Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FSA 353:
G. Owusu-Boateng
Teaching Assistant
Frank Owusu
COURSE CONTENT
• Introduction;
Basis of Aquaculture
• History of aquaculture and its present state
• Selection of sites for aquaculture
• Species selection for culture
• Design and construction of aquafarms
Inland and coastal pond farms
• Nutrition and feeds
• Reproduction and genetic selection
• Health and diseases
• Control of weeds, pests and predators
• Harvesting and post-harvest technology
• Marketing of aquaculture products
• Economics and financing of aquaculture
• Farm management
• Sustainability and environmental management of aquaculture
• Aquaculture practices
Carps, Catfishes and Tilapias
INTRODUCTION
Background
Mimicry
• Aquatic culture mimics land culture (agriculture). It
dwells on the concepts & technologies already used
in land culture
Scope of aquaculture and its definition
Statistical accounts
• Aquaculture embraces all individually or corporately
owned aquatic organisms throughout their rearing
period and is harvested at the end of stipulated time.
The higher the FCR, the better (under optimum culture conditions
3. Hydrologic factors
• hydrological data (e. g. water table and floods).
6. Vegetation type
• It indicates the type of soil & elevation of water table.
Water table should not be too high to challenge
draining the use of mechanical equipment .
• In open areas tall vegetative cover around farm can
serve as wind breaker.
• Dense vegetation dominated by tall trees makes
clearing more difficult and expensive.
7. Pollution sources
• Presence, nature and sources of pollution.
• Check for past use of the site: cropland close might
contaminate pond water with pesticides through runoff.
8. Soil characteristics
• Important because of its influence on:
pond productivity,
quality of overlying water
water retention
suitability for dike construction
• Common wastes:
• SS & dissolved nutrients (N & P).
• Origin: contaminated input water, uneaten or spilled feeds,
faecal matter and fertilization.
• This affects both the environment and aquaculture itself.
• So waste carrying capacity of receiving waters must be known.
10. Others
Communication, access to roads and markets. It is
easier to sell at doorstep or have a permanent buyers.
SELECTION OF SPECIES FOR CULTURE
• There are many species of fish, difficult to list.
• Possibility - all aquatic organisms, but the main focus is
on contribution to the main objective via:
FACTORS
1). Biological characteristics
• Growth rate (under culture conditions)
Fish with fast growth rate reach marketable size in
shorter time and offer high harvesting frequency.
Barrage pond
• Created at the bottom of gently sloping valleys with a
dam across the deepest end of the valley. They may be
built in series down the valley.
• It is drainable.
• During flooding, excess water is diverted around one
side of the pond via a diversion canal or spillway to
prevent loss of stock & damage to the pond structures.
•
Sunken pond
• Floor is below the level of the surrounding land.
• Fed directly by groundwater, rainfall and/or runoff.
• Partially drainable or not drainable at all
• May need additional embankments to hold water.
Diversion pond
• Fed indirectly by gravity or from diversion that links a
spring, stream, lake or reservoir.
• Constructed on:
sloping ground as a cut-and-fill pond;
flat ground as a four-dike embankment.
drainable via drainage canal.
Brood-stock pond
Transitional pond
o Spawning ponds
o Production or stock pond
Market pond
Integrated pond
Wintering pond
• Brood-stock pond
A pond used to maintain mature individuals species in
captivity to serve as a source of population
replacement or for establishment of new populations.
• Market pond
For temporarily and proper-keeping of harvested
species prior to marketing.
• Integrated pond
Have aquatic species together which supply waste
materials to serve as fertilizer for the pond.
• Wintering pond
For holding fish during the cold season.
Economy of ponds
• Absence of transitional rearing ponds in some tropical
farm ponds.
• Cut-and-fill pond
Excavation + embankment on sloping ground.
Fed by gravity or by pumping.
Drainable
4). According to the construction method
• Walled pond
Usually surrounded by blocks, brick or concrete
walls, wooden planking or corrugated metal.
• Lined pond
Earthen ponds lined with impervious materials
such as a plastic or rubber sheet.
5) According to the source of water
A. Groundwater
• a). Spring-water pond
• Drainable ponds
Easily drained by gravity.
Sited at elevations above drain collection point.
Generally fed by surface water e. g. runoff, spring,
stream or pump-water.
• Pump-drained ponds
Drained partly to certain level, followed by pumping
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF POND
Pond construction steps
After designing:
Draw Plan Survey land Clear vegetation Remove top soil
Determine the elevation of pond, drain pipe & water supply canal
Peg out the pond Excavate pond area Build dykes using the soil
Install drainage system Install water supply
TS of pond structure
•
TANKS
• A tank is a non-earthen vessel made of concrete, plastic,
steel/metal or wood to hold water in rearing aquatic orgs
• Tanks may be used indoors or outdoors.
• Round
• Polygonal
• Non-toxic
• UV resistant
• inert to fresh and salt water
• Strong enough to withstand pressure by water
• Non-corrosive
• Non-abrasive
• Smooth interior surface
• Easy and inexpensive to install
TANKS
• Concrete
Complex:
difficult to shape
Heavy
Durable
Smooth
Easy to form
Cheap
Slowly erodible
by acidity of water
Plastics
• Adaptable for forming
• Inert in freshwater and marine environments
• Expensive
• Strength limited
• Can be easily dismantled
TANKS
• Fiberglass
Very strong
Light
Shape adaptable
Expensive
Clarifiers (solid filters/mechanical filters) & baffles
• Clarifiers are settling tanks used to remove particulates or
suspended solids from wastewater at the bottom of tank.
• It uses the principles of sedimentation
• Baffles are flat plates direct and slow water Solids
• Steel (lined or unlined)
Strong
Heavy
Smooth
Inert
Expensive
Wood with coating
• Light
• Smooth
• Cheap (but coatings may be expensive
• Not usually durable
• Complex shaping difficult
• May harbour pathogens