对潮湿书籍与文件的冷冻与干燥

内容来源网址：
https://www.nedcc.org/free-resources/preservation-leaflets/3.-emergency-management/3.12-freezing-
and-drying-wet-books-and-records

翻译：王超；整体校译：顾真；术语校译：胡胡 ，小农

请勿商用，转载请先联系！

Freezing and Drying Wet Books and Records

对潮湿书籍与文件的冷冻与干燥
The successful recovery of water-damaged library and archival materials depends on
timely response to a disaster. Rapid response maximizes recovery of collections
materials and expedites the restoration of services. To extend decision-making time
regarding salvage and replacement, freezing is the most viable option for most
institutions. Because it inhibits mold growth, freezing allows the time to determine if
value, use, and format of the original are important, or to de-accession or purchase
replacement materials or materials in a different format. Freezing also provides a
respite to review insurance policies and vendor contracts. Finally, freezing will allow
time to find space for air drying, determine if there is adequate staff and time to air
dry, and to handle large incidents in a smaller, more controlled atmosphere.

受水损坏的图书馆及档案资料的能否成功恢复，取决于对灾难的及时反应。快速反应可以最大限度
地恢复馆藏资料及其相关服务。为了延长抢救与更换受损物品的决策时间，冷冻是多数机构最可行
的选择。因为冷冻能抑制霉菌生长，让我们有时间来确定原始资料的价值、用途和格式是否重要，
是直接要处理这些资料还是购买替代品或其他不同格式的资料。冷冻也为审查保险单和供应商合同
提供了时间。最后，冷冻还为寻求干燥的空间、确定是否有足够的人员和时间进行风干，以及是否
能在更小、更可控的环境中处理大型事故提供了时间。

This leaflet will walk you through the process of freezing books and records, and it will
explain how to dry them once retention and funding decisions have been made.

这本小册子将引导您了解冷冻书籍或文件的过程，并将解释在做出保留与供资决策之后，如何对其
进行干燥处理。
Freezing Books and Records

冷冻书籍和文件

Before beginning any recovery efforts, the water source must be considered. Rarely is
the water clean and free of debris. What is contaminating the water? Is the
contamination corrosion from a pipe, dirt and debris from a flood, salt water, or is
there sewage involved? If the water is sewage-contaminated, call in a professional
recovery service immediately; do not deal with the salvage in-house. If the water is only
contaminated by rust, dirt, or salt water, rinsing wet books and records before freezing
helps by removing debris that could be difficult to clean off after drying. If sufficient
trained labor and time are available for this step, set up three or four bins of clean
water. Holding books closed tightly, dip them gently in the water moving each book
from bin to bin. This process will expose them to successively cleaner water and
remove much of the surface debris. Over time, make the last two bins the first two,
replace the dirty water in the first two bins, and move the clean water bins to the final
rinse stage. If records are mud-covered, rinse by supporting the records on a piece of
plexiglass or other rigid, inert support, and rinse with a gentle stream of water from a
hose or pitcher. Do not rinse if the inks are soluble; instead, freeze them immediately,
mud and all.

在开始修复工作前，必须考虑的是：水的来源。很少有水是干净且没有杂质的。需要思考是什么对
水造成了污染？是来自管道的腐蚀，还是来自大水中的污垢和碎屑（杂质），还是盐水或废水？如
果是被有害废水污染，请立即呼叫专业的修复服务，不要自行处理抢救事宜。如果只是被铁锈、污
垢或盐水污染，那么在冷冻前需要先对书籍和文件进行冲洗，以去除在干燥后将会难以清理的碎
屑。如果有足够的受过培训的劳动力和时间来进行此步骤，便依次设置三或四个装有清水的箱子。
把书合起来握紧，将它们轻轻地浸在水中，再将其从前一个箱子移到后一个箱子。这一过程将使它
们持续接触到更干净的水，并清除大部分处于表面的碎屑。过段时间后，用后两位的箱子替换前两
位的箱子，并把前两位箱子里的脏水换成清水，移到后两位。如果文件上沾了大量泥浆，则将文件
铺在有机玻璃或其他类似的硬质材料上，用软管或水罐中的柔和水流对其进行冲洗。但如果文件上
的油墨是可溶的，则跳过这一步，直接带着泥浆将其冷冻即可。

Begin by working with priority items first, if you know what they are. Realize that these
materials are going to be fragile, especially if wet, and that they will be larger and
heavier than normal. Sort materials by degrees of wetness as you remove them from
the shelves. Taking time to do this will make drying much more efficient. Degrees of
wetness can be considered with these main categories in mind:
如果你知道需要优先处理的是什么，就首先从优先项目开始。要意识到将要处理的材料是易碎的，
尤其是其在潮湿状态下会变得比平常更大、更重。从架子上取下这些材料时，要按湿度对其进行分
类，这将使干燥效率更高。可参考以下类别划分湿度：

・Damp: Cool to the touch, having been exposed to high humidity; can be identified
after the event by mold formation
・受潮：在高湿度环境中暴露过，摸起来很凉，霉菌的形成能帮助受潮的识别。（如果出现霉
菌，就表明受潮了）

・Slightly Wet: Noticeably wet with staining to the textblock, binding, folder, or
pages, no more than ½ in from the edges. These areas will have been in immediate
contact with water.
・微湿：书芯、封面、文件夹或书页明显湿润，但湿润面积距边缘不超过½。这些区域直接与水
接触过。

・Wet: Noticeably wet with staining more than ½ in from the edges up to saturation;
can be based on the length of time exposed to water.
・潮湿：明显湿润，且湿润面积距边缘超过½。湿润程度可根据暴露在水中的时间长短而定。

When packing materials for freezing, work with sturdy, uniform packing containers.
Label each container as to content and the degree of wetness. Loosely wrap books
with wax or freezer paper and pack one layer deep, spine down. Pack books of similar
size in a box to prevent distortion.

冷冻前对相关材料进行包装，包装时使用坚固、质地均匀的容器。需要标记每个容器里装的物品和
湿度。先用蜡纸或冷冻纸松弛地包好书，书脊朝下。再把大小相近的书装在一起以防变形。

When packing records, leave documents in their boxes and folders if possible. If boxes
are damaged, pack folders into containers laid on their sides for ease of filling.
Interleave with wax or freezer paper every couple of folders.

包装文件时，尽可能将其放在原来的箱子和文件夹中。如果箱子损坏，则将文件夹靠边装入可用容
器中，以便于后续填充。每隔两个文件夹就用蜡纸或冷冻纸间隔开。
Pack oversize materials of similar size and wetness between flattened cardboard boxes
and wrap with tape. There is no need to interleave with wax or freezer paper unless the
items are printed on coated paper or have colors that could bleed. Move packed items
to a freezer immediately.

对尺寸和湿度相似的超大材料用扁平纸箱包装，并用胶带缠裹。不必用蜡纸或冷冻纸对其内部进行
分隔，除非相关材料印在铜版纸上，或其所用颜料可能发生溶解。之后，立即将包装好的物品移到
冰箱中。

Ideally, your disaster plan identifies local freezer space that is available in the event of
an emergency. If there are no such spaces in your area, it is possible to rent a freezer
truck or portable walk-in freezer. Make sure whatever you rent is of sufficient size and
can maintain temperatures at or below 0°F to prevent the thawing and re-freezing
that exacerbates distortion in paper-based materials. When filling the truck, do not
over-pack. Spreading materials out as much as possible will speed the freezing
process.

理想情况下，您的计划应该已经确定了在紧急情况下可用的本地冷冻空间。如果您所在的地区没有
这样的空间，可以租一辆冷冻车或便携步入式冷冻柜，但请确保您所租用的冷冻空间足够大，并且
可将温度保持在0华氏度或以下，以防止出现冷冻不充分而加剧纸质材料的变形。如果租用的是冷
冻车，请不要过度装载，要尽可能地铺开材料，以加快冷冻过程。

Because freeze drying will cause more harm than water for some commonly held non-
book materials, the following materials should NOT be frozen:

注意：对某些常用的非书籍类材料，冷冻干燥比水造成的危害更大。因此，不应冷冻以下材料：

・Audio and video tapes – Air dry or keep wet until sent to a professional recovery
company
・录音带和录像带——自然风干或不作处理，送去专业公司修复

・Computer tapes, disks, compact discs, or CD ROMs – Rinse if water was dirty; air
dry
・电脑磁带、磁盘或光盘——如果受脏水污染，请冲洗；自然风干

・Ambrotypes, daguerreotypes, or tintypes – Air dry

・银版、银版或锡版——自然风干
Drying Frozen Materials

冷冻材料的干燥

Materials can remain in the freezer indefinitely and will eventually dry there. If drying in
the freezer, expect items to be inaccessible for several weeks to many months,
depending upon the temperature of the freezer and the degree of wetness. However,
the goal should be to return these materials to circulation as quickly as possible to
maintain service continuity. There are two primary options for drying frozen materials:
air drying and vacuum freeze drying.

相关材料可以无限期地留在冷冻柜中，它们最终会自然干燥。如果在冷冻柜中干燥，根据冷冻柜的
温度和书的受潮程度，预计需要数周或数月才能完成这一过程。

但我们的目标应该是尽快将这些材料返回馆内流通，以保持我们服务的连续性。因此对冷冻材料进
行干燥主要有两种方式可选：自然风干和真空冷冻干燥。

Vacuum Freeze Drying

真空冷冻干燥

Vacuum freeze drying is best suited for large numbers of wet books and records as
well as for materials with water-sensitive inks and coated paper. Frozen books and
records are placed in a vacuum chamber. A vacuum is pulled and a source of heat
introduced while the overall temperature remains below 32° F. The materials are dried
by a process called sublimation: the water in the solid phase (ice) is removed from the
materials in the gaseous phase without passing through the liquid phase. Thus there is
no additional wetting to cause distortion beyond that incurred before the materials
were frozen. If materials have been stabilized quickly after becoming wet, very little
extra shelf or storage space will be required when they are dry.

真空冷冻干燥最适用于大量潮湿的书籍和文件，以及涉及水溶墨水和铜板纸的材料。冷冻的书籍和
文件被放在真空室中。当温度保持在32华氏度以下时，抽成真空并引入热源。这些材料通过升华过
程完成干燥：固相(冰)的水分在不经过液相过程的情况下直接以气相从材料中除去。因此，除了材
料冻结前已经产生的变形外，不会有额外的湿气导致的变形。干燥过程只需要很少的放置/储存空
间。如果材料在变湿后能很快得到冷冻处理，那么当它们干燥时就不需要额外的架子或存储空间。

Although this method may initially appear to be more expensive because of the
equipment required, the results are often so satisfactory that additional funds for
rebinding are not necessary. In addition, mud, dirt, and/or soot are lifted to the surface,
making cleaning less time-consuming. If only a few books are dried, vacuum freeze
drying can be expensive. However, companies that offer this service are often willing to
dry one client's small group of books with another client's larger group, reducing the
per-book cost and making the process affordable. When dealing with commercial
vendors for drying, communicate clearly from the beginning about costs, handling, and
expectations.

虽然由于所需设备的原因，这种方法可能略显昂贵，但其处理结果往往令人满意，因此后续不需要
额外的资金来重新装订了。而且，真空冷冻干燥过程中，泥浆、污垢或烟尘通常会浮到表面，能够
有效减少清洁时间。

如果只处理几本书，真空冷冻干燥可能会显得很昂贵。但提供这项服务的公司通常更愿意将某些客
户的小批量书籍与其他客户的大批量书籍一起烘干，从而降低每本书的成本，使面向客户的价格更
为合理。因此，在与供应商打交道时，从一开始就要清楚地沟通好成本、处理方法以及期望。

Air Drying

自然风干

Air drying is the most common in-house method of dealing with water-damaged books
and records. Because it requires no special equipment, it is often believed to be an
inexpensive method of drying. However, air drying is labor intensive, diverts many
hours of staff time to regularly monitor the process, and often results in a distorted
finished product. It is not an option for books with coated paper. The rehabilitation
costs after air drying tend to be greater than other methods because most bound
materials require some form of treatment from pressing to full rebinding; documents
often need flattening and rehousing.

自然风干是处理因水损坏的书籍和文件最常用的室内可选方法。它不需要特殊设备，所以人们通常
将其作为一种经济的干燥方法。然而，这一方法是劳动密集型的，会占用员工很多时间来定期监控
整个过程，并且常常会导致材料变形，对铜版纸书籍也不是一个可选项。自然风干后的修复成本往
往高于其他方法，因为从压紧到重新装帧，大部分装订材料都需要某种形式的修复处理；文件通常
需要整平，并放置在装具中保存。

Due to the time required for air drying, it is not unusual for mold to develop during
large-scale operations.

鉴于自然风干所需的时间，在大规模操作过程中，霉菌的形成也很常见。
In addition to mold growth and coated papers blocking, another consequence of air
drying is the extra amount of shelf space required for collections. Depending upon how
long materials spend in the freezer and the length of time spent air-drying, the amount
of additional shelf space required after drying can be 20% or more.

除了会造成霉菌和铜版纸受损外，自然风干还需要额外的摆放空间。根据材料在冷冻柜中的时间和
风干所需的时间，额外的空间可能需要20%或更多。

How to Air Dry Frozen Records

如何自然风干冷冻后的文件

Air drying is most suitable for small numbers of records, so work with small batches
from the freezer at a time. Records with water-sensitive media should be left in the
freezer as long as possible or vacuum freeze dried.

自然风干最适合于少量文件，因此一次只能从冷冻柜中取出小批量的文件。材质对水敏感的文件，
应尽可能长时间保存在冰箱中或采用真空冷冻干燥。

1.Identify a clean, dry, secure space where controlled temperature and humidity are
available. Reduce the relative humidity as low as you can to prevent mold growth and
improve drying conditions.

1.确定一个干净、干燥、安全、温度和湿度可控的空间。尽可能降低相对湿度，以防止霉菌生
长，并改善干燥条件。

2.Set up the space: Cover tables, non-carpeted floors, or other flat surfaces with
unprinted newsprint, blotting paper, or paper towels, and hang clothesline.

2. 布置空间：用未印刷的报纸材料、吸墨（水）纸或纸巾盖在桌子、未铺设地毯的地板或其他
平面上，并挂上晾衣绳。

3. Keep the air moving at all times using fans in the drying area. This will accelerate
the drying process and discourage mold growth. Aim fans into the air rather than
directly at drying records.

3. 使用风扇保持空气始终流动，这将加速干燥过程并阻止霉菌生长。要将风扇朝向空气，而不
是直接对准待干燥的文件。
 4. Thaw out small groups of records at a time. A small group will be one that you
have the space for or time/staff to deal with from beginning to end. Depending on how
long the items were in the freezer, the top and bottom pages may already be dry and
separated.

4. 一次解冻一小组文件。这一小组文件是需要你从头到尾都有空间/时间/人员处理的。根据物
品在冰箱中的时间长短，顶部和底部的文件内页可能已经干燥并分离了。

5. Carefully separate the frozen records as they thaw. If the paper is stable or
strong, you can carefully peel the pages as they thaw and lay them out on your
prepared surface or hang them up to dry. If the paper is fragile, you can put a support
sheet of Hollytex or Reemay (an open-weave spun polyester fabric) on the top
document and carefully peel the single item back. Move the single document on its
support to the drying space and lay face down. Take the support sheet back to remove
the next document. If you encounter any resistance as you are separating a leaf, stop.
Resistance indicates that the paper is still frozen and damage will occur if you continue.

5. 冷冻的文件在解冻时应细致分开。如果纸张结实，你可以在解冻时小心地剥开书页，然后将
它们放在准备好的支撑平面上，或将它们挂起来晾干。如果纸张易碎，您可以在最顶部的文件上放
置一张Hollytex或Reemay（一种无纺聚酯纤维织物）予以加固，然后小心地将单个文件剥离。将
剥离的单个文件移到干燥空间中并面朝下放置。收回用以加固的纸，继续处理下一个文件。如果在
分离文件时遇到任何阻力，请停止操作。这表示纸张仍未解冻，继续操作可能会造成损坏。

6. If work on a group of items cannot be finished in time, the items can go back in
the freezer until time is available.

6. 如果一组文件的处理不能及时完成，可以将其放回冷冻室，等有时间继续处理。

7. Once completely dry, records may be rehoused in clean folders and boxes, or
they may be photocopied or reformatted in other ways. Dried records will always
occupy more space than ones that have never been water damaged.

7.一旦文件完全干燥，可以将其放在干净的文件夹和盒子中，也可以复印或以其他方式做数据
化处理（译者注：通常用扫描或者微缩胶卷的方法对文件进行图像记录）。干燥处理后的文件片总
是比从未被水破坏过的文件占据更多的空间。
How to Air Dry Frozen Books

如何自然风干冷冻后的书籍

Note: Books containing coated paper should be vacuum freeze dried and not air dried
after freezing.

注：含有铜版纸的书籍应真空冷冻干燥，冷冻后不得风干。

1.Identify a clean, dry, secure space where controlled temperature and humidity are
available. Reduce the relative humidity as low as you can to prevent mold growth and
improve drying conditions.

1.确定一个干净、干燥、安全、温度和湿度可控的空间。尽可能降低相对湿度，以防止霉菌生
长，并改善干燥条件。

2.Set up the space: Cover tables, non-carpeted floors, or other flat surfaces with
unprinted newsprint, blotting paper, or paper towels, and hang clothesline.

2. 布置空间：用未印刷的报纸材料、吸墨（水）纸或纸巾盖住桌子、未设铺地毯的地板或其他
平面，并挂上晾衣绳。

3. Keep the air moving at all times using fans in the drying area. This will accelerate
the drying process and discourage mold growth. Aim fans away from the drying books.

3. 使用风扇始终保持空气流动。这将加速干燥过程并阻止霉菌生长。将风扇对准待干燥的书
籍。

4. Start thawing out small groups of books. A small group will be one that you have
the space for or time/staff to deal with from beginning to end.

4.开始解冻一小组书籍。这一小组应是你从头到尾都有空间/时间/人员处理的。

5. Stand books on end with boards fanned open in a space with good air
circulation, but–again–do not aim fans directly on the books. As the text block
continues to thaw, fan open pages. Turn books head to tail daily.

5. 在空气流通良好的空间内，可以借助板子将书籍竖立起来，打开封面和封底，并将内页呈扇
形打开。但同样，不要将风扇直接对准书页。随着解冻过程推进，分开更多的页面。每天把书从头
翻到尾，不断分开更多的页面。
 6. To minimize distortion of the edges, place volumes in a press or press under a
board with a weight just before drying is complete. Paper—or cloth—covered bricks
work well for weights.

6.为了最大限度减少边缘变形，在书完全干燥之前，可以把书放在压平机里，或者在书上盖一
块板，板上压一定的重量。用纸或布包裹住的砖块就很适合充当这份重量。

7. Wet books should be left frozen longest before air drying or vacuum freeze
dried. As the books thaw, assess the degree of wetness remaining. If the books are
slightly wet or damp, proceed as in step 4. If the books are still wet, as the books thaw,
interleave every 16 pages or so with paper towels or clean, unprinted newsprint. Be
careful to avoid interleaving too much or the spine will become concave and the
volume distorted. Complete the interleaving by placing clean blotter paper inside the
front and back covers. Close the book gently and place it on several sheets of
absorbent paper. Change the interleaving frequently. Turn the book from front to back
each time it is interleaved. Once the book is only damp, proceed as in step 4.

7.湿书应在空气风干或真空冷冻干燥前冷冻更长时间。随着书籍解冻，随时评估书籍湿度。如
果书籍稍湿或发潮，按照步骤4进行。如果书籍仍然潮湿，则随着书籍解冻，每隔16页左右就用纸
巾或干净的未印刷报纸进行分隔。但要避免分隔过多，否则书脊就会向内凹陷，书体也会变形。在
封面和封底内也要放置干净的吸墨（水）纸。轻轻合上书，放在几张吸水纸上。经常更换分隔所用
的纸张。每次分隔时，都要把书从前面翻到后面。一旦书不再潮湿(wet)，而只是发潮(damp)，就
转而按照步骤4进行操作。

8. Frozen pamphlets should be thawed and removed from any pamphlet binders if
possible. If the pamphlet opens well, open it to the center fold and carefully hang it
from clothesline. If the pamphlet is thick or opens poorly, dry it on a flat surface as
above. Flatten when dry.

8. 冷冻的小册子应在解冻后并尽可能将活页取出干燥。如果小册子轻易就可打开，就把它打开
到中间的折叠处，小心地挂在晾衣绳上。如果小册子太厚或不易打开，请按前述方法在平面上干
燥。干燥时打开平放。

9. Dampness will persist for some time inside the book in the gutter, along the
spine, and in the boards. Due to their thickness, boards retain moisture much longer
than fanned out leaves in the text block. Mold is often found between the boards and
flyleaves in books that are not dried completely. Check for mold growth frequently
while books are drying.

9. 潮气会在书芯订口、书脊或封面纸板内持续一段时间。由于它们的厚度，封面纸板内的水分
会比书页中的水分停留更长的时间。在未完全干燥的书籍中，经常会在封面纸板或环衬间发现霉
菌。在书籍干燥过程中，要经常检查霉菌的生长情况。

10. When books are dry but still cool to the touch, they should be closed, laid flat
on a table or other flat surface, gently formed into their original shape, and placed in a
press or held in place with a board and weight. A piece of Melinex or blotter paper
should be put between the boards and the text block to prevent moisture wicking into
the text block from the wetter boards. Press overnight and set up to dry during the
day. Continue this cycle of air drying and pressing until books are dry. Do not return
books to the shelves until they are thoroughly dry; otherwise mold may develop,
particularly along the gutter margin.

10. 如果书籍干了但摸上去仍然有点凉，应将其合上，平放在桌子或其他平面上，令其慢慢地
恢复原始形状，然后放在压平机中，或在书上面盖一块板，板上压一定的重量，在封面纸板和内页
之间放置一张Melinex（一种聚酯薄膜,可以用麦拉膜替代）或吸墨（水）纸，以防止潮湿的纸板将
湿气转移到内页中。放置一个晚上，使书籍在重量压力下自然变干，再在白天晾晒干燥。循环进行
前述晾晒干燥和施压的过程，直到书籍彻底干燥。在书完全干燥之前，不要把书放回书架；否则，
可能会产生霉菌，尤其是在订口两侧的空白部分。

11. If you can establish an air-conditioned room capable of maintaining a constant

relative humidity of 25 to 35% and temperature between 50 and 65°F, books with
only wet edges can be dried successfully in approximately one week once fully thawed.
A wet book may take up to two weeks to dry so it is best to leave in the freezer as long
as possible before thawing and drying. As stated earlier, exceptions are books printed
on coated paper and those with water-sensitive media.

11.如果一间空调房能够保持25-35%的恒定相对湿度和50-65华氏度（10-18摄氏度）的温
度，那么边缘潮湿的书籍在完全解冻后大约一周内即可晾干。一本整体受潮的书可能需要两周的时
间才能干，因此最好在解冻和干燥前尽可能长时间地放在冰箱里。用铜版纸印刷的书籍和有水溶墨
水的书籍除外。
 【机构介绍】美国东北文献修复保护中心（Northeast Document Conservation Center,
NEDCC）成立于1973年，是美国第一家专门从事纸质与胶片馆藏的独立实验室，为书籍、地图、
照片、文件、羊皮纸、纸莎草纸、手稿、建筑平面图和纸质艺术作品等提供专业的修复保护处理。
NEDCC作为美国501(c)(3)非营利组织，其所有处理过程都遵循美国历史和艺术作品保护协会
（American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, AIC）的道德规范与
实践指南。（参考来源：https://www.nedcc.org/about/overview）