"Deterritorialization"-

Deterritorializing
the
From Anti-Oedipus to A ThousandPlateaus

EugeneW.Holland

EIGHT YEARS AFTER THE ANTI-OEDIPUS, the long-awaited second

volume ofCapitalism and Schizophreniaappeared underthetitleA Thousand
Plateaus.? It hardly seemed to belong with the earliervolume, in one
the in
respect: points departure Marx and Freud thatmade "capitalism
of
and schizophrenia"a fittingrubricfortheAnti-Oedipus all but disappearin
A ThousandPlateaus,or ratherbecome submergedin a farvasterfieldof
references rangingfromcellbiologytobotanyand zoologyto geologyand
beyond. It is neverthelesssome of the connectionsbetween the two
volumesthatI wantto explorehere,by focusingon theevolutionof a term
crucialto themboth:territorialization.
One way of understandingtherela-
tionof A ThousandPlateausto theAnti-Oedipus is to imagineDeleuze and
Guattarisettingout to "deconstruct"in the second volume any binary
oppositions leftstandingat the end of the first.Not that Deleuze and
Guattari are beholden to Derrida in this respect: schizoanalytic
"deconstruction"(if it can be called that)derives fromthe unconscious
logicofnon-globalconnectionand inclusivedisjunction, as specifiedin the
Anti-Oedipus.2 The connectivesynthesisproduces not the closed binary
couple, "thisand that"but ratheran open-endedseries"thisand thenthat
and thenthis...." Inclusivedisjunction,similarly,generatesnot theclosed
binaryalternative"eitherthisor that"butan open-endedseriesof alterna-
tives,"thisor thator this...."Thus whereDerridare-writesa binaryopposi-
tion such as speech versus writing in terms of a single, broader
"non-concept"like "writing"("arche-trace"), Deleuze and Guattariinstead
defy binary closure by multiplying terms. The binary pair
molar/molecularfromthe Anti-Oedipus, forexample,is re-written in A
ThousandPlateausin termsof varyingdegreesof segmentarity (fromrigid
to supple) and in connectionwith yet another term,the line-of-flight.
Despotic over-coding and civilizedde-coding in termsof sig-
are re-written
and
nifying post-signifying regimes, whichexistalongsidepre-signifyingand
counter-signifying regimes. An opposition fundamental to the Anti-
Oedipus-paranoia versus schizophrenia-is re-located in A Thousand

SubStance#66,1991 55
56 EugeneW. Holland

Plateauson the body-without-organs, of whichthereare now at least three

different kinds, and so forth.The Anti-Oedipus of coursehad itsown way
of underminingthe binaryoppositionof paranoiaversus schizophrenia: it
performed a mode of discourse thatwas paranoidand schizophrenic at the
same time.Thatwasn'teasy: paranoiaand schizophreniaoccupyopposite
ends of the social and libidinalspectrumin the Anti-Oedipus: paranoia
designatesthe despotic over-codingof power thatimposes its absolute
standard of value on individuals and social forms alike, whereas
schizophreniadesignatesthefreeingof desireand social productionfrom
theconstraints ofanycodingwhatsoever,and theirreleaseintotheaffirm-
ative improvisationof "permanentrevolution."Thus the "paranoid ten-
dencies" of stylein theAnti-Oedipus linkedMarx and Nietzschewiththe
data of anthropologyand a critiqueofFreud and Lacan to producea kind
of revolutionary unifiedfieldtheoryforthehumansciences,while at the
same timethe"schizoidtendencies"ofthetextreducedsuchan apparently
all-encompassing argumentto flights ofsurrealimageryand schizophrenic
word salad - fromwhichit is difficult (ifnotintentionally impossible)to
draw any definitive conclusions.3
Yet theAnti-Oedipus retainedfeaturesof thetraditional"book" whose
arborescenceA Thousand Plateausopposes in thenameoftherhizome: itwas
still fundamentally linear,organized in chapterswhich moved fromin-
dividual psychology(the desiringmachines),througha critique of the
nuclear"holy family"of capitalismand psychoanalysis,to a typologyof
socio-libidinalmodes ofproduction(savagery,despotism,capitalism),and
concludedwitha definition and programforschizoanalysis.In A Thousand
Plateaus,discursiveinnovationaffectsthe work's organizationmore than
its style.To be sure, conceptual"argument"is eschewed,as in the Anti-
Oedipus,in favorof imagessuch as "faciality," "smooth"versus"striated"
space, and so forth: these non-conceptsare strategically"under-deter-
mined" so thattheirunderstandingand extensionto otherdomains re-
quirestheinventionof novel connectionsratherthanthemereapplication
of a pre-establishedrule.4More strikingstill,however,is the willfula-
linearityof the text.5In pursuingthebinaryoppositionsleftstandingat
the end of the Anti-Oedipus, the aim of a plateau is not just to multiply
terminology, but to keep "deconstructing/multiplying" a given set of
termsuntila pointis reachedat whichtheyintersectwithtermscoming
fromdeconstructions on otherplateaus, withoutever collapsinginto or
becoming identical with them.Such intersections will forma rhizome,
something that develops "au milieu": themiddle, between.Thisproce-
in in
dure is whatgivesA ThousandPlateausitscharacteristic shape: moreor less

SubStance #66,1991
Deterritorialization 57

focusedanalysisoneachplateau,butwiththeconnections amongplateaus
and theconsistencyofterminologyacrosstheplateausverymucha matter
ofconjecture(althoughtheconclusion does mapone possiblesetofcon-
nections It
amongtermsandplateaus). alsocontributes of
tothedifficulty
a singleterminisolation
discussing from a tackwhichspacelimita-
others,
tionsnonetheless inmind,we can
us tohere.Withthatdifficulty
constrain
fromtheAnti-
tracetheevolutionof thenotionof "deterritorialization"
OedipustoA Thousand Plateaus.

in theAnti-Oedipus
Deterritorialization

In the Anti-Oedipus, deterritorialization and its opposite,"reter-

are
ritorialization," comparatively circumscribed terms,witha very
specificjob to do. Derivedinitially fromLacanianpsychoanalysis, they
function as a kindofhinge-term to connect MarxandFreud,toarticulate
the conceptsof libidoand labor-power. For Lacan, "territorialization"
refersto the imprintof maternalnourishment and care-giving on the
child'slibido,a processwhichcreates chargederogenous zonesandobjects
out oforgansand orifices. ForDeleuzeand Guattari, conversely, "deter-
ritorialization" in the psychological registerdesignates freeingof
the
"schizophrenic" libidofrom pre-established objectsofinvestment: from the
Mother'sbreast,forinstance, or fromthefamily triangleof the Oedipus
complex.At thesame time,but in thesocialregister, it designatesthe
freeing oflabor-power from theseigneurial plotofland,theassembly line,
or othermeansof production. Deleuze and Guattarithusrewritethe
processMarxcalled"primitive accumulation" interms ofterritorialization:
withtheemergence of capitalism in England(whentheEnclosureActs
privatizedcommonland forsheepgrazing), peasantsweredeterritorial-
ized fromtheland onlyto be reterritorialized ontotextileloomsin the
nascentgarment industry. In line with this use ofthenotion
dual-register
of territorialization,
schizoanalysis expandsthefieldof thelibidinalto
includethe investment of humanenergyof any kind:perceptualand
physical,cognitive andproductive, desireandwork.
Capitalism, however, is nottheonlymodeofsocio-libidinal produc-
tionthatdeterritorializes; all powersocietiesdo so. Despotismdeter-
ritorializes
byforcibly transferring thefocusofdesireandproduction from
local territories
to thetranscendent figureof the despot;representatives
and representations of thedespotprosecutesuch transference by over-
coding the local codes of and
"savagery" re-directing them in his favor.

SubStance#66,1991
58 EugeneW. Holland

(DespoticChristianity, forinstance,over-codesritualpagan observancesof

the wintersolstice and the vernal equinox with celebrationsof Christ's
birthand resurrection.)
Capitalismdiffers fromdespoticpowersocietyin thatitis an economic
power society:it deterritorializes not by over-codingvia representation,
but by de-codingrepresentation altogether--by substitutinga calculus of
abstractquantitiesfor the codes and over-codes that defined concrete
qualities under savagery and despotism.6 Instead of over-coding,
capitalismaxiomatizes:it joins the deterritorialized and de-coded flowof
pure liquid wealth (invested as capital in a means of production)with
anotherdeterritorialized and de-codedflow:pure labor-powerdisciplined
or "skilled"to matchits giventaskon theassemblyline or in some other
manufacturing process.The tendencyof therateof profitto fallwill then
forcethe additionof more axioms: productionprocessesare continually
transformed by theinputof technicalinformation fromthehard sciences.
Crises of over-productionwill forcethe addition of still otheraxioms:
consumerpreferencesare continuallytransformed by advertisingso that
consumptionis reterritorialized onto the pre-existing commodities,there-
by realizingprofiton investedcapital.In thiscontext,reterritorialization is
the"dead hand ofthepast,"as Marxsaid, "thatweighsupon theliving..."
The "constantrevolutionizing of production[and] uninterrupted distur-
bance of all social conditions"thatforMarx "distinguishthe bourgeois
epoch fromall earlierones"7 entail perpetualcyclesof divestmentand
re-investment: capital is extractedhere (the Rust Belt,the United States)
and re-investedthere(theSouth,thePacificRim); specificlaborskillsare
valorized hereand now, onlyto become worthlessa fewyearslater;con-
sumer taste is programmedto suit the commoditiesof one production
cycle,thende-programmed and re-programmed forthenext.
On this account, deterritorializationlooked "good" and reter-
ritorialization
looked "bad," inasmuchas deterritorialization designated
the motorof permanentrevolution,while reterritorialization designated
thepowerrelationsimposedby theprivateownershipofcapital.Libidinal-
lyand economicallyproductiveinvestment was tieddown againsttheflow
of deterritorializationto pre-existingcapital-stockin orderto realizeprofit
on previous investments;reterritorialization thus appeared as the dead
hand of the past, weighingdown upon the deterritorializations of the
future.Hence the"celebration"in theAnti-Oedipus of schizophreniaas the
movementofpermanentrevolutionfreedfrompowerrelations.8

SubStance #66,1991
Deterritorialization 59

The Expansion of Deterritorialization

in A ThousandPlateaus

Butin A ThousandPlateaus,bothde- and re-territorializationappear in

a very different light. Their last traces of humanism and even
anthropocentrismhave disappeared; the termsare now extended far
beyond the sphereof humanhistoryand psychodynamicsto characterize
everything fromgeologicalsedimentation, to whatused to be called "sym-
biosis" between species, to the constitutionof proteinchains withinthe
genetic code. (The first
signs of such an expansionof deterritorialization
are alreadyevidentin thestudyof KafkathatDeleuze and Guattaripub-
lished in the timebetweenthe appearanceof Volume I and Volume II of
andSchizophrenia.)9
Capitalism
Of particularinterestis the factthatthe oppositionbetween deter-
ritorializationand reterritorialization
no longerregistersthe interplayof
social forces(such as permanentrevolutionand privateappropriation)as
it did in theAnti-Oedipus. Instead,deterritorialization
involvesa "double-
becoming,"whereone deterritorialized elementservesas a new territory
foranotherdeterritorialized element(and "theleastdeterritorialized [ele-
ment]reterritorializes on themostdeterritorialized") (174). De- and re-ter-
ritorializationare thus considered immanentto the diverse semiotic
processes themselves-not imposed fromwithout,as catatoniawas im-
posed on the schizophrenicby the institution of psychiatry, accordingto
theAnti-Oedipus. The black hole ofthecatatonicis now consideredto be a
danger inherentin the process of schizophrenia,and deterritorialization
and the body-without-organs are consideredto have similarlyinherent
dangers. The binaryoppositionprivilegingschizophreniaover paranoiain
theAnti-Oedipus no longerholds in A ThousandPlateaus.
The oppositions between over-coding/paranoia and de-
coding/schizophreniaare re-written in A ThousandPlateausas the dif-
ferencebetweentwo regimesofsigns,thesignifying and thepost-signify-
ing, and two regimes of faciality(two distinctwhite-wall/black-hole
systems),thefull-face and theaverted-face. Forthemostpart,thesignifying
regime retainstheover-codingand paranoia of despotism,as per theAnti-
Oedipus;itis now also characterizedas a regimeof "fullfaciality," wherein
the face of the despot (Christ,the WhiteMan) over-codesthe primitive
body. What is new is the post-signifying regime, characterizednot by de-
coding and schizophrenia,but by "subjectification"/"subjection" and the
"avertedface."Whereasthetranscendental signifierof thedespotimposes
stablemeaningfromthecenterofa signifying regime,meaningin postsig-
nifyingregimesis instead foreveropen to subjectiveinterpretation: the

SubStance#66,1991
60 EugeneW. Holland

despot has turnedhis faceaway, thecenterno longerholds,no transcen-

dental signifierreignssupreme. The problemhere is that,withoutthe
guaranteesand prospectof completiononce promisedby a centered,fully
signifyingregime,interpretation is pointless--andyet it continuesun-
abated,ad infinitum:post-signifyingregimes(to paraphraseDeleuze and
Guattari,p.117) promoteendless in a vacuum.
"interpretosis"

Subjectivityas a Black Hole, Social Existenceas a Blank Wall

Letus tryout some ofthisnew terminology in construing post-revolu-

tionary France as an instance of post-signifying faciality with a mixed
of
regime (despotic)significance and (modern)subjectification.10 The be-
heading of Louis XVI deprives France of its despotic face, while the
eliminationof feudal privilegeand the Declarationdes droitsde l'homme
posit theformalequalityof Frenchcitizen-subjects. In thiscontext,where
heterogeneouspopulationsenterintoincreasing contact withone another
in themodem city,genressuch as the "physiognomies" and the "tableaude
Paris" emergein an attemptto map and make sense of the increasingly
complex and ill-definedsocial topographyof the Frenchpeople. These
genresinstallor inhabita regimeof "signifying-subjectification," in which
is
meaning generated from the confrontation of an anonymous and
autonomoussubjectwithrandomscenesofcitylife.A purely"signifying"
regime was no longer possible: social structurewas no longer distin-
guishedtopographically (based on land-ownership or centeredon Versail-
les), but mixed indiscriminately (under the impactof themarket),so that
citycontactsbecome haphazard; the observingsubject,meanwhile,was
notofficially authorized,butappeared ratheras an "everyman."
These genresappear transformed in theserial-realist novelsof a Bal-
zac, wherethe cityof Paris is notjust personified, but facialized:the Bal-
zacian novelpitstheblackhole ofpersonalambitionagainstthewhitewall
of nascentcapitalistsocial relations.This is a post-signifying discourseno
longer sanctioned by a transcendent central power, but normalized by the
immanentadequation of a subjectand reality,whereineach supportsthe
other.The authorityof the narratingsubject derives fromsuccessfully
making "meaningful"statementsabout reality;the realityof observed
scenes derivesfromthedocumentaryexperienceof theitinerantwriter.11
Balzac firstbecomes an "authorized"realistbecause of his success as a
commercialauthorwritingforthemarket,in depictingthesuccessesand

SubStance #66,1991
Deterritorialization 61

failuresof othercitizen-subjects negotiating marketsociety,notby any

decreeoftheking,hiscourt, ortheAcademieFranqaise.
In histake-off onthetableau deParisgenre("TableauxParisiens" inLes
FleursduMal),Baudelaire putssuchnormalized realistdiscoursetoflight.
Evenwhileplacingmodernist poetry in close contactwiththemoderncity,
Baudelaireworksbothto denydiscursive mastery therealand tosub-
of
vertthesubjectofdesire.In thepoemsofthe"diurnal"cycle,theurban
fldneurappearslostand mystified amidsttheteemingcityscapes he en-
counters,unableto derivestablemeaningfromthem.In thepoemsofthe
"nocturnal"cycle,conversely, the urbannight-owl feverishly evokes
scenesoflustand passionin a vainattempt to re-kindle hisown world-
wearydesire.12Takento the extreme, each of thesetendencies courts
seriousdanger:desperateinterpretation bouncesofftheblankwallofthe
meaningless city,relegating thefldneur toprivateinteriority ("Le Cygne,"
"LesSeptVieillards"). Monadicsubjectivity itself,inturn,disappearsinto
theblackhole of hopelessdesirewhoseonlytrueend is death("Danse
Macabre,""RWve Parisien").
The lastpoemof thenocturnal cycle,however, stagestheperpetual
ofthe
re-awakening city in the absence of anyobserving subject:theevent-
freeimperfect tenseand theelimination ofthefirst-person pronountrans-
formthetableau deParisand normalized-realist narrative intoa "planeof
consistency" whereanything couldhappentoanyonebecausenothing yet
has and no one is there.In the "TableauxParisiens,"as glossedby
Mallarm6,"rienn'a eu lieuquele lieu"("nothing has takenplacebutthe
place").Thistransformation setsthestageforthefinalpoemofLesFleurs
duMal,"Le Voyage"(whichappearsforthefirst time,likethe"Tableaux
Parisiens",in the significantly revisedsecondeditionof thecollection).
Heretheblankwallofmeaningless experience andtheblackholeoftragic
are
subjectivity both leftfar behind, as an indeterminate "we"ofcollective
enunciation embarks on a voyage"toplumbthedepthsoftheunknown in
searchofthenew."
Thepost-signifying regimeofsubjectification thusstillstruggles with
an after-image oftheregimeofsignificance in thefigure ofsome(absent)
guarantor or guaranteeof stablemeaning, its onlyresourceand solace
beingthedelusionofindividual subjectivity. is either
Desire blocked, as by
themeaninglessness ofexistence in theSartrean"Absurd," bouncing off
theblankwall backontothedesolatesubject;or surrendered, as in the
Lacanianmetonymy ofdesireforthelostobject, fallinginto the black hole
oftragicsubjectivity... OR (recalltheimportance ofthethird, fourth, nth
termin an inclusiveseries) . . . or it refusesboth extremes(and the ex-

SubStance#66,1991
62 EugeneW. Holland

clusive disjunctionpromotingthemas the only alternatives), re-surfaces

fromthe black hole of subjectivityto inscribeor piercetheblank wall of
social existence,formsa rhizomeofcollectiveenunciation, the
criss-crosses
deterritorializedearthon an endlessvoyageof explorationand discovery.

in Signifyingand Post-Signifying
Deterritorialization Regimes

A ThousandPlateausthusdistinguishesamong threekindsor degrees

ofdeterritorializationwithrespectto regimesofsignsand faciality:
(1) Signifyingregimes are characterizedby merelyrelativedeter-
foralthoughdiscoursecan be producedendlessly,it is only
ritorialization,
assignedmeaningby thedespotor his priests,always pinnedto thewhite
wall of thedespot's face.
becomes absolutein post-signifying
(2) Deterritorialization regimes
withan avertedface,inasmuchas thereis no commonmeasureby which
to compareand judge subjectiveinterpretations; itremainsnegative insofar
as interpretationultimately leads to the unproductive black hole of "just
one man's opinion".
becomesabsoluteand positiveonly when the
(3) Deterritorialization
searchformeaningis abandoned in favorof experimentation, and when
such experimentation intersectsand connects with the experimentsof
othersin a depersonalized,collectiveformof enunciation,such as is sug-
gestedby theindeterminate "we" of Baudelaire'sfinal"Voyage".3
We are clearlyquite farfromthe notionof deterritorialization as it
appeared in the Anti-Oedipus, where the termdesignated"merely"the
revolutionary potentialofhumanhistory, as opposed to reterritorialization
as the "dead hand of thepast." This is partlybecause theplateau we have
been considering("On SeveralRegimesof Signs") explicitlyeschews his-
tory,presentinginsteadan abstracttypologyofsignregimes.Post-signify-
ing subjectificationmay well describe,say, romanticism at the fallof the
ancienregime, but it characterizesequally well theProtestant Reformation,
theJewishexodus fromEgypt,and so forth.This is not to say, however,
thatthe focus on history(and even an insistenceon universalhistory),
whichdistinguishesDeleuze and Guattarifromso muchpoststructuralism
today,is suddenlygone fromA Thousand Plateaus.On thecontrary, thereis
continuedreflectionon history,which is unavoidablythe history"of"
capitalism-i.e. historyas it is produced and definedby capital: as the
inexorablespread of the marketworldwide. "There is only one world

SubStance #66,1991
Deterritorialization 63

market,"Deleuze and Guatarriinsist:"thecapitalistone" (455),in relation

to which the various kinds of State (ex-"socialist"ones as well as ex-
"liberal-democratic" ones, and dependentneo-colonialas well as revolu-
tionarypost-colonialstates)merelyserveas so manydifferent "modelsof
realization"of capitalistaxioms. The two momentsof territorialization
whichtheAnti-Oedipus groundedin thedynamicof capitalexpansionare
now re-distributed over, on one hand, trans-national
capital as locus of
high-speeddeterritorialization and, on the otherhand, various formsof
Stateas loci ofreterritorialization.

Beyond Post-Signifying
Subjectification

It is in this connection(among others)thata new-foundcaution-a

kind of "post-anti-humanism"-intervenesin A ThousandPlateaus to
qualify the formeranti-Oedipalenthusiasmfor the para-personal,the
molecular,theschizophrenic."Itis timeonce again,"theysay at one point,
"to multiplypracticalwarnings"(188).Forthenew post-signifying regime
ofsubjectification appears to be alreadyon the wane, itsmode of subjection
to classical marketcapitalismbeing replaced by an even newermode of
"machinicenslavement"to the axiomsof advanced monopolycapitalism
whichbypassessubjectivity altogether.Marketresearchthesedays-com-
mercialand politicalalike-no longerbothersto interviewsample subjects
fortheirpersonal responsesto testads; insteadit hooks up machinesto
measuregalvanicskinresponse,pupil dilation,and heartrate.Conscious,
subjectiveresponsesbecome increasingly irrelevantas theaxiomsofhigh-
speed capital plug more and more directlyintothebody and the uncon-
scious, creatingever-newartificialorgansto respondto theobjectsit has
producedto satisfythem(temporarily). In thislight,some degreeof "reter-
ritorialization"looks prettygood, if only for defensivepurposes. As
Deleuze and Guattarirecommend,
... youhavetokeepsmallsuppliesofsignifiance ifonly
andsubjectification,
toturnthemagainsttheirownsystem whencircumstances
demandit...
andyouhavetokeepsmallrations insufficient
ofsubjectivity to
quantity
enableyoutorespondtothedominant (160)
reality.
This may sound a lot less revolutionary than the Anti-Oedipus, and
perhaps it is. A ThousandPlateausis in any case a lot less romantic.
Any
lingeringsuspicionsof an earlierexaggeratedor uncriticalenthusiasmfor
"schizophrenia"should now be dispelledby the verycautious,nuanced
treatmentof deterritorialization
and the body-without-organs. Indeed, if

SubStance 1991
#66,
64 EugeneW. Holland

therubric"capitalismand schizophrenia"no longerseemsappropriatefor

the second volume,it is largelybecause schizophreniahardlygets men-
tionedin A ThousandPlateaus(and doesn'tappear in the Englishindex at
all). Capitalism,on theotherhand,receivesrenewedattentionas a major
though"only"in thesphereof humanhis-
agencyof deterritorialization,
tory.14 Here, Deleuze and Guattarievidence a combinationof sheer ad-
mirationand hard-headedcriticalanalysisof the dynamicsof capitalist
expansionand consolidationthatin Marxwould have been called "dialec-
tical." Even considered in this respect alone, without mentionof its
remarkablecontributions to linguistics,comparativeanthropology, zoo-
semiotics,theoriesof theState,and so on, A ThousandPlateausrepresents
an invaluablesequel to theAnti-Oedipus.
TheOhioStateUniversity

NOTES

1. L'Anti-Oedipe,
Vol. 1 of Capitalismeet schizophrdenie.
(Paris: Minuit,1972)
[Englishtranslationas Anti-Oedipus: and Schizophrenia
Capitalism by R. Hurley,M.
et
Seem, H. Lane. (New York: Viking,1977)];Mille Plateaux,Vol. 2 of Capitalisme
(Paris:
schizophrinie Minuit, 1980) [English translationas A Thousand Plateaus:
byB. Massumi(Minneapolis:
andSchizophrenia
Capitalism UniversityofMinnesota
totheEnglishtranslations
Press,1987)];pagereferences in thetext
followcitations
and notes.
2. See especially 68-84,and 106-109;
pp.1-16, etrdpetition
Deleuze's Diffirence
(1968) and Logiquedu sens(1969) are contemporaneouswithDerrida'searlyworks
Speechand Phenomena, OfGrammatology, and Writing (all of whichap-
and Difference
pearedin 1967).
see my "The Anti-Oedipus:
3. On the role of "style" in the Anti-Oedipus,
historical
in Theory,or thepost-Lacanian
Postmodernism of
contextualization
psychoanalysis," Boundary 2 14:1(1988)291-307.
4. In a perspectiveinformed(like Lyotard's)by a readingof Kant,Deleuze
emphasizesthedistinction betweenfreeaestheticand rule-boundrationaljudgment;
see his La philosophie
critique as Kant's
de Kant(Paris:PUF, 1963).[Englishtranslation
CriticalPhilosophyby H. Tomlinsonand B. Habberjam(Minneapolis:University of
MinnesotaPress,1984)].
5. Deleuze and Guattarisuggestat one point thattheirwritingis based on
short-term ratherthanlong-term memory(16), whichmay contribute to thebook's
non-linearity.(Thereis occasiontospeculatehereon therelationbetweenshort-term
memorydiscourseand postmodernism.)
wouldsituatedeconstruction
6. Schizoanalysis in relation
historically to the
thede-codingthataccompaniesit.
and particularly
processesofdeterritorialization

SubStance #66,1991
Deterritorialization 65

7. See "The CommunistManifesto"in Lewis Feuered., Marxand Engels:Basic

on Politicsand Philosophy
Writings (Garden City,N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959) pp.6-41;
from
quotation p.10.
8. It should be clear that this celebrationhad nothing to do with "the
schizophrenic"as a clinicalentity--whosecatatonicstate is blamed in the Anti-
Oedipuson the psychiatricestablishment'srefusalto countenancethe processof
schizophrenia, as befitsGuattari'slong-standing commitment to the"anti-psychiatry"
movement;see esp. pp.88,113,and 122-37.
9. Kafka:Pourunelittdrature mineure (Paris:Minuit,1975).[Englishtranslationas
Kafka:Towarda MinorLiterature by D. Polan (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota
Press,1986)];see my"Commentary" in thespecialissueofTheJournal ofModernGreek
Studieson "MinorLiterature" [8:1(May 1990)]125-33.
10.The followingis based on myBaudelaire andSchizoanalysis:
TheSocio-Poeticsof
Modernism (forthcoming fromCambridgeUniversity Press).It maynotbe possibleto
deployDeleuze and Guattari'sterminology or convincingly
fruitfully in as shortan
essayas this;buttheattemptis surelyinlinewiththeirwillfulunder-determination of
"concepts" and theiradvocacy of writingfor short-term ratherthan long-term
memory.
11.On normalization inpost-signifying regimessee pp.129ff.;formoreon Balzac
along theselines,see Chapter3 of Christopher Prendergast'sTheOrderofMimesis:
Balzac,Stendhal,Nerval,Flaubert(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,1986).
12. On the diurnaland nocturnalcyclesof the "Tableaux Parisiens,"see Ross
Chambers,"Troispaysagesurbains:Les Poemesliminairesdes 'TableauxParisiens',"
ModernPhilology 80:4 (May 1983)372-89;and "AreBaudelaire's'TableauxParisiens'
about Paris?" in On Referring in Literature,Issacharoffand Whiteside,eds. (In-
dianapolis: IndianaUniversity Press,1987)95-110.
13. The bestreal instanceofabsolutelydeterritorialized collectiveenunciationI
know of is stillimprovisational jazz; see my "'Introduction to theNon-FascistLife':
Deleuze and Guattari's'Revolutionary' Semiotics,"EspritCreateur XXVII:2(Summer
1987)19-29.
14. See in particularPlateau 12 "1227: Treatiseon Nomadology- The War
Machine,"esp. pp.416-423;Plateau13 "7000B.C.:ApparatusofCapture";and Plateau
14 "1440:The Smoothand theStriated," pp.490-92.

SubStance 1991
#66,