
µ0 ω 2 p0 cos(kr − ωt − φ + 5π/12) cos(θ)
 
⃗ sin(kr − ωt − φ + 5π/12)
B= φ̂ + θ̂ (104)
4πc r r
µ0 ω 2 p0 cos(kr − ωt − φ + 5π/12) cos(θ)
 
⃗ sin(kr − ωt − φ + 5π/12)
E= θ̂ − φ̂
4π r r
These implies that the Poynting vector it’s given by:

⃗= ω 4 p20 cos2 (kr − ωt − φ + 5π/12) cos2 (θ) + sin2 (kr − ωt − φ + 5π/12)

S r̂ (105)
16π 2 ϵ0 c3 r2
Therefore, the power:
dP p20 ω 4 2 p20 ω 4
= (1 + cos (θ)) =⇒ P = (106)
dΩ 32π 2 ϵ0 c3 6πϵ0 c3
In e) we note:
p⃗ = p0 e−iωt x̂ =⇒ J⃗ = −iωp0 e−iωt δ(⃗r)x̂ (107)
With this information, we can calculate the vector potential:
r −r⃗′ |
|⃗
Z i(t− c ) ⃗′
⃗=− ip0 ωµ0 e δ(r ) 3 ′ ip0 ωµ0 i(kr−ωt)
A x̂ d r =− e x̂ (108)
4π R3 |⃗r − r⃗′ | 4πr
In spherical coordinates this is:
i(kr−ωt)
A⃗ = − iµ0 ωp0 e [cos(φ) sin(θ)r̂ + cos(φ) cos(θ)θ̂ − sin(φ)φ̂] (109)
4π r
And the radiative fields:
2 i(kr−ωt)
B⃗ =∇×A ⃗ = µ0 ω p 0 e
⃗ = ikr̂ × A [cos(φ) cos(θ)φ̂ + sin(φ)θ̂] (110)
4πc r
2 i(kr−ωt)
⃗ = cB
E ⃗ × r̂ = µ0 ω p0 e [cos(φ) cos(θ)θ̂ − sin(φ)φ̂]
4π r
And the scalar field it’s given by:
!
iω ip ∂ ei(kr−ωt)
⃗=− 0
ϕ = − 2∇ · A (111)
k 4πϵ0 ∂x r

p0 ei(kr−ωt)
=⇒ ϕ = (1 − ikr) cos(φ) sin(θ)
4πϵ0 r2
For the Poynting vector we see the real radiative fields are as follows:
2 2
⃗ = µ0 ω p0 cos(kr − ωt) [cos(φ) cos(θ)θ̂ − sin(φ)φ̂],
E ⃗ = µ0 ω p0 cos(kr − ωt) [cos(φ) cos(θ)φ̂ + sin(φ)θ̂]
B
4π r 4πc r
(112)
p2ω4 cos 2 (kr − ωt)
=⇒ S ⃗= 0
[cos2 (φ) cos2 (θ) + sin2 (φ)]r̂
16π 2 ϵ0 c3 r2
These implies that the distribution power and the total power it’s given by:
dP p20 ω 4 p20 ω 4
= r2 ⟨S⟩ = 2 3
[cos2 (φ) cos2 (θ) + sin2 (φ)] =⇒ P = (113)
dΩ 32π ϵ0 c 12πϵ0 c3

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Pregunta 3: Antena lineal
Una situación cotidiana de radiación dipolar es la de un cable (o antena) a la cuál se le inyecta una
corriente variable. Un cable de largo l extendido sobre el eje z, como la que se muestra a continuación:

l
2

− 2l

Este tiene una corriente de la forma:

 
2|z|
I = I0 1 − sin(ωt) (114)
l

a) Defina una densidad de corriente J⃗ para este sistema. Determine la densidad de carga ρ.
b) Determine el momento dipolar del sistema definido como:
Z
p⃗ = ⃗r′ ρ(⃗r′ )d3 r′ (115)
R3

c) Determine los campos radiativos E, ⃗ B⃗ yS ⃗

d) Determine la distribución angular de la potencia irradiada. Encuentre la potencia total irradiada.
¿Qué nota de diferente con la radiación de un dipolo? ¿Cómo es la dependencia respecto de ω de la
potencia?
e) Repita sus cálculos con una corriente de la forma:
 
2π|z|
I = I0 sin cos(ωt) (116)
l

We define the density current in the form:

J⃗ = I(z, t)δ(x)δ(y)ẑ (117)

And the charge density it’s given by:

(
2I0
∂ρ
+ ∇ · J⃗ = 0 =⇒
∂ρ
= −δ(x)δ(y)
∂I(z, t)
= l sin(ωt)δ(x)δ(y) ,z>0
(118)
∂t ∂t ∂z − 2Il 0 sin(ωt)δ(x)δ(y) ,z<0

Therefore:  2I
− lω cos(ωt)δ(x)δ(y) , z>0
0

ρ= (119)

 2I0
lω cos(ωt)δ(x)δ(y) , z<0

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With this information, we can calculate the dipolar momentum:
I0 l
p⃗ = − cos(ωt)ẑ (120)
2ω
We note that we can extend the results of part (b) of question 2, where p0 = − I2ω
0l
. Therefore the radiative
fields:
2
⃗ = − µ0 ω p0 cos(kr − ωt) sin(θ)θ̂ = µ0 ωI0 l cos(kr − ωt) sin(θ)θ̂
E (121)
4π r 8π r
2
⃗ = − µ0 ω p0 cos(kr − ωt) sin(θ)φ̂ = µ0 ωI0 l cos(kr − ωt) sin(θ)φ̂
B (122)
4πc r 8πc r
And the Poynting vector:
2 2 2 2
S⃗ = ω I0 l cos (kr − ωt) sin2 (θ)r̂ (123)
64π 2 ϵ0 c3 r2
Therefore the power it’s given by:

dP ω 2 I02 l2 2 ω 2 I02 l2
= sin (θ) =⇒ P = (124)
dΩ 128π 2 ϵ0 c3 96πϵ0 c3
2I0 l
In e) we note that the only difference is p0 = πω

Pregunta 4: Rotor rı́gido

Considere dos cargas una de carga q y otra de carga −q restringidos a moverse circularmente a una
distancia R del origen a velocidad angular constante ω, como se ve en la figura:
z

−q
R
q

a) Considere que la densidad de carga del sistema puede ser escrita como:

ρ(⃗r) = q[δ(⃗r − ⃗r1 (t)) − δ(⃗r − ⃗r2 (t))] (125)

Donde r⃗1 y r⃗2 corresponden a las trayectorias de las cargas q y −q respectivamente. Calcule el momento
dipolar del sistema.
b) Estudie los campos E,⃗ B⃗ yS ⃗ del sistema en la zona radiativa.
c) Determine la potencia irradiada y su distribución angular.

First, we note the trajectories of each charge it’s given by:

⃗r1 (t) = cos(ωt)x̂ + sin(ωt)ŷ , ⃗r2 (t) = − cos(ωt)x̂ − sin(ωt)ŷ = −⃗r1 (126)

These implies the charge density:

ρ = q[δ(⃗r − ⃗r1 (t)) − δ(⃗r + ⃗r1 (t))] (127)

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And the dipolar momentum:

p⃗ = 2q⃗r1 = 2q[cos(ωt)x̂ + sin(ωt)ŷ] = Re[2qe−iωt (x̂ + iŷ)] (128)

In the radiative zone, the magnetic field is given by

i(kr−ωt)
⃗ r, t) = µωk q(r̂ × (x̂ + iŷ)) e
B(⃗ (129)
2π r
In spherical coordinates

x̂ + iŷ = (sin θr̂ + cos θθ̂ + iφ̂)eiφ (130)

Then, the magnetic field is

i(kr−ωt+φ)
⃗ r, t) = µωk q(cos θφ̂ − iθ̂) e
B(⃗ (131)
2π r
Now, the electric field is given by
2 i(kr−ωt+φ)
⃗ r, t) = ω B(⃗
E(⃗ ⃗ r, t) × r̂ = µω q(cos θθ̂ + iφ̂) e (132)
k 2π r
The Poynting vector is given by
4 2
⃗ = 1 vϵ(E(⃗
S ⃗ r)∗ )r̂ = k v q 2 cos θ + 1 r̂
⃗ r) · E(⃗ (133)
2 2
8π ϵ r2
The angular distribution of power is

dP ω4
= 2 3 q 2 (cos2 θ + 1) (134)
dΩ 8π v ϵ
The average radiated power is
Z 2π Z π Z 2π Z π
ω4

2 2
P = 2 3 q dφ sin θdθ + dφ sin θ cos θdθ (135)
8π v ϵ 0 0 0 0
Z π Z π
ω4 2 2ω 4 2

2
= q sin θdθ + sin θ cos θdθ = q (136)
4πv 3 ϵ 0 0 3πv 3 ϵ

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