Fish Farming Systems

Fish Farming Systems
Introduction
Classification
Fish species and integration
Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU

2
System
• Anything formed of parts that are placed together and
function as a whole
• Key words:
• System: has a boundary
• Elements: have strong functional relationship with each other
• System responds to stimuli as a whole
• Assemblage of elements contained within a boundary
having strong functional relationship with each other.
• Idea of set of elements
• Connected together forming a whole
• Shows properties of whole, rather than of components
9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

3
Farming
• Some form of intervention in the rearing process
such as
• Regular stocking
• Liming
• Manuring
• Feeding
• Protection from predators etc.

4
Classification
• Can be done in several ways
• Depending on different aspects upon which emphasis is
laid, singly or jointly
• Bases for classification

• Level of intensity
• Fish species
• Enclosure
• Integration

5
Based on level of intensity
Capital
Labor
Extensive Water Quality
Natural Mgmt.
Food Diseases
Semi-intensive
Intensive
Stocking Exogenous
Density Feed

6
Extensive farming
• Least managed form
• Involves large ponds measuring 1 to 5 ha
• Stocking density: < 7000 fish/ha
• No supplemental feeding or fertilization
• Yield is poor (1-2 t/ha/yr)
• Low survival
• Low labor and investment
• Minimum income

7
Extensive farming…
• Advantages
• Less investment is required
• Less labor is required
• Low risk of oxygen depletion
• Low chances of diseases and parasite outbreak
• Disadvantages
• Low production
• Less control on size of fish
• Large water surface area required
• Risk of predation
• Difficult to control of weeds and diseases
• Difficult to harvest

8
Semi-intensive farming
• Most prevalent system
• Involves smaller ponds: 0.2- 0.5 ha
• Higher stocking density: 7000-10000 fish/ha
• Care taken to develop natural foods by fertilization
• Supplementary food
• Yield moderate: 3-6 t/ha/yr

• Survival is high
• Practiced globally to produce plankton feeder and
omnivorous fish species

9
Intensive farming system
• Well-managed form
• Attempts to achieve maximum production from minimum
quantity of water
• Involves small ponds/ tanks/ race ways
• Very high stocking density: 10-15 fish/m2
• Fed on complete formulated feed- nutritious feed
• Natural feed of minor importance
• Water quality management important
• Aerator compulsory (e.g.: RAS)
• Yield high: 15-100 t/ha/yr
• Investment is high, but return is also high, high profit

10
Intensive farming system…
• Advantages
• High production per unit area
• Permits great control over size of the fish
• Less water surface area required
• Less food conversion ratio (FCR)
• Control of weeds and diseases is easier
• Easy to harvest

11
Intensive farming system…
• Disadvantages
• High investment per unit area
• Higher level of management cost
• More risk of oxygen depletion
• More chances of epizootic diseases and parasites due to
overcrowding
• Large nutrient load in effluents
• High energy cost
• Risky business
• Skilled manpower is required

12
Based on fish species
• Based on species composition
• Monoculture and Polyculture
• Monoculture
• Only one species is reared
• Culture of high-value, market-oriented species in intensive
system is practiced
• Compulsory complete feeding
• Species cultured:
• Tilapia
• Catfishes
• Rainbow trout etc.

13
Monoculture
• Advantage
• Easy to feed
• Permits great control over age, size and sex of fish
• Easy to operate
• Selective harvest of marketable fish can be employed
• Suitable for farmers having limited and land resources
• Disadvantages
• Natural productivity not fully utilized
• Available space in water column not utilized
• More chances of epizootic diseases and parasites
• More risk of water quality problems like DO depletion

14
Polyculture
• Water body contains different forms of life at
different level
• Based on natural food production
• May not be utilized by a single species
• Think a pond in ‘3D’

• Production system in which 2 or more fish species
with different habitat and different food
preferences are stocked together

15
Polyculture…
• No competition for food or space
• Optimal use of water source
• Gives higher yields than monoculture under the same
conditions
• Success depends on food supply, stocking densities and
synergism
• Synergism- different species have a stimulating effect on each
other
• At higher density, competition instead of synergism

occurs
16
Biological basis of polyculture
• Also known as composite fish culture
• Chinese carps
• Silver carp, grass carp, bighead carp
• Indigenous carps
• Rohu, mrigal, catla
• Other species
• Common carp, black carp, mud carp, crucian carp, tilapia etc.
• Number and ratio vary according to the local climate,

marketing demands and availability of fingerlings
17
Biological basis…
• Different feeding relationships and
• Occupation of different habitats
• Certain incompatibilities are evident
• With regard to dissolved oxygen and food
• Competition for DO can be managed by WQ
adjustment
• Competition for feed managed by adjustment of
stocking ratios and appropriate management of
feeding and fertilization
18
Biological basis…
• Principal requirements
• Have complementary feeding habits
• Occupy different ecological niches
• Attain marketable size at the same time
• Should tolerate each other
• Should all be non-predatory

19
Carp polyculture
Silver carp Bighead carp

Catla
Grass carp Rohu
Mrigal
Common carp

20
Polyculture…
• Advantages
• Full utilization of feeding niche
• Full utilization of space available in water column
• Full utilization of compatibility of species
• Full utilization of formulated feeds
• Less chance of enterprise failure
• Variety of products for market
• Less chance of epizootic diseases and parasites
• Creates more conductive environment for the fish

21
Polyculture…
• Disadvantages
• Difficult to harvest
• Difficult to maintain the food for all species of fish
• Need of high technical know-how

22
Based on enclosure
• Pond culture
• Cage culture
• Pen culture
• Raceway culture
• Tank culture
• RAS

23
Pond culture
• Most common method
• Water mass maintained by artificially erected dike
• Ponds usually filled with rainfall, canal or spring
• Ponds differ widely in shape, size, topography,
water supply and soil qualities
• Culture system also varies
• Production mainly depends on practice adopted

24
Cage culture
• Raising of fish from juvenile stage to commercial size in
a volume of water enclosed in all sides including
bottom
• Permitting free circulation of water
• Readily adapted in areas which can not be drained or
otherwise harvested
• An innovated concept to exploit the potential of lakes,
reservoirs and riverine pools
• Popular in many countries
• Japan, South Korea, China, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia,
Germany, Norway, USA etc.

25
Cage culture…
• In Nepal
• Started in 1972 in Phewa lake
• To hold the common carp brood stock
• Nowadays, carried out in lakes and reservoir of mid-hills
and terai

26
Advantages of cage culture
• Economic use of natural water resources which are
unsuitable for other means of fish culture
• Removal of organic matter and nutrients accumulated in
plankton as fish flesh
• Low investment but high return
• Easy prevention and control on fish disease and predators
• East harvest at desirable quantity within the stock, and time
• Only a fraction of water area, rest can be used in the normal
way
• At the time of emergencies, cages can be removed
27
Suitable species
• Almost every species suitable for culture
• Salient features of fish for cage culture
• Natural ability to grow fast
• Food habits adapted to types of organisms living in or
around the water bodies
• Ability to adapt to crowded conditions
• Controlled propagation
• Easy handling and harvest
• Tolerance to DO and temperature fluctuation

28
Suitable species
• In Nepal,
• Silver carp and bighead carp are most popular
• Planktivorous habit
• Rohu is also stocked
• Biological cleaning agent of fouling in cages
• Grass carp with aquatic grass feeding
• Common carp with supplemental feeding

29
Cage culture

30
Types of cages in Nepal
• Material vary from wood to nylon
• Depending on availability and suitability
• Several types are used
• Bamboo cage
• Wooden cage
• Iron cage
• Angle iron cage
• Netlon cage
• Nylon or Polyethylene cage etc.
• Most feasible, handy and durable is ready-made knot-
less polyethylene cage

31
Nylon or Polyethylene cage
• Similar to square cornered bags
• Mesh size- 25 mm
• Cages used are generally 5*5*2-2.5 m3
• Convenient for handling
• Cages set in proper shape using stones as sinkers

• Nylon or polyethylene cage have durability of more
than 18 years when used properly
• Floating and anchoring systems
32
Floating system
• Essential to keep net cages in proper shape and size
at the water surface
• Simple can be framed and floated using four
bamboo logs
• Lasts for 2 years
• Empty oil drums or Styrofoam blocks can be used

to float
• When more cages are set tohether

33
Anchoring system
• Essential to securely anchor to maintain its
position, shape and size
• Type of anchor depends on the nature of bottom,
depth and water current
• Stones
• Concrete blocks
• Iron anchors
• Length of anchoring rope should be 3 times longer
than the water depth

34
Stocking density and production
• Varies according to trophic status of lake or
reservoirs
• In lakes of Pokhara, 10 fingerlings/m3
• Average wt. at stocking- 15-25 g/fish
• In Indrasarobar, 12 fish/m3
• Silver carp and bighead carp
• Yield- 5.27 kg/m3

35
Management of cage culture
• Maintenance of cage
• Keeping clean is essential to reduce mortality
• Sponges, algae and silt are fouling agents
• Reduces the water exchange rate
• Resulting in inadequate food and DO depletion
• Periodic manual cleaning using brush
• Cage removed, brushed, washed, and sun dried
• 2-5% rohu can be stocked as biological cleaning agent
• Cages must be checked at regular intervals for signs of
damage, wear and tear, and repaired or replaced

36
Management…
• Growth check
• Sampling done at regular intervals
• Regular monitoring of disease is also needed
• Feeding
• In Nepal, extensive type- no feeding
• In semi-intensive and intensive, food is supplied
• Feeding adjusted according to water temperature and
body weight of fish
• Mass feed or pellet feed

37
Management…
• Harvesting
• Relatively easy in cages
• Can be done using a large scoop net
• Can be done using bamboo pole slightly longer than the
frame of the cage
• Bamboo inserted beneath the cage at the opposite side
of the opening
• Pole is slide towards the opening collecting all fishes
towards the opening and then scooping out
• Partial or Total harvest

38
Harvesting from cage

39
Pen culture
• Also known as enclosure culture in Nepal
• Raising the fish in a volume of water enclosed on all
sides except bottom
• Permitting the free circulation of water at least from one
side
• A hybrid of pond culture and cage culture
• Mostly shallow regions along shores and banks of
the lakes and reservoirs are used to make pen/
enclosure

40
Pen culture…

41
Pen culture

42
Pen culture…
• Net material is used to construct the enclosure
• The benthic flora and fauna of enclosure can be
utilized by fish
• Polyculture can be practiced as in ponds
• All water quality parameters are same as that of
water body
• In Nepal, started in 1984
• Presently, practiced in Rupa lake of Pokhara valley
43
Advantages of pen culture
• Economic use of natural water resources
• Greater production in limited space
• Continuous water movements with rich food and oxygen supply
• Removal of organic matter and nutrients accumulated in
plankton as fish flesh
• Low investment and high return
• Important sociological role
• Provides alternate employment to landless, marginal people and
fishermen or small farming families
• No need of fertilization as in ponds
• Reduces investment

44
Pen culture management
• Site selection
• Careful site selection and proper pen design are essential
• Shallow region along the banks of lakes and reservoirs
• Consideration of water quality, depth and circulation
• The lake or reservoir bottom should be relatively flat and free
from stones and logs
• Bottom of mud or sandy clay is good
• Maximum depth of less than 2 m
• Site subject to high water currents, storms, landslide, and
extreme climatic conditions should be avoided

45
Management…
• Pen size, structure and construction
• Size directly related to the rate of water exchange and
cost per unit area
• Small pens- Construction cost per unit area is high, but
• Higher fish yields
• Lower production costs and
• Easier management
• Materials used are polyethylene netting, ropes, bamboo
or wooden logs, concrete blocks, and rod anchors

46
Wall net
• Main body of pen
• Material may be nets or bamboo slats (traditional)
• 10 mm polyethylene nets used
• 2-2.5 cm mesh size
• Proper care must be taken while stretching the net.
• Horizontal hanging coefficient: 0.60-0.65 (60-65%)
• Vertical hanging coefficient: 0.74- 0.77 (74-77%)
• The height depends on the water depth, highest
water level, waves and the ability of fish to jump
47
Bamboo or wooden stakes
• Used to support the wall net
• Bamboo poles: 8-9 cm in diameter
• Wooden stakes: 3”X4”
• Driven into mud: 30-60 cm
• Different types:
• Main stakes
• Pair stakes
• Supporting stakes and
• Protecting stakes

48
Stakes…
• Main stakes
• For hanging wall net
• Spaced every 1.5-2.0 m
• Driven at least 60 cm in the mud
• Pair stakes
• Set up on each side of net at every other main stake
• Tied together with main stake
• Keep the sinker stone from moving
• Supporting stakes
• Support for main stakes
• Protecting stakes
• Prevent boats or debris from hitting the net

49
Concrete blocks and rod anchors
• Blocks of 3-5 kg
• Put into the bottom line of wall net
• To prevent fish escaping near the bottom
• Rod anchors
• U-shaped iron anchors
• 20 cm into the silt
• Distance: 50 cm
• For reinforcing the pen

50
Suitable fish species
• Herbivorous, planktivorous and detritivorous fish
• Fast growing and tolerant to temperature and DO
fluctuation
• Silver carp, bighead carp and grass carp- commonly
used
• Common carp- not suitable- bottom burrowing
habit

51
Management practices
• Stocking density: 5000-10000 fingerlings/ ha
• Av. Stocking wt.: 20-25 g
• Feeding: 3-4% of BW (supplementation)
• Fertilization: not needed
• Harvest:
• Pen is undrainable
• Seining is the most common mean
• Seining from deeper end towards the shallower region
• Special care in multiple stocking and harvesting

52
Care of pen culture…
• Regular monitoring, cleaning and repairing of wall
net and poles
• Regular growth check of fish
• At least once in a month
• Regular water quality monitoring

• Monitoring of feeding behavior
• Adopt multiple stocks and harvesting system

53
Raceway culture
• Raising of fish in running water
• A high production system with high stocking
• Designed to provide a flow-through system
• Abundant flow of good quality, well oxygenated
water
• To fulfill the respiratory requirement
• To flush out the metabolic waste from fish and feed
• Smaller in size
• May be of concrete or earthen

54
Raceway culture…

55
Types
• Linear and Parallel
Parallel
Linear

56
Linear Vs Parallel
Property Linear Parallel

Arrangement Sequence Lateral or Parallel
Water circulation One to other Only one
Water requirement Less High
Water quality May be poor in later Fresh in all raceways
Chance of disease transmission Yes No

57
Raceway culture in Nepal
• Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture
• Clean and cold water: 10-20°C
• Optimum temperature: 15-18°C
• Clear water with high DO (≥ 8 mg/L)

• Raceways constructed with sufficient slope (2-3%)
• Length: 10-20 m
• Area: 50-150 m2
• Water depth: 60-90 cm
• Stocking density: 50-100 fry/ m2
58
Raceway culture in Nepal…
• High CP feed (35-40%)
• Feeding rate varies according to size and water temperature
• Young: 3-10%
• Big fish: 1-2%
• Periodical thinning out and grading

• To reduce cannibalism
• Periodical growth check

• To determine feeding rate, feed efficiency
• To understand the health status
• Frequent cleaning necessary

• 200-300 g in 12-14 months from free swimming larvae
• Productivity: 100-200 t/ha

59
Tank culture
• Materials: Cement, plastic, fiber glass, tarpaulin etc.
• Expensive but permanent structure
• Shape and Size: Variable but small
• Easy to harvest, manage
• Suited for intensive culture
• High valued species culture
• Costly, intensive farming
• Tarpaulin with iron frame is popular in biofloc system in
Nepal

60
Tank culture…

61
RAS
• Recirculating aquaculture system
• Water reutilized
• Processed through different steps for purification

62
Aquaponics
• A type of RAS in integration with agriculture

63
Based on integration
• Integrated fish farming
• Simultaneous culture of aquatic organisms with other
culture systems
• Sequential linkage between two or more farming
practices
• Fish is the major component
• Integration can be done in different ways:

• Agri-based fish farming
• Live-stock fish farming

64
Principle of integrated fish farming
• Waste products of one biological system serve as
nutrients for the second biological system
• Integration of fish and plants results in a
polyculture that increases diversity and yields
multiple products
• Water is re-used through biological filtration and
recirculation
• Access to healthy foods and enhances local
economy

65
Agri-base fish farming
• Rice-cum-fish culture
• Horticulture-cum-fish culture
• Seri-cum-fish farming

66
Rice-cum-fish farming
• Fish cultured in rice field or simultaneously with
rice crop
• Rice is primary crop and fish is secondary crop
• One of the primitive methods

• Introduced in Nepal in 1964
• Capturing fish from rice field is a common practice

• Under practice in some mid-hills districts in Nepal
• About 45 ha utilized (CFPCC, 2015)

67
Techniques for rice-cum-fish
• Site selection
• Dike/ Bund construction
• Trench construction
• Pond refuse construction
• Size of rice plots
• Inlet and outlet construction
• Preparation of rice field and plantation
• Fish stocking
• Feeding
• Care and management
• Harvest and yield

68
Techniques…
• Site selection
• Availability of adequate water supply
• Soil with good water holding capacity (loamy soil)
• Near to residence for proper care and management
• Sites subjected to flood and landslide should be avoided
• Dike/ Bund construction

• Sufficiently high to hold at least 15 cm of water
• 50 cm at base, 50 cm high and 30 cm at top
• Around the rice field

69
Techniques…
• Trench construction
• Serves as refuge when
• Water level drops down
• Temperature is too high
• Threat of predators
• Also serves as catch basins during harvest
• Different types of trenches
• Peripheral, Linear, T or H-shaped etc.
• Peripheral trench is more practiced in Nepal (50 cm wide
and 50 cm deep)

70
Techniques…
• Trench should not account for more than 10% of
the total area

71
Techniques…
• Pond refuse construction
• Instead of trench
• May be at corner or in middle
• Different shaped
• 1 m deep and must not be 10% of the total area

72
Techniques…
• Size of rice plots
• Independent filling and drainage of water can be carried
out
• Recommended size is 200-2000 m2
• Smaller plot are easier to manage
• Inlet and outlet construction
• Rice field must be drainable
• Inlet and outlet- diagonally opposite
• More circulation of water
• Provided with screen

73
Techniques…
• Rice field preparation and plantation
• Similar to that of normal field preparation
• Rice seedlings planted at 20-25 cm distance
• Allows fish movement
• Water depth maintained 15-25 cm
• Fish stocking
• Small fingerlings (<5 g) stocked just after rice plantation
• Larger (> 10 g) stocked only after 10-15 of plantation
• 6000 fish/ ha of common carp or 9000 fish/ ha of Nile tilapia
• Mixed stocking can also be done
• Released in trench after proper acclimatization

74
Techniques…
• Fish feed
• Presence of natural organisms
• 1:1 MOC and RB @ 2-4% BW
• Care and management
• Snake control: Using snake trap
• Bird control: Using flash guns, or sound alarms, cover
net
• Prevent water leakage
• Do not use pesticides
• Care should be taken not to kill fishes

75
Techniques…
• Harvest and yield
• Generally a week before rice harvest
• Field is drained and fish harvested from trench
• Yield: 200-500 kg/ ha
• Depends on species, duration of culture, water depth,
soil fertility and feed supplied

76
Suitable fish species
• All species are not suitable
• Characteristics
• Must thrive in shallow water
• Must tolerate high water temperature
• Must tolerate low DO
• Must withstand high turbidity
• Grow rapidly to reach marketable size
• Must not show escaping tendency
• Common carp and Nile tilapia- common in Nepal

• Silver barb- used in other Asian countries
77
Suitable rice varieties
• Late maturing, non-lodging and water logged
tolerance
• Mansuli: late maturity (155 days)
• Sabitri: moderate maturity (140 days)
• Radha: early maturity (125 days0
• Janaki, Himali, Kanchan, Barse-1, Barse-2 etc.

78
Advantages of rice-cum-fish culture
• Economic utilization of land and enable to diversify the
product
• Productivity of rice increase due to different beneficial
activities of fish
• Fish control weeds, diseases, snails and harmful insects
• Rodent control due to sufficient water in rice field
• If rice crop failed, compensation by the fish
• More income per unit area

79
Horticulture-cum-fish farming
• Fish culture along with fruits, vegetables and
flowers
• 1 ha pond provides 0.3 ha land as dykes
• Can be utilized for different purpose
• Leaves of plants can be used as fish feed
• Pond water can be used for irrigation
• Bottom soil contains good amount of OM
• Can be used as fertilizer

80
Seri-cum-fish farming
• Fish culture with sericulture (silkworm)
• Involves three systems
• Sericulture
• Mulberry cultivation
• Fish culture
• Leaves of mulberry utilized by silkworm larvae

• Dead larvae from silkworm processing used to feed fish (high nutrient
content)
• Processing water also used in pond
• Water from pond and processing used for mulberry cultivation
• Bottom mud of pond also serves as fertilizer for mulberry cultivation

81
Livestock-fish farming
• Almost all kinds of livestock can be integrated
• Higher production obtained from integration with pigs,
ducks and poultry
• Integration with geese, goats, sheep, rabbits, cattle and
buffalo is also possible at smaller scale
• Common carp and Chinese carps are most suitable

• IMC and Nile tilapia are equally useful
• Pangasius sp. Clarias gariepinus are also used

• Stocking density varies with system and other factors

82
Pig-cum-fish farming
• Chinese consider pig as a “costless fertilizer factory
moving as hooves”
• Digestion in pig is incomplete
• 30% of undigested feed is excreted
• Serves as food for fishes

• Fertilizer for fish pond
• Supplementary fertilization and feeding may not be
required

83
• Pigs reared in pens or sties on the banks of pond
• Wastes washed out to pond
• May be constructed over piles or wooden stilts

• Have lattice type of floor
• Allows wastes to fall directly into the pond
• Number of pigs: 40-300/ ha

• 40-50 pigs/ ha is sufficient to fertilizing 1 ha water
area

84

85
Duck-cum-fish farming
• Dropping of ducks act as substitute for fish feed
and pond fertilizers
• Accounts for 60% of the total input cost
• Ducks also act as natural aerators
• Duck feed on organisms from pond
• Larvae of aquatic insects, tadpoles, mollusks, aquatic
weeds etc.
• Ponds provide living and foraging areas for ducks
and fishes

86
• Ducks reared in sheds built on the pond banks or
over ponds on stilts or on floating platforms
• Small section of pond enclosed by wire netting and
connects with duck shelters
• Shed of 20 m2 accommodates 300-400 ducks
• 500-800 ducks sufficient to fertilize 1 ha pond
• Ducks of different strains used
• Selection based on product targeted: meat or egg

87
Peking Khaki-Campbell Muscovy
Native to China Europe Mexico, Central
and South America
Used in Central Europe, Thailand Africa
China, Philippines,
Africa and Latin
America
Suited for Meat Egg Meat

88
• Fingerlings: more than 10 cm
• Otherwise duck may upon
• Fish stocking density: 7000-10000/ha

• Depends on pond condition and birds stocked
• Duck manure enhances plankton production

• Plankton feeders as well as detritivore are suitable
• Silver carp, bighead carp, catla and common carp

89

90
Poultry-cum-fish farming
• Poultry (broilers and layers) reared in pens inside or
over the ponds
• Roughly same conditions as duck-cum-fish
• 1000-6000 birds/ ha
• 1200-1500 enough to serve the fertilizer needs of 1 ha
• Fish stocking density: 7000-10000/ha

• Depends on the condition of pond and number of birds
• Fish culture- normal manner

• Fertilization not done
• Feeding reduced or even stopped

91
Dairy-cum-fish farming
• Dairy cattle and buffalo farming
• Partial or temporary confinement
• 5-7 dairy cattle or buffalo sufficient to fertilize 1 ha
pond
• Humus from pond used as fertilizer for fodder
production on pond dikes
• Pond dike of 0.3 ha sufficient to raise fodders like
burseem, napier, maize etc.

92
Dairy-cum-fish farming

93
Goat-cum-fish farming
• Goat excreta contains 60% C, 2.7% N, 1.78% P and
2.88% K
• Urine is also rich in N and P
• 50-60 goats sufficient to fertilize 1 ha pond
• Goats should be provided with dry, safe, comfortable
house protected from excessive heat
• Grass and fodder production
• Goat varieties:
• Jamanapari, Beetal, Barbari- Milk
• Bengal, Sirihi Deccani- Meat

94
Cage-pond fish farming
• New and innovative technique in Nepal
• Integration of caged fish with pond
• High valued or feed response fish reared in cages
• Catfish, fattening tilapia, sahar
• Cages suspended in ponds
• Feed supplied to cage fish
• Pond stocked with filter-feeders
• Silver carp, bighead carp and tilapia
• Utilize natural food derived from cage wastes

95
Cage-pond fish farming
• Fish in cages fattened using high-protein diets
• Uneaten food and fecal matter from age utilized to
produce natural feed in pond
• Increase the fish production and improve feed

utilization and recycling the nutrients within pond
• Nutrient utilization efficiency upto 50% compared to
30% in intensive farming
• Fewer nutrient to effluent water

96
Cage-pond farming
Tilapia Sell Feed (2%)
250-300 g
Fish meal
(5%)
Fish Extra
100-150 g Cage
SD: 30/m2 recruits
New
recruits
Initial Fish
Fertilization 20-30 g

97
Advantages of cage-pond farming
• Higher production per unit area
• Less or no food and fertilizer for open pond
• Lower expenses
• High nutrient utilization efficiency
• High income due to high value fish production in cages
• Low production costless fertilizer use
• Easy to harvest caged fish
• Partial harvesting of cage fish is also possible
• Environmentally friendly system
• Fewer waste nutrients released to environment

98
Thank You
End of Lecture 10
&
Unit 5
Next
Fish Breeding

Fish Farming Systems

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Fish Farming Systems

Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

• Bases for classification

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

• Yield moderate: 3-6 t/ha/yr

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

• Think a pond in ‘3D’

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

• At higher density, competition instead of synergism

• Number and ratio vary according to the local climate,

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

Silver carp Bighead carp

Grass carp Rohu

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

• Cages set in proper shape using stones as sinkers

• Empty oil drums or Styrofoam blocks can be used

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

• Regular water quality monitoring

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

Property Linear Parallel

9/7/2023 Fisheries Program, FAVF, AFU © Rahul Ranjan

• Clear water with high DO (≥ 8 mg/L)

• Periodical thinning out and grading