Laboratory Manuals

CN(3150710) Laboratory Manuals L211290116062
Laboratory Manuals
Subject: Computer Networks Subject Code: 3150710
Batch: 2023-2024 Semester: 5th
Faculty: Prof. S.H.Chavda
Branch: CE/IT
List of Experiments
Sr. No. Title Plan Date Actual Date
1 Introduction to Networking Simulator

Packet Tracer.
2 LAN Trainer Kit – Bus & Ring Topology
3 LAN Trainer Kit – Star & Mesh Topology
4 Hub, Switch , Router, Bridge
5 NIC, Repeater, Gateway
6 Straight-through, Crossover and Rollover

wiring
7 Linux / Windows Commands
8 Configure DNS
9 Configure static routing
10 Link State Vector Routing Algorithm
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Practical 1: Introduction to Networking Simulator Packet Tracer.

Objective:
1. To become familiar with the network simulator Packet Tracer.
2. To use the packet tracer to simulate a simple network.
What is Packet Tracer?

Packet Tracer is a protocol simulator developed by Dennis Frezzo and his team at Cisco
Systems. Packet Tracer (PT) is a powerful and dynamic tool that displays the various protocols
used in networking, in either Real Time or Simulation mode. This includes layer 2 protocols
such as Ethernet and PPP, layer 3 protocols such as IP, ICMP, and ARP, and layer 4 protocols
such as TCP and UDP. Routing protocols can also be traced.
Purpose:
The purpose of this lab is to become familiar with the Packet Tracer interface. Learn how to use
existing topologies and build your own.
Requisite knowledge:
This lab assumes some understanding of the Ethernet protocol. At this point we have not
discussed other protocols, but will use Packet Tracer in later labs to discuss those as well.
Version:
This lab is based on Packet Tracer 4.0 Beta, Test1.
Introduction to the Packet Tracer Interface using a Hub Topology
Step 1: Start Packet Tracer and Entering Simulation Mode
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Step 2: Choosing Devices and Connections
We will begin building our network topology by selecting devices and the media in which to
connect them.
Several types of devices and network connections can be used. For this lab we will keep it simple
by using End Devices, Switches, Hubs, and Connections.
Single click on each group of devices and connections to display the various choices.
Step 3: Building the Topology – Adding Hosts Single click on the End Devices.
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Move the cursor into topology area. You will notice it turns into a plus “+” sign. Single click in
the topology area and it copies the device.
Step 4: Building the Topology – Connecting the Hosts to Hubs and Switches.
Adding a Hub Select a hub, by clicking once on Hubs and once on a Generic hub.
Perform the following steps to connect PC0 to Hub0:

1. Click once on PC0
2. Choose FastEthernet
3. Drag the cursor to Hub0
4. Click once on Hub0 and choose Port 0
5. Notice the green link lights on both the PC0 Ethernet NIC and the Hub0 Port 0 showing
that the link is active.
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Adding a Switch Select a switch, by clicking once on Switches and once on a 2950-24 switch.
Add the switch by moving the plus sign “+” below PC2 and PC3 and click once.
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Click once Connect PC2 to Hub0 by first choosing Connections.
Perform the following steps to connect PC2 to Switch0:

1. Click once on PC2
2. Choose FastEthernet
3. Drag the cursor to Switch0
4. Click once on Switch0 and choose FastEthernet0/1
5. Notice the green link lights on PC2 Ethernet NIC and amber light Switch0
FastEthernet0/1 port. The switch port is temporarily not forwarding frames, while it goes
through the stages for the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) process.
6. After a about 30 seconds the amber light will change to green indicating that the port has
entered the forwarding stage. Frames can now forwarded out the switch port.
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Step 5: Configuring IP Addresses and Subnet Masks on the Hosts
Before we can communicate between the hosts we need to configure IP Addresses and Subnet
Masks on the devices.
Click once on PC0.
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Choose the Config tab . It is here that you can change the name of PC0. It is also here where
you would enter a Gateway IP Address, also known as the default gateway. We will discuss this
later, but this would be the IP address of the local router. If you want, you can enter the IP
Address 172.16.1.1, although it will not be used in this lab.
Click on FastEthernet. Although we have not yet discussed IP Addresses, add the IP Address to
172.16.1.10. Click once in the Subnet Mask field to enter the default Subnet Mask. You can
leave this at 255.255.0.0. We will discuss this later.
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Also, notice this is where you can change the Bandwidth (speed) and Duplex of the Ethernet NIC
(Network Interface Card). The default is Auto (autonegotiation), which means the NIC will
negotiate with the hub or switch. The bandwidth and/or duplex can be manually set by removing
the check from the Auto box and choosing the specific option.
Bandwidth - Auto
If the host is connected to a hub or switch port which can do 100 Mbps, then the Ethernet NIC on
the host will choose 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet). Otherwise, if the hub or switch port can only do
10 Mbps, then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose 10 Mbps (Ethernet).
Duplex - Auto
Hub: If the host is connected to a hub, then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose Half
Duplex.
Switch: If the host is connected to a switch, and the switch port is configured as Full Duplex (or
Autonegotiation), then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose Full Duplex. If the switch port is
configured as Half Duplex, then the Ethernet NIC on the host will choose Half Duplex. (Full
Duplex is a much more efficient option.)
The information is automatically saved when entered.
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Repeat these steps for the other hosts. Use the information below for IP Addresses and Subnet
Masks.
Host IP Address Subnet Mask
PC0 172.16.1.10 255.255.0.0
PC1 172.16.1.11 255.255.0.0
PC2 172.16.1.12 255.255.0.0
PC3 172.16.1.13 255.255.0.0
Verify the information

To verify the information that you entered, move the Select tool (arrow) over each host.
Deleting a Device or Link

To delete a device or link, choose the Delete tool and click on the item you wish to delete.
Step 6: Connecting Hub0 to Switch0

To connect like-devices, like a Hub and a Switch, we will use a Cross-over cable. Click once the
Cross-over Cable from the Connections options.
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Move the Connections cursor to Switch0.
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Click once on Switch0 and choose FastEthernet0/4 (actual port does not matter).
The link light for switch port FastEthernet0/4 will begin as amber and eventually change to green
as the Spanning Tree Protocol transitions the port to forwarding.
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Network Simulation
In this part, we are going to use the simulator to simulate traffic between hosts. For this scenario,
delete the switch and host PC3, then connect host PC2 to the hub.
Task 1 Observe the flow of data from PC0 to PC1 by creating network traffic.
a. Switch to Simulation Mode by selecting the tab that is partially hidden behind the Real
Time tab in the bottom right-hand corner. The tab has the icon of a stopwatch on it.
NOTE: When Simulation Mode is chosen, a Simulation Panel will appear on the right side of
the screen. This panel can be moved by moving the cursor at the top of the panel until it changes
and then double-clicking on it. The panel can be restored to the original location by double-
clicking on the Title bar. If the panel is closed, click on the Event List button.
b. Click on Edit Filters, and then select All/None to deselect every filter. Then choose ARP
and ICMP and click in the workspace to close the Edit Filters window.
c. Select a Simple PDU by clicking the closed envelope in the Common Tools Bar on the
right.
Move to PC0 and click to establish the source. Move to PC1 and click to establish the
destination. Notice that two envelopes are now positioned beside PC0. This is referred to as a
data traffic scenario. One envelope is an ICMP packet, while the other is an ARP packet. The
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Event List in the Simulation Panel will identify exactly which envelope represents ICMP and
which represents an ARP.
A scenario may be deleted by clicking on the Delete button in the Scenario panel.
Multiple scenarios can be created by clicking on the New button in the Scenario panel. The
scenarios can then be toggled between without deleting.
d. Select Auto Capture / Play from the Simulation Panel Play Controls.
Below the Auto Capture / Play button is a horizontal bar, with a vertical button that controls the
speed of the simulation. Dragging the button to the right will speed up the simulation, while
dragging is to the left will slow down the simulation.
e. Choose the Reset Simulation button in the Simulation window.
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Notice that the ARP envelope is no longer present. This has reset the simulation but has not
cleared any configuration changes or MAC / ARP table entries.
f. Choose the Capture / Forward button.
Notice that the ICMP envelope moved forward one device and stopped. The Capture / Forward
button will allow you to move the simulation one step at a time.
g. Choose the Power Cycle Devices button on the bottom left, above the device icons.
h. Choose yes
Notice that both the ICMP and ARP envelopes are now present. The Power Cycle Devices will
clear any configuration changes not saved and clear the MAC / ARP tables.
Task 2 View ARP Tables on each PC.
a. Choose the Auto Capture / Play button and allow the simulation to run completely.
b. Click on PC-0 and select the Desktop tab.
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c. Select the Command Prompt and type the command arp -a.
d. Notice that the MAC address for PC2 is in the ARP table (to view the MAC address of
PC2, click on PC2 and select the Config tab).
e. To examine the ARP tables for PC1 and PC2in another way, click on the Inspect Tool.
Then click on PC1 and the ARP table will appear in a new window.
Note that PC2 does not have an entry in the ARP table yet. Close the ARP Table window.
f. Click on PC2 to view the ARP table. Then close the ARP Table window.
NOTE: To deactivate the Inspect Tool, click on the Select Tool
Task 3 Adding routers and installing modules
a. In the Network Component Box, click on the router.
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b. Select an 1841 router.
c. Move the cursor to the Logical Workspace and click on the desired location.
NOTE: If multiple instances of the same device are needed press and hold the Ctrl button, click
on the desired device, and then release the Ctrl button. A copy of the device will be created and
can now be move to the desired location.
d. Click on the router to bring up the Configuration Window. This window has three modes.
Physical, Config, and CLI (Physical is the default mode).
The Physical mode is used to add modules to a device, such as a WAN Interface Card (WIC).
The Config mode is used for basic configuration. Commands are entered in a simple GUI format,
with actual equivalent IOS commands shown in the lower part of the window. The CLI mode
allows for advanced configuration of the device. This mode requires the user to enter the actual
IOS commands just as they would on a live device.
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e. In the Physical mode, click on the router power switch to turn the device off.
f. Select the WIC-2T module and drag it to Slot 0 on the router. Then drag a WIC Cover to
Slot1.
g. Power the device back on.

h. Click on the Network Component Box and select Connections. Then select a Copper
Straight-through connection to connect the router to the hub.
NOTE: The Smart Connection can be used to automatically select the appropriate cable type.
However, the user will have no choice as to which interface the connection is assigned to; it will
take the first available appropriate interface.
i. Click on the hub and choose Port 3. Then click on the router and choose interface
FastEthernet 0/0.
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Task 4 Basic router configuration
a. Click on the Config mode tab of Router0 to begin configuring the device.
b. After the device has finished booting, change the display name of the router to CISCO_1.
Changing the display name does not affect the configuration.
NOTE: If the device hangs up in the booting process, save the activity. Then close the
application and reopen the file.
c. Click in the Hostname field and type CISCO_1, then press the TAB key. Note the
equivalent IOS command is entered in the lower portion of the window.
d. Click on interface FastEthernet 0/0 and assign the IP address 192.168.1.1, then press the
TAB key. Enter the subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
Task 5 Create a copy of the existing router complete with WIC modules already in place
a. Make sure that the existing router is selected (it will be grayed out).
b. In the Main Tool Bar click on the Copy tool.
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c. Click on the Paste tool and the copied device will appear in the work area.
d. Drag the new device to the desired location.

e. Click on the Network Component Box and select Connections. Then select the Serial
DCE connection.
f. Click on the CISCO_1 router and connect to the Serial 0/0/0 interface.
g. Click on the new router (copy CISCO_1) and connect to the Serial 0/0/0 interface.
Task 6 Configuring the WAN link

a. Click on the CISCO_1 router and select the Config mode.
b. Select interface Serial 0/0/0.
c. Configure the interface Serial 0/0/0 with the IP address 192.168.2.1, then press the TAB
key and enter the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 on the interface.
d. Set the clock rate to 56000.
e. Click the Port Status to On to enable the port (no shutdown).
f. Click on the new router and select the Config mode.
g. Change the Display Name and Hostname to CISCO_2.
h. Configure the interface Serial 0/0/0 with the IP address 192.168.2.2, then press the TAB
key and enter the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 on the interface.
i. Click the Port Status to On to enable the port (no shutdown).
NOTE: The link lights on the serial link should change from red to green to indicate the link is
active.
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Laboratory Manuals L
Task 7 Configure the routing protocol

a. Click on the CISCO_1 router and select the Config tab. Then click on RIP and add the
network address 192.168.1.0 and 192.168.2.0.
b. Click on the CISCO_2 router and select the Config tab. Then click on RIP and add the
network address 192.168.2.0.
c. Go to each PC and set the Default Gateway to 192.168.1.1.
Task 8 Set the default gateway on the PCs

a. Click on PC0 and select the Config tab. Enter the default gateway address 192.168.1.1.
b. Click on PC1 and select the Config tab. Enter the default gateway address 192.168.1.1.
c. Click on PC2 and select the Config tab. Enter the default gateway address 192.168.1.1.
Task 9 Test the connectivity of the network

a. Click on the Simulation mode.
b. Select a Simple PDU and click on PC-A as the source, then click on Cisco_2 as the
destination. The ping should be successful.
Task 10 Save the Packet Tracer file

a. Save the Packet Tracer file as PT Basic.
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Practical 2: LAN Trainer Kit – Bus & Ring Topology
1. Bus Topology
Alternatively referred to as a line topology, a bus

topology is a network setup in which each computer
and network device are connected to a single cable or
backbone. The following sections contain both the
advantages and disadvantages of using a bus topology
with your devices.
Advantages
 It works well when you have a small network.
 Easiest network topology for connecting computers or peripherals in a linear fashion.
 Requires less cable length than a star topology.
Disadvantages
 Difficult to identify the problems if the whole network goes down.
 It can be hard to troubleshoot individual device issues.
 Not great for large networks.
 Terminators are required for both ends of the main cable.
 Additional devices slow the network down.
 If a main cable is damaged, the network fails or splits into two.
2. Ring Topology
In Ring Topology, all the nodes are connected to each-other in such a way that they make a closed
loop. Each workstation is connected to two other components on either side, and it communicates
with these two adjacent neighbours. Data travels around the network, in one direction. Sending
and receiving of data takes place by the help of TOKEN.
Token Passing (in brief) : Token contains a
piece of information which along with data
is sent by the source computer. This token
then passes to next node, which checks if
the signal is intended to it. If yes, it
receives it and passes the empty to into the
network, otherwise passes token along with
the data to next node. This process
continues until the signal reaches its
intended destination. The nodes with token
are the ones only allowed to send data.
Other nodes have to wait for an empty
token to reach them. This network is
usually found in offices, schools and small
buildings.
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Advantages:
 This type of network topology is very organized. Each node gets to send the data when it
receives an empty token. This helps to reduces chances of collision. Also in ring
topology all the traffic flows in only one direction at very high speed.
 Even when the load on the network increases, its performance is better than that of Bus
topology.
 There is no need for network server to control the connectivity between workstations.
Additional components do not affect the performance of network.
Each computer has equal access to resources.
Disadvantages:
 Each packet of data must pass through all the computers between source and destination.
This makes it slower than Star topology.
 If one workstation or port goes down, the entire network gets affected.
 Network is highly dependent on the wire which connects different components.
MAU’s and network cards are expensive as compared to Ethernet cards and hubs.
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Practical 3: LAN Trainer Kit – Star & Mesh Topology
1. Star Topology
In Star topology, all the components of network are connected to the central device called
“hub” which may be a hub, a router or a switch. Unlike Bus topology (discussed earlier),
where nodes were connected to central cable, here all
the workstations are connected to central device with
a point-to-point connection. So it can be said that
every computer is indirectly connected to every other
node by the help of “hub”.
All the data on the star topology passes through the
central device before reaching the intended
destination. Hub acts as a junction to connect
different nodes present in Star Network, and at the
same time it manages and controls whole of the
network. Depending on which central device is used,
“hub” can act as repeater or signal booster. Central
device can also communicate with other hubs of
different network. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Ethernet cable is used to connect workstations to
central node.
Advantages
 As compared to Bus topology it gives far much better performance, signals don’t
necessarily get transmitted to all the workstations. A sent signal reaches the intended
destination after passing through no more than 3-4 devices and 2-3 links. Performance of
the network is dependent on the capacity of central hub.
 Easy to connect new nodes or devices. In star topology new nodes can be added easily
without affecting rest of the network. Similarly components can also be removed easily.
 Centralized management. It helps in monitoring the network.
 Failure of one node or link doesn’t affect the rest of network. At the same time it’s easy
to detect the failure and troubleshoot it.
Disadvantages
 Too much dependency on central device has its own drawbacks. If it fails whole network
goes down.
 The use of hub, a router or a switch as central device increases the overall cost of the
network.
 Performance and as well number of nodes which can be added in such topology is
depended on capacity of central device.
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2. Mesh Topology
In a mesh network topology, each of the network node,

computer and other devices, are interconnected with one
another. Every node not only sends its own signals but also
relays data from other nodes. In fact a true mesh topology
is the one where every node is connected to every other
node in the network. This type of topology is very
expensive as there are many redundant connections, thus it
is not mostly used in computer networks. It is commonly
used in wireless networks. Flooding or routing technique is
used in mesh topology.
Advantages
 Data can be transmitted from different devices simultaneously. This topology can
withstand high traffic.
 Even if one of the components fails there is always an alternative present. So data transfer
doesn’t get affected.
 Expansion and modification in topology can be done without disrupting other nodes.
Disadvantages
 There are high chances of redundancy in many of the network connections.
 Overall cost of this network is way too high as compared to other network topologies.
 Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very difficult. Even administration of the
network is tough.
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Practical 4: Hub, Switch, Router, Bridge
1. Hub: - A hub is basically a multiport repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from
different branches, for example, the connector in star topology which connects different
stations. Hubs cannot filter data,
so data packets are sent to all
connected devices. In other
words, collision domain of all
hosts connected through Hub
remains one. Also, they do not
have intelligence to find out best
path for data packets which leads
to inefficiencies and wastage.
2. Switch: - A switch is a multi port
bridge with a buffer and a design
that can boost its efficiency (large
number of ports imply less
traffic) and performance. Switch
is data link layer device. Switch
can perform error checking before
forwarding data, that makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets that have errors and
forward good packets selectively to correct port only. In other words, switch divides collision
domain of hosts, but broadcast domain remains same.
3. Bridge: - A bridge operates at data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on functionality
of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination. It is also used for
interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol. It has a single input and single
output port, thus making it a 2 port device.
4. Router: - A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP
addresses. Router is mainly a Network
Layer device. Routers normally
connect LANs and WANs together and
have a dynamically updating routing
table based on which they make
decisions on routing the data packets.
Router divide broadcast domains of
hosts connected through it.
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Practical 5: NIC, Repeater, Gateway
1. NIC: In the early days of computing, individual computers operated as stand-alone

systems. The earliest personal
computers did not have an easy way
to connect to other computers. In
order to transfer files between
computers, you had to use a portable
storage medium such as a floppy
disk; however, in modern-day
computers, connecting to a network
is essential. For example, you need to
connect to use e-mail, access
information on the Internet, and share
documents within a corporate
network. A computer uses a network
interface card (NIC) to become part
of a network. The NIC contains the
electronic circuitry required to communicate using a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) or
a wireless connection (e.g., Wi-Fi). A network interface card is also known as a network
interface controller, network adapter, or Local Area Network (LAN) adapter. Early NICs
typically consisted of an expansion card connected to a computer's motherboard.
2. Repeater: A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal
over the same network before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to extend
the length to which the signal can be transmitted over the same network. An important
point to be noted about repeaters is that they do no amplify the signal. When the signal
becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the original strength. It
is a 2 port device.
3. Gateway: A computer that controls the traffic of your LAN or your ISP receives is a
Gateway. A server serves as a Gateway, the gateway also works as a firewall and a
proxy server. A Gateway is a device such as a mini or microcomputer capable of
operating on a standalone basis but which also provides connection for communication
with the other computers and access to shared resources. Normally a gateway is
associated with a router. A router is a device that lets you know the next network data
should be sent to next. A router can be connected to more than one network at a time. A
gateway is associated with a router because a router which uses headers and forwarding
tables to figure out where packets or data is sent provides the path through which
information is sent in and out a gateway.
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Practical 6: Straight-through, Crossover and Rollover wiring
Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to
another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used with LANs. In some cases, a
network will utilize only one type of cable, other networks will use a variety of cable types. The
type of cable chosen for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol, and size.
Understanding the characteristics of different types of cable and how they relate to other aspects
of a network is necessary for the development of a successful network.
The following sections discuss the types of cables used in networks and other related topics.
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
 Coaxial Cable
 Fiber Optic Cable
 Cable Installation Guides
 Wireless LANs
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
1. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable: - Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties:
shielded and unshielded. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the
best option for school networks (See fig. 1).
Fig.1. Unshielded twisted pair
The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely high-speed cable. The
cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a different number of
twists per inch to help eliminate interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices.
The tighter the twisting, the higher the supported transmission rate and the greater the cost per
foot. The EIA/TIA (Electronic Industry Association/Telecommunication Industry Association)
has established standards of UTP and rated six categories of wire (additional categories are
emerging).
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Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair: -
Category Speed Use

1 1 Mbps Voice Only (Telephone Wire)
2 4 Mbps LocalTalk & Telephone (Rarely used)
3 16 Mbps 10BaseT Ethernet
4 20 Mbps Token Ring (Rarely used)
100 Mbps (2 pair) 100BaseT Ethernet
5
1000 Mbps (4 pair) Gigabit Ethernet
5e 1,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
6 10,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
2. Unshielded Twisted Pair Connector: - The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair
cabling is an RJ-45 connector. This is a plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style
connector (See fig. 2). A slot allows the RJ-45 to be inserted only one way. RJ stands for
Registered Jack, implying that the connector follows a standard borrowed from the telephone
industry. This standard designates which wire goes with each pin inside the connector.
Fig.2.RJ-45 connector
1. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable: - Although UTP cable is the least expensive cable,
it may be susceptible to radio and electrical frequency interference (it should not be too
close to electric motors, fluorescent lights, etc.). If you must place cable in environments
with lots of potential interference, or if you must place cable in extremely sensitive
environments that may be susceptible to the electrical current in the UTP, shielded twisted
pair may be the solution. Shielded cables can also help to extend the maximum distance of
the cables.
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Shielded twisted pair cable is available in three different configurations:
1. Each pair of wires is individually shielded with foil.

2. There is a foil or braid shield inside the jacket covering all wires (as a group).
3. There is a shield around each individual pair, as well as around the entire group of wires
(referred to as double shield twisted pair).
3.Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation
between the center conductor and a braided metal shield (See fig. 3). The metal shield helps to
block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers.
Fig. 3. Coaxial cable
Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal interference. In

addition, it can support greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable.
The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial and thin coaxial. Thin coaxial cable is also
referred to as thin net. 10Base2 refers to the specifications for thin coaxial cable carrying
Ethernet signals. The 2 refers to the approximate maximum segment length being 200 meters. In
actual fact the maximum segment length is 185 meters. Thin coaxial cable has been popular in
school networks, especially linear bus networks.
Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thick net. 10Base5 refers to the specifications for thick
coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 5 refers to the maximum segment length being 500
meters. Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture away
from the centre conductor. This makes thick coaxial a great choice when running longer lengths
in a linear bus network. One disadvantage of thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and is
difficult to install.
4.Coaxial Cable Connectors :- The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is
the Bayone-Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector (See fig. 4). Different types of adapters are
available for BNC connectors, including a T-connector, barrel connector, and terminator.
Connectors on the cable are the weakest points in any network. To help avoid problems with
your network, always use the BNC connectors that crimp, rather screw, onto the cable.
Fig. 4. BNC connector

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5.Fibre Optic Cable: - Fibre optic cabling consists of a centre glass core surrounded by several
layers of protective materials (See fig. 5). It transmits light rather than electronic signals
eliminating the problem of electrical interference. This makes it ideal for certain environments
that contain a large amount of electrical interference. It has also made it the standard for
connecting networks between buildings, due to its immunity to the effects of moisture and
lighting. Fibre optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances than
coaxial and twisted pair. It also has the capability to carry information at vastly greater speeds.
This capacity broadens communication possibilities to include services such as video
conferencing and interactive services. The cost of fiber optic cabling is comparable to copper
cabling; however, it is more difficult to install and modify. 10BaseF refers to the specifications
for fibre optic cable carrying Ethernet signals.
The centre core of fibre cables is made from glass or plastic fibre (see fig 5). A plastic coating
then cushions the fibre centre, and Kevlar fibre help to strengthen the cables and prevent
breakage. The outer insulating jacket made of teflon or PVC.
Fig. 5. Fibre optic cable
There are two common types of fibre cables -- single mode and multimode. Multimode cable has
a larger diameter; however, both cables provide high bandwidth at high speeds. Single mode can
provide more distance, but it is more expensive.
Specification Cable Type

10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair
10Base2 Thin Coaxial
10Base5 Thick Coaxial
100BaseFX Fiber Optic
100BaseBX Single mode Fiber
100BaseSX Multimode Fiber
1000BaseFX Fiber Optic
1000BaseBX Single mode Fiber
1000BaseSX Multimode Fiber
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Practical 7: Linux / Windows Commands
It is sometimes useful to know the network commands to analyze or configure your TCP/IP
networks
Here is the list of commands that can be used in the command prompt:
Ping:- Test the network connection with a remote IP address
ping-t [IP or host]
ping-l 1024 [IP or host]
The -t option to ping continuously until Ctrl-C is pressed.

If you specify the -t option you can always get statistics without interrupting pings by pressing
Ctrl + Break
This command is also useful to generate network load by specifying the size of the packet with
the -l option and the packet size in bytes.
Tracert: - Displays all intermediate IP addresses through which a packet passes through,
between the local machine and the specified IP address.
tracert [@IP or host]
tracert -d [@IP or host]
This command is useful if the ping command does return any data, to determine at what level the
connection failed.
IpConfig: - Displays or refresh the TCP/IP configuration
ipconfig /all [/release [adapter]] [/renew [adapter]] /flushdns /displaydns /registerdns [-a] [-a] [-a]
This command, when executed with no options, displays the current IP address, the subnet mask
and default gateway (network interfaces of the local machine)
 /all: Displays all network configuration, including DNS, WINS, DHCP servers, etc ...
 /renew [adapter]: Renews DHCP configuration for all adapters (if adapter is not specified) or
a specific adapter indicated by the [adapter] parameter.
 /release [adapter]: Sends a DHCPRELEASE message to the DHCP server to release the
current DHCP configuration and cancel the IP address configuration for all adapters (if
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adapter is not specified) or a specific adapter indicated by the [adapter] parameter. This
parameter disables TCP/IP for network cards configured to automatically obtain an IP
address.
 /flushdns: Empty and reset the DNS client resolver cache. This option is useful to exclude
negative entries and all other entries added dynamically to the cache.
 /displaydns: Displays the DNS client resolver cache, which includes entries preloaded from
the local host file and any recently obtained records for name queries resolved by the host
computer. The DNS Client service uses this information to quickly resolve frequently queried
names, before querying the configured DNS servers.
 /registerdns: Refreshes all DHCP leases and re-registers DNS names.
NetStat: - Displays the status of the TCP/IP stack on the local machine
NETSTAT [-a] [-e] [-n] [-s] [-p proto] [-r] [interval]
 -a Displays all connections and listening ports (server-side connections are normally
inhibited).
 -e Displays Ethernet statistics. Can be combined with the -s option.
 -n Displays addresses and port numbers in numerical form.
 -p proto Shows connections for the protocol specified by proto, proto may be TCP or UDP.
Used with the -s option to display per-protocol statistics, proto may be TCP, UDP or IP.
 -r Displays the contents of the routing table.
 -s Displays statistics by protocol. By default, statistics on TCP, UDP and IP are displayed, the
-p option can be used to specify a subset.
 interval: Re-display the selected statistics, pausing after a specific "interval" (in seconds)
between each display. Press Ctrl + C to stop displaying statistics.
 -abnov Displays processes using the internet connection (local IP address, port, remote IP
adress and the PID of the process that uses the connection as well as its name).
Route :- Displays or modifies the routing table
ROUTE [-f] [command [destination] [MASK network mask] [gateway]
 -f Clears the routing tables of all gateway entries. Used in conjunction with one of the below
"commands", the tables are cleared before executing the command.
 -p Makes the entry into the table, residual (after reboot).
Specify one of four commands:
 DELETE: Deletes a route.
 PRINT: Displays a route.
 ADD: Adds a route.
 CHANGE: Modifies an existing route.
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 destination: Specifies the host.

 MASK: If the MASK keyword is present, the next parameter is interpreted as the network
mask parameter.
 netmask: Provided, it specifies the value of the subnet mask to be associated with this route
entry. Unspecified, it takes the default value of 255.255.255.255.
 Gateway: Specifies the gateway.
 METRIC: Specifies the cost metric for the destination
Arp: - Resolving IP addresses to MAC addresses. Displays and modifies the translation tables of
IP addresses to physical addresses used by the ARP address resolution protocol.
ARP -s adr_inet adr_eth [adr_if]
ARP -d adr_inet [adr_if]
ARP -a [adr_inet] [-N adr_if]
 -a Displays active ARP entries by interrogating the current data protocol. If adr_inet is
specified, only the physical and IP addresses of the specified computer are displayed. If more
than one network interface uses ARP, entries for each ARP table are displayed.
 -g is the same as -a
 adr_inet Specifies an internet address.
 -N adr_if Displays ARP entries for the network interface specified by adr_if.
 -d Deletes the host specified by adr_inet.
 -s Adds the host and associates the adr_inet internet address with the adr_eth physical
address. The physical address is given as 6 hexadecimal bytes separated by hyphens. The
entry is permanent.
 adr_eth Specifies a physical address.
 adr_if Specifies the internet interface whose address translation table should be modified.
When not specified, the first applicable interface will be used.
Nbtstat: - Update cache of the LMHOSTS file. Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP
connections using NBT (NetBIOS over TCP/IP).
NBTSTAT [-a Remote Name] [-A IP address] [-c] [-n] [-r] [-R] [-s] [S] [interval]
-a (adapter status) display the table (names) of the remote machine (known name).
-A (adapter status) display the table (names) of the remote machine (IP address).
-c (cache) display the remote name cache including the IP addresses.
-n (names) Lists local NetBIOS names.
-r (resolved) Lists names resolved by broadcast and via WINS.
-R (Reload) Clear and reload the table cache with the remote names.
-S (Sessions) Lists the sessions table with the destination IP addresses.
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-s (sessions) Lists the sessions table with the destination IP addresses converted to host names
via the hosts file.
Example : nbtstat -A @IP
This command returns the NetBIOS name, system name, users connected ... to the remote
machine.
Telnet: -
telnet <IP or host>
telnet <IP or host> <port TCP>
The telnet command to access to a remote host in Terminal mode (passive screen) . It also allows
you to check if any TCP service is running on a remote server by specifying the IP address after
the TCP port number. Thus we can test whether the SMTP Service is running on a Microsoft
Exchange server, using the IP address of the SMTP connector, and then 25 as the port number.
The most common ports are:
 ftp (21),
 telnet (23),
 smtp (25),
 www (80),
 kerberos (88),
 pop3 (110),
 nntp (119)
 and nbt (137-139).
Ftp :-
Client to upload files
ftp -s:<file>
 -s This option allows you to run FTP in batch mode: Specifies a text file containing FTP
commands.
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Practical 8: Configure DNS
DNS is a globally distributed, scalable, hierarchical, and dynamic database that provides a
mapping between hostnames, IP addresses (both IPv4 and IPv6), text records, mail exchange
information (MX records), name server information (NS records), and security key information
defined in Resource Records (RRs). The information defined in RRs is grouped into zones and
maintained locally on a DNS server so it can be retrieved
globally through the distributed DNS architecture. DNS can use either the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) or Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and historically uses a destination port
of 53. When the DNS protocol uses UDP as the transport, it has the ability to deal with UDP
retransmission and sequencing.
DNS is composed of a hierarchical domain name space that contains a tree-like data structure of
linked domain names (nodes). Domain name space uses Resource Records (RRs) that may or
may not exist to store information about the domain. The tree-like data structure for the domain
name space starts at the root zone ".", which is the top most level of the DNS hierarchy.
Although it is not typically displayed in user applications, the DNS root is represented as a
trailing dot in a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). For example, the right-most dot in
"www.cisco.com." represents the root zone. From the root zone, the DNS hierarchy is then split
into sub-domain (branches) zones.
Each domain name is composed of one or more labels. Labels are separated with "." and may
contain a maximum of 63 characters. A FQDN may contain a maximum of 255 characters,
including the ".". Labels are constructed from right to left, where the label at the far right is the
top level domain (TLD) for the domain name.
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Important DNS Terminology: -
To understand DNS and the DNS-specific recommendations in this document, it is important that
operators and administrators are familiar with the following terms:
Resolver: A DNS client that sends DNS messages to obtain information about the requested
domain name space.
Recursion: The action taken when a DNS server is asked to query on behalf of a DNS resolver.
Authoritative Server: A DNS server that responds to query messages with information stored in
RRs for a domain name space stored on the server.
Recursive Resolver: A DNS server that recursively queries for the information asked in the DNS
query.
FQDN: A Fully Qualified Domain Name is the absolute name of a device within the distributed
DNS database.
RR: A Resource Record is a format used in DNS messages that is composed of the following
fields: NAME, TYPE, CLASS, TTL, RDLENGTH, and RDATA.
Zone: A database that contains information about the domain name space stored on an
authoritative server.
Primary Function of DNS: - DNS primarily translates hostnames to IP addresses or IP

addresses to hostnames. This translation process is accomplished by a DNS resolver (this could
be a client application such as a web browser or an e-mail client, or a DNS application such as
BIND) sending a DNS query to a DNS server requesting the information defined in a RR. Some
examples of the DNS resolution process follow:
 If the DNS server is only configured as an authoritative server and it receives a DNS
query message asking about information which the server is authoritative, it will cause
the server to inspect locally stored RR information and return the value of the record in
the 'Answer Section' of a DNS response message. If the requested information for the
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DNS query message does not exist, the DNS server will respond with a NXDOMAIN
(Non-Existent Domain) DNS response message or a DNS Referral Response message.
 If the DNS server is authoritative, not configured as a recursive resolver, and it receives a
DNS query message asking about information which the server is not authoritative, it
will cause the server to issue a DNS response message containing RRs in the 'Authority
Section' and the address mapping for the FQDN from that section may be present in the
'Additional Section'. This informs the DNS resolver where to send queries in order to
obtain authoritative information for the question in the DNS query. This is also known
as a DNS Referral Response message.
 If the DNS server is not authoritative but is configured as a recursive resolver and it
receives a DNS query asking about information, it will cause the server to recursively
query (iterative queries) the DNS architecture for the authoritative DNS server of the
information included in the DNS request. Once the recursive DNS resolver has obtained
this information, it will provide that information to the original DNS resolver using a
DNS response message and the RR will be non-authoritative (since the recursive DNS
resolver is not authoritative for the requested information). The recursive DNS resolver
may also have knowledge about the requested information stored in DNS cache. If the
requested information is present in the DNS cache, then the recursive DNS resolver will
respond with that RR information.
DNS Server service: Disable Recursion using Windows User Interface
The following steps provide information on how to disable recursion for the DNS Server service
using the Windows User Interface (UI).
1. Open DNS using the following procedure:

o Left-click on Start
o Left-click on Control Panel
o Double-click Administrative Tools
o Double-click DNS
2. Within the console tree, right-click the DNS server that recursion will be disabled for and
then select Properties.
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3. Next, left-click the Advanced tab.

4. Within Server options, select the Disable recursion check box and then left-click on OK.
DNS Server service: Disable Recursion using Windows Command-Line: -
1. Open a Command Prompt using the following procedure:

o Left-click on Start
o Left-click on Run
o The Run dialog box will appear
o Type cmd in the text box to the right of "Open:"
2. At the Command Prompt, issue the following command:
DnsCmd ServerName /Config /NoRecursion {1|0}
 DnsCmd: This is the name of the tool used from the CLI to perform administrative tasks
for the DNS Server service.
 /Config: Specifies that the argument for the DnsCmd command applies to the
configuration of the DNS Server service.
 /NoRecursion: Specifies that an argument of 1 or 0 will follow to disable or enable
recursion for the DNS Server service.
 {1|0} This is the name of the tool used from the CLI to perform administrative tasks for
the DNS Server service.
Using either of the previous configuration examples for the DNS Server service will disable
recursion for all resolvers sending recursive DNS queries to the server. If recursion is disabled,
operators will not be able to use DNS forwarders on that server. Microsoft provides additional
information operators can use to harden the configuration of the DNS Server service. More
information is available in the Securing the DNS Server service or Security Information for
DNS documentation.
Microsoft Windows also provides a feature called DNS Server Secure Cache Against
Pollution that ignores the RRs in DNS response messages received from a non-authoritative
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server. Note that this feature is enabled by default on Windows 2000 Service Pack 3 (SP3) and
Windows Server 2003, and that using this feature will also produce more queries sent from the
DNS server.
Install and Configure DNS Server in Linux: - BIND is the most common program used for
maintaining a name server on Linux.
Install Bind: -
Install the bind9 package using the appropriate package management utilities for your Linux
distributions.
On Debian/Ubuntu flavors, do the following:
$ sudo apt-get install bind9
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Practical 9: Configure Static Routing
To configure static routes on Windows Server 2003 : -
1. On the desktop, right-click My Network Places, and then click Properties.

2. In the Network and Dial-up Properties window, right-click <adapter name>, and then
click Properties.
3. In the <adapter name> Properties dialog box, in the Components checked are used by this
connection section, click Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and then click Properties.
4. In the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box, click Advanced.
5. In the Advanced TCP/IP Settings dialog box, on the IP Settings tab, in the Default
gateways section, click Add.
6. In the TCP/IP Gateway Address dialog box, in the Gateway box, type the IP address of
the default gateway or router interface, and then click Add.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 for each additional router interface (if applicable).
8. In the Advanced TCP/IP Settings dialog box, click OK.
9. In the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box, click OK.
10. In the <adapter name> Properties dialog box, click OK.
11. Restart the server.
To configure static routes on Windows Server 2008: -
1. On the desktop, right-click Network, and then click Properties.

2. In the Network and Sharing Center window, click Manage network connections.
3. Right-click <adapter name>, and then click Properties.
4. In the <adapter name> Properties dialog box, in the This connection uses the following
items section, click Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) or Internet Protocol Version
6 (TCP/IPv6), as required, and then click Properties.
5. In the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) or Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6)
dialog box, click Advanced.
6. In the Advanced TCP/IP Settings dialog box, on the IP Settings tab, in the Default
gateways section, click Add.
7. In the TCP/IP Gateway Address dialog box, in the TCP/IP Gateway Address box, type
the IP address of the default gateway or router interface, and then click Add.
8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for each additional router interface (if applicable).
9. In the Advanced TCP/IP Settings dialog box, click OK.
10. In the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) or Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6)
Properties dialog box, click OK.
11. In the <adapter name> Properties dialog box, click OK.
12. Restart the server.
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Practical 10: Link State Vector Routing Algorithm
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol and. It computes the shortest path
tree for each route using a method based on Dijkstra algorithm, a shortest path first algorithm.
This interior gateway protocol (IGP) is most popular in large enterprise networks. OSPF is used to
determine the best route for delivering the packets within an IP networks. It gathers link state
information from
available routers and
constructs a topology
map of the network.
The topology
determines the routing
table presented to the
Internet Layer which
makes routing decisions
based solely on the
destination IP address
found in IP packets. It
exhibits faster routing
compared to RIP. OSPF
detects changes in the
topology, such as link
failures and converges
on a new loop-free
routing structure within seconds. Each OSPF router stores the local network connection state with
Link State Advertisement (LSA) and advertises to the entire AS. LSA is a packet that contains all
relevant information regarding a router's links and the state of those links. Each router receives the
LSA generated by all routers within the AS. The LSA collection then forms Link State Database
(LSDB). Each LSA is the description of the surrounding network topology of a router. Hence, the
LSDB reflects the AS network topology. Based on the link-state database, each router or system
calculates a shortest-path spanning tree, with itself as the root, using the SPF algorithm. OSPF has
five different packet types. Each packet has a specific purpose in OSPF route.
1. Hello packet.
2. Database description.
3. Link state request packet.
4. Link state update.
5. Link state acknowledgment packet.
Procedure:
1. Develop a Topology shown in figure.

2. Configure all the workstations
3. Configure all switches
4. Configure all Routers
5. Implement OSPF protocols in Router to configure Network.
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CN(3150710) Laboratory Manuals L211290116062

1 Introduction to Networking Simulator

3 LAN Trainer Kit – Star & Mesh Topology

4 Hub, Switch , Router, Bridge

5 NIC, Repeater, Gateway

6 Straight-through, Crossover and Rollover

7 Linux / Windows Commands

9 Configure static routing

10 Link State Vector Routing Algorithm

Practical 1: Introduction to Networking Simulator Packet Tracer.

What is Packet Tracer?

Introduction to the Packet Tracer Interface using a Hub Topology

Step 1: Start Packet Tracer and Entering Simulation Mode

Step 2: Choosing Devices and Connections

Perform the following steps to connect PC0 to Hub0:

Click once Connect PC2 to Hub0 by first choosing Connections.

Perform the following steps to connect PC2 to Switch0:

Step 5: Configuring IP Addresses and Subnet Masks on the Hosts

Verify the information

Deleting a Device or Link

Step 6: Connecting Hub0 to Switch0

Move the Connections cursor to Switch0.

e. Choose the Reset Simulation button in the Simulation window.

f. Choose the Capture / Forward button.

Task 2 View ARP Tables on each PC.

NOTE: To deactivate the Inspect Tool, click on the Select Tool

Task 3 Adding routers and installing modules

a. In the Network Component Box, click on the router.

b. Select an 1841 router.

Physical, Config, and CLI (Physical is the default mode).

g. Power the device back on.

Task 4 Basic router configuration

d. Drag the new device to the desired location.

Task 6 Configuring the WAN link

Task 7 Configure the routing protocol

Task 8 Set the default gateway on the PCs

Task 9 Test the connectivity of the network

Task 10 Save the Packet Tracer file

Practical 2: LAN Trainer Kit – Bus & Ring Topology

Alternatively referred to as a line topology, a bus

Practical 3: LAN Trainer Kit – Star & Mesh Topology

In a mesh network topology, each of the network node,

Practical 4: Hub, Switch, Router, Bridge

Practical 5: NIC, Repeater, Gateway

1. NIC: In the early days of computing, individual computers operated as stand-alone

Practical 6: Straight-through, Crossover and Rollover wiring

 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

Fig.1. Unshielded twisted pair

Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair: -

Category Speed Use

Shielded twisted pair cable is available in three different configurations:

1. Each pair of wires is individually shielded with foil.

Fig. 3. Coaxial cable

Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal interference. In

Fig. 4. BNC connector

Fig. 5. Fibre optic cable

Specification Cable Type

Practical 7: Linux / Windows Commands

Ping:- Test the network connection with a remote IP address

ping-t [IP or host]

ping-l 1024 [IP or host]

The -t option to ping continuously until Ctrl-C is pressed.

tracert [@IP or host]