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Chapter 2:
Individual Behaviour,
Personality, and Values
Prepared by:
Steven L. McShane (The University of Western Australia)
Sandra L. Steen (University of Regina)
Kevin Tasa (York University)
Page 2-1
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Individual Behaviour,
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, students should be able to:
LO1. Describe the four factors that directly influence individual behaviour and performance.
LO2. Summarize the five types of individual behaviour in organizations.
LO3. Describe personality and discuss how the “Big Five” personality dimensions and four
MBTI types relate to individual behaviour in organizations.
LO4. Summarize Schwartz’s model of individual values and discuss the conditions where
values influence behaviour.
LO5. Describe three ethical principles and discuss three factors that influence ethical
behaviour.
LO6. Describe five values commonly studied across cultures, and discuss the diverse
cultures within Canada.
CHAPTER GLOSSARY
ability -- The natural aptitudes and learned capabilities counterproductive work behaviours (CWBs) --
required to successfully complete a task. Voluntary behaviours that have the potential to directly
or indirectly harm the organization.
achievement-nurturing orientation -- A cross-cultural
value describing the degree to which people in a culture extraversion -- A personality dimension describing
emphasize competitive versus cooperative relations with people who are outgoing, talkative, sociable, and
other people. assertive.
collectivism -- A cross-cultural value describing the five-factor model (FFM) -- The five broad dimensions
degree to which people in a culture emphasize duty to represent- ing most personality traits: conscientiousness,
groups to which they belong, and to group harmony. emotional stability, openness to experience,
agreeableness, and extraversion.
conscientiousness -- A personality dimension describing
people who are organized, dependable, goal-focused, individualism -- A cross-cultural value describing the
thorough, disciplined, methodical, and industrious. degree to which people in a culture emphasize
independence and personal uniqueness.
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© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 2: Individual Behaviour, Personality, and Values
mindfulness -- A person’s receptive and impartial personality -- The relatively enduring pattern of
attention to and awareness of the present situation as thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize a
well as to one’s own thoughts and emotions in that person, along with the psychological processes behind
moment. those characteristics.
moral intensity -- The degree to which an issue demands power distance -- A cross-cultural value describing the
the application of ethical principles. degree to which people in a culture accept unequal
distribution of power in a society.
moral sensitivity -- A person’s ability to recognize the
presence of an ethical issue and determine its relative presenteeism -- Attending scheduled work when one’s
importance. capacity to perform is significantly diminished by illness
or other factors.
motivation -- The forces within a person that affect his or
her direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary role perceptions -- The degree to which a person
behaviour. understands the job duties assigned to or expected of
him or her.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) -- An instrument
designed to measure the elements of Jungian personality uncertainty avoidance -- A cross-cultural value
theory, particularly preferences regarding perceiving describing the degree to which people in a culture
and judging information. tolerate ambiguity (low uncertainty avoidance) or feel
threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high
neuroticism -- A personality dimension describing
uncertainty avoidance).
people who tend to be anxious, insecure, self-conscious,
depressed, and temperamental.
organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) -- Various
forms of cooperation and helpfulness to others that
support the organization’s social and psychological
context.
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© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
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As early as the reign of Edward III. (1327-1377), there is record of
a number of stationarii as carrying on business in Oxford. In an
Oxford manuscript dating from this reign, there is an inscription of a
certain Mr. William Reed, of Merton College, who tells us that he
purchased this book from a stationarius.[410]
In London, there is record of an active trade in manuscripts being
in existence as early as the middle of the fourteenth century. The
trade in writing materials, such as parchment, paper, and ink,
appears not to have been organised as in Paris, but to have been
carried on in large part by the grocers and mercers. In the
housekeeping accounts of King John of France, covering the period
of his imprisonment in England, in the years 1359 and 1360, occur
entries such as the following:
“To Peter, a grocer of Lincoln, for four quaires of paper,
two shillings and four pence.”
“To John Huistasse, grocer, for a main of paper and a
skin of parchment, 10 pence.”
“To Bartholomew Mine, grocer, for three quaires of
paper, 27 pennies.”[411]
The manuscript-trade in London concentrated itself in Paternoster
Row, the street which became afterwards the centre of the trade in
printed books.
The earliest English manuscript-dealer whose name is on record is
Richard Lynn, who, in the year 1358, was stationarius in Oxford.[412]
The name of John Browne occurs in several Oxford manuscripts on
about the date of 1400. Nicholas de Frisia, an Oxford librarius of
about 1425, was originally an undergraduate. He did energetic work
as a book scribe and, later, appears to have carried on an important
business in manuscripts. His inscription is found first on a manuscript
entitled Petri Thomæ Quæstiones, etc., which manuscript has been
preserved in the library of Merton.
There is record, as early as 1359, of a manuscript-dealer in the
town of Lincoln who called himself Johannes Librarius, and who
sold, in 1360, several books to the French King John. It is a little
difficult to understand how in a quiet country town like Lincoln with
no university connections, there should have been enough business
in the fourteenth century to support a librarius.
The earliest name on record in London is that of Thomas Vycey,
who was a stationarius in 1433. A few years later we find on a
parchment manuscript containing the wise sayings of a certain
Lombardus, the inscription of Thomas Masoun, “librarius of gilde
hall.”
Between the years 1461 and 1475, a certain Piers Bauduyn,
dealer in manuscripts, and also a bookbinder, purchased a number
of books for Edward IV. In the household accounts of Edward
appears the following entry: “Paid to Piers Bauduyn, bookseller, for
binding, gilding and dressing a copy of Titus Livius, 20 shillings; for
binding, gilding and dressing a copy of the Holy Trinity, 16 shillings;
for binding, gilding and dressing a work entitled ‘The Bible’ 16
shillings.”
William Praat, who was a mercer of London, between the years
1470 and 1480 busied himself also with the trade in manuscripts,
and purchased, for William Caxton, various manuscripts from France
and from Belgium.
Kirchhoff finds record of manuscript-dealers in Spain as early as
the first decade of the fifteenth century. He prints the name, however,
of but one, a certain Antonius Raymundi, a librarius of Barcelona,
whose inscription, dated 1413, appears in a manuscript of
Cassiodorus.
PART II.
THE EARLIER PRINTED BOOKS.
PART II.
THE EARLIER PRINTED BOOKS.
CHAPTER I.
THE RENAISSANCE AS THE FORERUNNER OF THE
PRINTING-PRESS.