Software

Sometimes abbreviated as SW and S/W, software is a collection of instructions that enable the
user to interact with a computer, its hardware, or perform tasks. Without software, computers
would be useless. For example, without your Internet browser, you could not surf the Internet or
read this page and without an operating system, the browser could not run on your computer. The
picture to the right shows a Microsoft Excel box, an example of a spreadsheet software program.
There are Two Type of Computer Software.
1. System software
Systems software includes the programs that are dedicated to managing the computer itself, such
as the operating system, file management utilities, and disk operating system (or DOS). The
operating system manages the computer hardware resources in addition to applications and data.
Without systems software installed in our computers we would have to type the instructions for
everything we wanted the computer to do!
Example: MS-DOS, Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac
2. Application software
Application software, or simply applications, are often called productivity programs or end-user
programs because they enable the user to complete tasks such as creating documents,
spreadsheets, databases, and publications, doing online research, sending email, designing
graphics, running businesses, and even playing games! Application software is specific to the
task it is designed for and can be as simple as a calculator application or as complex as a word
processing application.
We can categorize software into several group Example: -
Documenting
➢ WordPad
➢ Microsoft word
Database
➢ SQL
➢ Oracle
Editing
➢ Adobe Photo Editing
➢ Ulead Video Editing
Gaming
➢ Solitary
➢ Spider
Programming
➢ C++
➢ Java
➢ C#

CMOS/BIOS setting.
The BIOS settings that you use to control how your PC works must be saved in non-volatile
memory so that they are preserved even when the machine is off. This is as opposed to regular
system memory, which is cleared each time you turn off the PC. It allows to enable and disable
device and it allow to show Ur system information.

Safe Mode
if you have a problem that is stopping the computer running in normal mode, you get access to
the internet to fix it and other machines to back up your latest and still unsaved data if a reinstall
is indicated. If the problem is caused by a virus program that runs in normal mode, it isn't likely
to be running, making removal easier. If the problem is a faulty driver, (perhaps from the wrong
order of steps when setting up a new device) or multiple installs of the same driver, safe mode
shows the lot and lets you remove all the installs and start fresh from normal mode. It is advance
repair option by running system restore easily.

Safe Mode with Networking

Safe Mode is a troubleshooting option that limits Windows operation to basic functions. Safe
Mode with Networking starts Windows 8 using the most basic drivers that are required to get
Windows to run. It will not start any programs automatically, but will start the networking
subsystem so that you can access the Internet. This is the most useful Safe Mode version as it
allows you to download any tools that you may require as well as the ability to update anti-virus
programs in case you wish to scan your computer.

Safe Mode with CMD

It is also an advance safe mode option used to check disks by using command and it allow to
copy system files from other storage device to the computer.

Last Known Good Configuration

Each time you turn your computer off and Windows successfully shuts down, important system
settings are saved in the registry. After each successful boot, the previous Last Known Good
Configuration record is replaced with the new one from the most recent successful boot.
If you encounter a problem with Windows boot process, you can restart your computer using those
system settings by selecting Last Known Good Configuration from the Advanced Boot Options.
The advantage of using Last Known Good Configuration is that it helps to fix instability or boot
process failures. This is done by reversing the most recent system, driver, and registry changes
within a hardware profile.

To fix Windows 7, Last Known Good Configuration should be the first option when
troubleshooting Windows startup problems. Keep in mind that using this startup boot option is
only helpful if Windows 7 system was working correctly and the last shutdown was completed
successfully.

CHKDSK /r CHKDSK /f.

Is help to check hard disks that contain Operating system when the operating system files corrupt
miss or it contain bad file. CHKDSK /R is used to repair. and CHKDSK /F is used to fix those
problems.

Customizing Desktop and Change the desktop Background.

✓ Right-click a blank part of the desktop and choose Personalize.
✓ Click the Desktop Background option along the window’s bottom left corner.
✓ Click any of the pictures, and Windows 7 quickly places it onto your desktop’s background.
✓ Click the Browse button and click a file from inside your personal Pictures folder.
✓ Click Save Changes and exit the Desktop Background window when you’re satisfied with
your choices.
Show system information on the four steps.
1. DXDIAG
✓ Type run on start
✓ Type DXDIAG.exe in run
2. MSINFO32.exe
✓ Type the command using DOS or Run.
3. From CMOS/BIOS setting.
✓ Shutdown the computer and enter to the boot menu.

System restores by default and set by your date.

✓ Click Start, next All Programs, Accessories, System Tools, and then System Restore.
✓ Select Restore my computer to an earlier time and click Next.
✓ On the calendar that is displayed, a date in bold font indicates that a restore point was
created that day. Select a date on which, or prior to, you know your system was working
correctly, and click Next.
✓ You will receive a confirmation window. Click Next to start the restore process. The
system will automatically restart as part of the process
Uses of backup and files restore and settings by using Dos and
Windows.
1. Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then
click Backup. The Backup or Restore Wizard starts.
2. Click Advanced Mode.
3. Click the Backup tab.
4. On the Job menu, click New.
5. Click to select the check boxes for the drives that you want to back up. If you want to be
more specific in your selections, expand the drive that you want, and then click to select
the check boxes for the files or folders that you want.
6. Click to select the System State check box.
7. In the Backup destination list, click the backup destination that you want to use.
8. If you clicked File in the previous step, type the full path and file name that you want in
the Backup media or file name box. You can also specify a network share as a destination
for the backup file.
9. Click Start Backup. The Backup Job Information dialog box appears.
10. Under If the media already contains backups, use one of the following steps:
· If you want to append this backup to previous backups, click Append this
backup to the media.
· If you want to overwrite previous backups with this backup, click Replace the
data on the media with this backup.
11. Click Advanced.
12. Select the Verify data after backup check box.
13. In the Backup Type box, click the type of backup that you want. When you click a backup
type, a description of that backup type appears under "Description."
14. Click OK, and then click Start Backup. A Backup Progress dialog box appears, and the
backup starts.
15. When the backup is complete, click Close.

How to Restore Files and Folders

1. Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then
click Backup. The Backup or Restore Wizard starts.
2. Click Advanced Mode.
3. Click the Restore and Manage Media tab.
4. Use one of the following steps:
· If you want to restore from a backup file, expand File, and then expand the
backup file that you want. For example, expand Backup.bkf
created 01/01/2002 at 1:15 PM. By default, backup includes the date and time
of the backup as part of the file name.
· If you want to restore from a tape backup, expand the tape device that you want
(for example, Travan), and then expand the media name that you want. For
example, expand Media created 01/01/2002 1:15 PM.
 5. Click to select the check boxes for the folders that you want to restore. If you want to be
more specific in your selections, double-click the folder that you want, and then click to
select the check boxes for the files or folders that you want to restore.
If you are restoring the whole operating system, click to select the System State check
box.

In the Restore files to box, use one of the following steps:

· Click Original location if you want to restore the files to the location where you
backed them up. Use this selection when you restore the whole computer.
· Click Alternate location if you want to restore a file or files to another location
on the hard disk. Type the location that you want in theAlternate location box.
Use this selection to prevent the restore operation from overwriting existing files
on your computer.
· Click Single folder if you want to restore a file or files to a single folder on the
hard disk. Type the location that you want in the Alternate location box. Use
this selection to separate the restored files or folders from the rest of the files on
the hard disk.
6. On the Tools menu, click Options.
7. Click the method that you want Backup to use when it restores a file that is already on the
computer, and then click OK. Backup uses this selection to determine whether to
overwrite an existing file only when it restores a file in a folder that contains the existing
file.

Note If you are restoring the operating system, click Always replace the file on my
computer.
8. Click Start Restore.
9. If you receive the following message, click OK if you want to restore
the System State information with the selected backup:

Warning
Restoring System State will always overwrite current System State unless restoring to an
alternative location.
10. In the Confirm Restore prompt that appears, click OK. A Restore Progress dialog box
appears, and the restore operation starts.
11. When the restore process is complete, click Close. If you are prompted to restart the
computer, click Yes.

Creating directory and subdirectories using MS DOS and Windows.

Use Reference to the Dos Command Note.

Creating user account and manage user accounts using DOS and
Windows.
In DOS
 ✓ net user /add [username] [password]
✓ net localgroup administrators [username] /add
In Window
1. Choose Start→Control Panel. ...
2. Double-click the User Accounts link. ...
3. Click the Create a New Account link. ...
4. Enter a name for the account. ...
5. Select the type of account you want to create for Windows XP. ...
6. Click the Create Account button. ...
7. Close the Control Panel.
Using Local User
1. Start
2. Right click on my computer
3. Manage
4. Local Group and users.

Disabling Hard drive, CD drive and other components using CMOS

setting and Window.
1. Start
2. Right click on my computer
3. Manage
4. Device Manager.
5. Select HDD or CD drive or other device and Right Click Disable.
Or Use CMOS/BIOS setting.

Disk cleanup and Disk defragmentation.

1. Click Start.
2. Go to All Programs > Accessories > System Tools.
3. Click Disk Cleanup.
4. Choose what type of files and folders to delete at the Files to delete section.
5. Click OK.
Defragmentation
1. Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and
then click Disk Defragmenter.
2. Click the volume that you want to analyze.
3. Click Analyze to begin the analysis.
Installing Secondary Hard disk using slave and master jumper
configuration.
is set by using jumper we can use two or more hard disk drive as primary and secondary storage
device and accessing of data form the secondary hard disk.

Installing Hardware Device and communicate by install device

driver software.
First install the hardware into the appropriate port and install driver software form window or
device cd.

Making partition using partition maker or shrink.

1. Open the Disk Management console by typing diskmgmt.msc at an elevated command
prompt.
2. In Disk Management, right-click the volume that you want to shrink, and then click
Shrink Volume.
3. In the field provided in the Shrink dialog box, enter the amount of space by which to
shrink the disk.
4. The Shrink dialog box provides the following information:
Total Size Before Shrink in MB Lists the total capacity of the volume in MB. This is
the formatted size of the volume.
Size of Available Shrink Space in MB Lists the maximum amount by which you can
shrink the volume. This doesn’t represent the total amount of free space on the volume;
rather, it represents the amount of space that can be removed, not including any data
reserved for the master file table, volume snapshots, page files, and temporary files.
Enter The Amount of Space to Shrink in MB Lists the total amount of space that will
be removed from the volume. The initial value defaults to the maximum amount of space
that can be removed from the volume. For optimal drive performance, you should ensure
that the volume has at least 10 percent of free space after the shrink operation.
Total Size After Shrink in MB Lists what the total capacity of the volume in MB will
be after you shrink the volume. This is the new formatted size of the volume.
5. Click Shrink.

Disable access of software and windows application using Group

Policy Editor /GPEDIT.MSC/
1. Open the all users, specific users or groups, or all users except administrators Local
Group Policy Editor for how you want this policy applied.
2. In the left pane, click/tap on to expand User Configuration, Administrative Templates,
and Control Panel. (see screenshot below).
 3. In the right pane of Control Panel, double click/tap on Prohibit access to Control Panel
and PC settings. (see screenshot above).
4. Do step 5 or 6 below for what you would like to do.
5. To Enable Access to Control Panel and PC settings
A) Select (dot) Disabled or Not Configured, click/tap on OK,
6. To Disable Access to Control Panel and PC settings
A) Select (dot) Enabled, click/tap on OK, and go to step 7 below.
7. You can now close the Local Group Policy Editor window if you like.

Changing Virtual Memory.

1. Right Click on my computer, Click on Property.
2. Go to Advance System Settings
3. Go to Performance Option
4. Reach the Virtual Memory Settings Window.
5. Change the Virtual Memory.

Change Drive Letter.

1. Start
2. Right click on my computer
3. Manage
4. Disk Manager.
5. Select HDD or CD drive to Change Right Click Change Drive letter.
6. Click on Change or Remove.

MSCONFIG, REGEDIT, MMC

MSCONFIG
It Is a computer configuration prompt that allow to change boot option, services, startup and
boot.
✓ Type msconfig.exe on run or search.

REGEDIT
It Is a registry editor used to change the preference of installed software on the computer.
✓ Type regedit.exe on run or search.

MMC
Is Microsoft management console that allow to perform computer activity by adding and saving
snap in.
✓ Type mmc.exe on run or search.

Formatting Computer Window XP and Window 7.

Is the way how to install new operating system to the hard disk.

Installing and Uninstalling Application Software.

In order to install application use setup.exe file to run in any software.
In order to uninstall use two way first we will try with their software interface. Second use below
method using control panel.

Add or Remove Program.

1. Start
2. Control panel
3. Add or remove program.
4. Select a program u want.
5. Right click and click on uninstall.

Installing Driver Software.

To install driver software first the device must be installed. Then U can install device driver
software from window or cd.

Uninstalling Driver, Update and Roll baking.

1. Start
2. Right click on my computer
3. Manage
4. Device Manager.
5. Select Device to uninstall, update or rollback.
6. Right click and use one of the above.

Installing and Apply Utility Software.

Office, power geez, antivirus, photo shop, burner, data recover.

Recovering system file NTLDR, NETDETECT.COM, BOOT.INI

Hal.DLL.

Using Ghost, Partition Magic and Startup bootable disk.