THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA

SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY

DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE.

PROGRAM NAME: DOCTOR OF MEDICINE.

COURSE NAME: DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES

COURSE CODE: DS 105

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: REBEKA JEREMIAH

COURSE NATURE: GROUP ASSIGNMENT.

GROUP NUMBER: 04. PARTICIPANTS

S.No. FULL NAMES SEX REG. NO SIGNATURE

01. KABORA ELISHA KABORA M T23-03-015289

02. HAPPINESS S NYANDA F T23-03-011659

03. GLADYS M MAYALA F T23-03-015686

04. ZAKARIA H NYALULU M T23-03-00291

05. EMMANUEL J LUCAS M T23-03-017030

06. THOMAS P LENI M T23-03-019477

07. PETER K KULYAMA M T23-03-013984

08. JUMA PHABIAN MELEKA M T23-03-017283

09. CHARLES P MAYANZANI M T23-03-013986

10. FRANCIS V LEKULE M T23-03-016700

 Question;

Discuss the development of Tanzania in the past ten years.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TANZANIA IN THE PAST TEN YEARS (DECADE)

INTRODUCTION:

Development refers to the ongoing process of qualitative and quantitative

changes from the lower forms of life to the higher/ better ones.

Development is a gradual process that involves a series of steps and usually, it

etakestime to attain a better status in society.

ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA

Now development in any society involves some aspects that are being determined in
the society. Overall, these are;

1. Economic aspect

2. Political aspect

3. Social aspects

4. Cultural aspects

Now these aspects are described as follows;

 ECONOMIC IN TANZANIA FOR THIS DECADE

Economic development refers to the sustained, long-term improvement in the economic

well-being and quality of life of a country or region. It involves the progress and growth of
various economic factors such as production, income, employment, infrastructure, and
human capital.

Economic development encompasses not only the increase in overall economic output
but also the improvement in the distribution of wealth and opportunities among the
population. It aims to create conditions that promote inclusive and equitable growth, reduce
poverty, and enhance living standards for all individuals.

1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): GDP is the total value of goods and services
produced within a country’s borders over a specific period. It is often used as a primary
indicator of economic growth and development.

In 2022, real GDP was 141,872,730 million shillings compared to 135,478,189 million
shillings recorded in 2021, equivalent to a growth of 4.7 percent. The growth was driven by:
Government measures to contain the impact of war in Ukraine; strategic investment in
energy, water, health, education, roads, railway, and airports infrastructure; increased
production of minerals particularly coal, gypsum, salt, diamonds, limestone and copper; and
increased tourism activities. However, the growth rate slowed down by 0.2 percentage points
from the 4.9 percent growth recorded in 2021 mainly due to the impact of war in Ukraine
which escalated production costs as well as the climate change spill which affected
agriculture production in some areas. Economic activities that recorded the highest growth
during the period under review included: arts and entertainment (19.0 percent); mining and
quarrying (10.9 percent); financial and insurance (9.2 percent); accommodation and food
service (9.0 percent); and electricity (7.6 percent).

(Economic survey source 2022)

 : GDP Growth by Selected Economic Activities (Percent)

In 2022, gross domestic product at current prices was 170,255,623 million shillings
compared to 156,375,288 million shillings in 2021. Meanwhile, Tanzania's Mainland had a
population of 59,851,347 people according to the Population and Housing Census conducted in
2022 compared to 57,724,380 people in 2021. Consequently, GDP per capita increased by 5.0
percent to 2,844,641 shillings in 2022 compared to 2,708,999 shillings in 2021. The GDP per
capita is equivalent to USD 1,229.1 in 2022 compared to USD 1,173.3 in 2021.

(Economic survey source 2022)

Share of Economic Activities to GDP in 2022
 2. Employment rate

The employment rate measures the proportion of the working-age population that is
employed A higher employment rate generally indicates a healthier labor market and economic
development.

In 2022, Tanzania Employment Service Agency (TAESA) registered and mentored

10,540 jobseekers (4,338 female and 6,202 male) compared to 8,849 jobseekers in 2021,
equivalent to an increase of 19.1 percent. During the period under review, 5,161 jobseekers
(2,816 male and 2,345 female) were trained on job-seeking skills, competing for employment
opportunities in domestic and external labor markets and enhancing work ethics compared to
6,344 jobseekers trained in 2021. In addition, 909 youths (369 female and 540 male) were linked
to various employment opportunities within the country compared to 592 youths in 2021. (
source economic survey 2022)

3. Unemployment

In recent years the, unemployment rate in Tanzania has indicated a decreasing

trend. The 20 Integrated ted Labour Force Survey revealed that the unemployment rate in the
United Republic of Tanzania decreased to 9.3 percent from 10.5 percent in 2014. The decrease
was Due to various Government initiatives, although the unemployment rate remained high and
needs Furcollaborativerated efforts to reduce it. In addition, the unemployment rate in Tanzania
for youth Aged 15-35 years increased to 12.6 percent in 2020/21 from 12.1 percent in 2014.
Furthermore ore, the ployment rate is higher for female youths (16.7 percent), twice as much as
For male youths (8.3 percent).

4. Foreign Direct investment

 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): FDI represents investments made by foreign
entities into a country’s economy. Higher levels of FDI indicate confidence in the country’s
business environment and can contribute to economic development.

In 2021, the flow of Foreign Direct Investment to Tanzania was USD 1,19 million,
compared to USD 943.8 million in 2020, equivalent to an increase of 26.1 percent. The Rebound
in FDI flows was consistent with the global increase in mergers and acquisitions, Retained
earnings of multinational enterprises, and impressive growth in international project Finance. In
addition, FDI increased in all regions, pronounced more in developed economies Compared to
developing economies. Similarly, FDI in Africa more than doubled, with most. Countries
recording a moderate growth. In Tanzania, FDIhavee increasing since 2016 With another
exception in 2020, which recorded a decline, owing to theCOVID–199 Pandemic

SourcEconomic Surveyey 2022: Foreign Direct Investment

 5. Human Development Index

Human Development Index (HDI): The HDI is a composite index that considers
factors such as life expectancy, education, and income to assess a country’s overall level of
human development.

In 2022, the Government continued to enhance human development by strengthening

the provision of basic services, especially education and health to achieve goals of the National
Development Vision 2025, African Agenda 2063, and Sustainable Development Goals 2030.

According to the UNDP Global Human Development Report 2022, Tanzania was ranked
160th out of 191 countries on the Human Development Index (HDI) in 2021 compared to 163rd
position in 2019. In addition, the Report revealed that HDI increased to 0.549 in 2021 from 0.529
in 2019, above the average of 0.547f Sub-Saharan African countries.

According to the UNDP Global Human Development Report 2022, Tanzania has
improved in all three (3) indicators of the HDI score, which are health, knowledge, and standard
of living since 2015. In addition, Tanzanian average life expectancy at birth has reached 66.2
years in 2021 from 64.5 years in 2015. Similarly, expected years of schooling averaged 9.2 years
in 2021 from 8.5 years in 2015, and mean years of schooling averaged 6.4 years in 2021 from 5.8
years in 2015.

: Human Development Index Compared to Life Expectancy at Birth

 In 2021, Gross National Income per Capita (Constant 2017 PPP$) was USD 2,664 compared
to USD 2,694 in 2019. This means the country's purchasing power for basic goods has continued
to improve compared to the purchasing power of other country’s currencies (EconSurveyurvey
2022)

6. Education and Literacy Rate

Education and Literacy Rates: Access to education and literacy rates are
important indicators of human capital development, which is closely linked to economic growth
and development.

Education develops the intellectual, physical, and moral capabilities necessary to

make individuals distinguished and contributing members of society. In Tanzania, the education
current system is based on the 2–7–4–2–3+ structure, where there are 2 years of pre-primary
school, 7 years of primary school, 4 years of ordinary level (O-Level) secondary school, 2 years
of advanced level (A-Level) secondary school, and at least 3 years of higher education (tertiary)

7. Literacy

According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

(UNESCO), literacy rates are “the percentage of the population who can both read and write with
understanding a short simple statement on their everyday lives. Generally, ‘literacy’ also
encompasses ‘numeracy’, the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations”. Literacy represents
the prospect for further intellectual growth and contribution to the socio-economic and cultural
development of a society.

Literacy Among the General Population

According to NPS 2020/21, 76 percent of the general population were literate. Despite
considerable improvements for both males and females, literacy rates remain higher for males
than for females. Individuals in Dar es Salaam had the highest literacy rates, with approximately
94 percent of the population able to read or write, whereas the Rural Mainland had the lowest
rates (69.7 percent). This is expected as large cities such as Dar es Salaam typically tend to have
higher access to education services compared to rural areas. Comparing literacy levels between
the NPS 2014/15 and NPS 2020/21, the proportion of literate population increased substantially
across all geographical areas and for both males and females. These results reflect the continued
efforts of government and other stakeholders to ensure that illiteracy among Tanzanians is
reduced.

Literacy Rate of the General Population by Area, Tanzania

Literacy among Population Aged 6 – 12 and 7-13 Years

In Tanzania, children start learning basic reading and writing in pre-primary school, then proceed
to primary school where they are expected to be able to read and write as well as carry out basic
numeracy. The following analysis of the primary schoolschool-ageation reflects efforts made to
ensure the future generation is prepared for the next steps of their educational career.

At the national level, the literacy rate among those 6-12 years stood at 68.0 percent, while the
literacy rate for those 7-13 years was 77.2 percent. The proportion of the literate population for
those aged 713 is higher than that of the general population (76.0 percent), though the difference
is nominal. Notably, across the two waves, the proportion of those ages 7-13 who can read and
write has increased in all geographic areas. However, efforts are still needed to ensure education
for all, and in particular for the younger population in rural areas where nearly 3 in 10
individuals cannot read and write.

Literacy Rate of the Population Ages 6 – 12 and 7-13 Years by Area, Tanzania
 Literacy among Youth and Adult Population

Globally, youth and adults are defined as individuals aged 15-24 and 25 years and older,
respectively. These groups are expected to have completed both pre-primary and primary school
and should be able to read and write. Youth literacy rates in Tanzania are considerably higher
than those of the general population. In 2020/21, the literacy rate of youth was 87.3 percent,
driven by males (88.6 percent) and those in urban areas. While adult literacy rates are also
considerably lower than literacy rates for youth, literacy rates for adult males are still
significantly higher than those for adult females (84.5 percent and 70.6 percent, respectively).

Despite disparities across genders, the results show that the literacy rate for both male and female
youth increased between 2014/15 and 2020/21, as well as for male and female adults. Literacy
rates for youth neared 100 percent in Dar es Salaam in 2020/21 (up from 96 percent in 2014/15),
while the proportion of literate youth in Rural Mainland areas – the least literate area – increased
from 78.8 percent to 83.7 percent.

Literacy Rates among those Currently Attending School Aged 6 – 12 and 7-13 Years, Tanzania
( source National Panel Survey Wave 5 Report)
 EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.

Since the independence of Tanganyika, nowadays Tanzania, the educational sector has experienced
a lot of historical context until today. There were some government policies introduced to develop the
nature of education in Tanzania, for example, the "Education for self-reliance" policy introduced by
the late President J.K. Nyerere during the "Arusha Declaration" in 1967. This policy was
introduced to overcome the nature of colonial education which was dependent, humiliative,
and discriminative.

EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA AT THIS DECADE.

The education sector in Tanzania has developed a lot as compared to the past
decades. This is due to the roles played by the government in bringing the overall development
of the country. In cooperation with non-governmental organizations and some private sectors,
education has been developed by overcoming the challenges facing this sector in the past.
The globe nowadays has changed. This is due to both scientific and technological advancements
in the world, so every country has to adopt such innovations to be globally exposed and hence
development promotion. Therefore, the education sector nowadays has developed compared
to the past era in our country and it still developing every day because many research and
proposals are being investigated

INDICATORS OF EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA.

The followings are the elements or indicators that depict the educational development of
Tanzania ;

1. LITERACY RATE
 The literacy rate is a key indicator of educational development. It refers to the
percentage of a population that can read and write. The ability to read and write is essential for
accessing knowledge and information, so it is a good measure of the level of education in a
society. In general, countries with higher literacy rates tend to have better educational systems.
According to the National Panel Survey (NPS)- wave 5 report of 2020/21, 76% of the people
were literate. Compared with NPS 2014/15 and NPS 2020/21, the population of literate
individuals is higher substantially across the whole population for both males and females.
Consider the histogram below showing the literacy rate in Tanzania

2. ENROLLMENT RATE.

Enrollment rate is a term used in education to refer to the percentage of students

who are enrolled in a particular school or program. It's often used as an indicator of the
popularity or success of a school or program. For example, a school might have a high
enrollment rate if many students are choosing to attend that school. It's an important factor to
consider when evaluating the quality of an educational institution. According to the NPS wave
5, the Gross Enrollment Rate for Higher Education has increased from 5.2 during 2014/15 up to
5.8 in 2020/21. Consider the table below showing such statistical data ;
3. ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY.

Access to technology is an important factor in education, especially in today's

world. With the rise of digital technology, it's more important than ever for students to have
access to computers, the Internet, and other educational tools. Without access to technology,
students may not be able to participate fully in today's educational environment. This can lead
to inequalities in educational opportunities and outcomes. It has widened access to learning
opportunities, for example over the past ten years, blended distance programs have managed
to widen access to learning opportunities, especially for postgraduate students who were
unable to attend courses offered at the UDSM campus

4. TEACHER TRAINING.

Teacher training refers to the process of preparing teachers to effectively teach

students. It's a key component of educational development, as well-trained teachers can have a
significant impact on student success. Teacher training often includes both formal education
(such as college or university courses) and on-the-job training. Through teacher training,
teachers can learn about best practices in education, how to engage students, and how to use
technology in the classrooms. Within this decade, teaching institutions are more than in the
past decades. However, the increased number of literate people in society tends to reduce the
number of learning institutions, In the graph below by the statistical research department
report for November 15, 2022, we can see that ;

Sources: Statistical Research Department, November 15, 2022

 MASS MEDIA DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA FOR THIS DECADE

Mass media refers to a diverse array of communication mediums that reach a large audience.
These mediums include television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, movies, and the internet. Mass
media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion, disseminating information, and influencing societal
norms and values. Also over the past ten years, Tanzania has experienced a development process In
mass media which indicates that mass media has been raised and undergoing development in various
aspects as shown below

1. Technological advancement

Tanzania has witnessed technological advancements in the past ten years, which have had a significant
impact and potential effect on the mass media sector. The increase in mobile phones and internet
connectivity has transformed the way information is accessed easily and disseminated. According to data
from the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA), the number of mobile phone
subscribers in Tanzania increased from approximately 27 million in 2010 to over 43 million by 2020. This
surge in mobile phone usage has facilitated greater access to news and information for Tanzanian
citizens. Also, the expansion of internet infrastructure has led to an increase in internet penetration
across the country. Statistics from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) indicate that
internet penetration in Tanzania grew from around 4% in 2010 to approximately 25% by 2020. This
growth has contributed to the rise of online news platforms and digital media consumption.

2. Expansion of Broadcast Media

. The broadcast media sector in Tanzania has also experienced development and growth over the
past ten years. The country has seen an increase in the number of radio and television stations, catering
to diverse linguistic and cultural audiences. According to data from the TCRA, there were approximately
146 licensed radio stations and 34 licensed television stations operating in Tanzania as of 2020.

Additionally, the government’s efforts to digitize broadcasting have led to the migration from
analog to digital terrestrial television (DTT). This transition has expanded the reach of television services
and improved the quality of audiovisual content available to Tanzanian audiences.

3. Print Media Landscape

While digital platforms have gained prominence, print media remains an important part of
Tanzania’s mass media landscape. The country is home to several newspapers and magazines that cover
a wide range of topics, including politics, business, culture, and sports. However, like many other
countries, Tanzania has seen a decline in print circulation as more readers turn to online news

According to industry reports, print circulation figures have shown a gradual decrease over the past
decade. This trend reflects changing consumer preferences and the growing reliance on digital news
platforms for up-to-date information.

4. Regulatory Environment

The regulatory environment has played a significant role in shaping Tanzania’s mass media
landscape. The government has implemented various policies and regulations aimed at promoting
responsible journalism while also ensuring media freedom. However, there have been concerns raised
by press freedom advocates regarding restrictions on freedom of expression and press freedom in recent
years.

In 2016, Tanzania passed the Media Services Act, which introduced stringent regulations for
media organizations, including hefty fines for violations related to content regulation. This legislation
sparked debates about its potential impact on freedom of expression and journalistic independence.

5. Challenges and Opportunities

. Despite the advancements in Tanzania’s mass media sector, some challenges continue to
impact its development. These challenges include issues related to media sustainability, ethical
journalism practices, and access to information in rural areas. Additionally, concerns about censorship
and self-censorship have been raised within the industry.

However, there are also opportunities for further growth and innovation within Tanzania’s mass
media landscape. The emergence of digital platforms presents new avenues for content creation and
distribution. Furthermore, collaborations between traditional media outlets and digital startups have the
potential to drive innovation and expand audience reach.

CONCLUSION.
 In conclusion, Tanzania’s mass media sector has undergone significant transformations over the
past decade, driven by technological advancements, regulatory changes, and shifts in consumer
behavior. While facing challenges related to regulation and sustainability, the sector continues to evolve
with opportunities for further growth in the digital age.
 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT FOR THE PAST 10 YEARS IN TANZANIA

1 .The level of democracy has increased in Tanzania from 2015 to 2020.This can be observed by citing
the number of citizens who participated in elections.for example the report of the 2020 presidential,
parliamentary and councilors election show that the NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION (NEC)
registered 29,188,347 and ZEC registered 242,391 therefore making a grand total of 29,754,699 citizens
who participated in an election. Due to this large number of citizen participation has promoted
democracy hence political development has attained in Tanzania.

2.Human rights have been promoted and taken into account for a greater extent. Citing from 2015 to
2020,human rights have been declared and protected. This has been attributed by citizens cooperating
with the government to protect human rights such as to take part in elections (Right to vote).The report
titled Tanzania human rights 2016 show that political rights experienced a significant pressure as the
new government under president JOHN MAGUFULI who came into power in October 2015 General
election.

3.Tanzania has managed to get the first female president. Tanzania has developed politically for the past
10 years because currently is led by female president Dr.SAMIA SULUHU HASAN wo came in to power in
2021 .This has developed politics as has encouraged more women's to take part in different political
positions hence Tanzania has developed politically for the past 10 years.
REFERENCES

1. The National Panel Survey (NPS) Report of November 15, 2022.

2. The National Election Council (NEC)Report, 2020

3. The National Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA)

4. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)