SPCE 630 Exam 1

Inconsistent implementation of condition protocols refers to which threat to internal validity? -

ANS Procedural Fidelity

Which level of scientific understanding includes observation and accurate description of

phenomena? - ANS Description

Which level of scientific understanding refers to observing the correlation between two
variables? - ANS Prediction

Which level of scientific understanding refers to reliable change produced by change in the
independent variable? - ANS Control

Single case research design differs from group design in that the participant serves as their
own: - ANS Control

Articles in which researchers report the findings of original research are: - ANS Primary
Research

Articles in which the authors summarize the findings of other researchers are: - ANS Review
Articles

Articles that report statistical analyses from existing research are: - ANS Meta Analyses

Duration recording is a suitable data collection method for all of the following behaviors - ANS
Amount of time spend socializing with peers
Total number of minutes a student engage in on-task behavior
Length of time spent engaging with play materials

Event recording is used to measure behaviors that: - ANS Have a clear beginning and end
Do not occur at a frequency that is too high to count
Are brief and temporary

Variables manipulated by researchers are known as: - ANS Independent Variables

Which of the following is the correct APA citation (7th edition)? - ANS Ledford, J. R., & Gast,
D. L. (Eds.). (2018). Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and
behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Well-designed applied research studies should - ANS Include systematic study of behaviors in
typical environments

The committee responsible for examining proposed studies to ensure human participant safety
and ethical compliance is the - ANS Institutional Review Board

Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are ethical principles outlined in the - ANS
Belmont Report

The same level of risk a participant would encounter in daily life is - ANS Minimal Risk

Maximizing potential benefits while minimizing potential harm is - ANS Beneficence

Which of the following is a function of a literature review? - ANS Articulating what is

known/unknown about a topic
Improving plans for future studies
Building a foundation and rationale for a study

The methods section of a research article - ANS Provides a detailed operation description of
how the study was conducted

The relevance of a study's data is outlined in the: - ANS Discussion

The five sections of a final report in order are: - ANS Abstract, introduction, method, results,
discussion

Which type of recording samples behavior occurrences and provides an estimate of the actual
occurrences of the behavior? - ANS Discontinuous Recording

When using momentary time sampling, occurrences of the target behavior are recording if the
behavior occurs: - ANS At the end of the interval

If observers do not agree on behavior occurrences when collecting data (low interobserver
agreement), which common problems could be present? Check all that apply. - ANS Observer
Bias
Error
Observer Drift

Whole interval recording tends to - ANS Underestimate behavior occurrences

Which type of validity refers to whether or not the measurement procedures accurately reflect
the target behavior being measured? - ANS construct validity

Reliability and validity refer to the same concept. - ANS F

Which of the following is the best example of a non-reversible dependent variable - ANS
reading sight words

Researchers can write non-examples of target behaviors in order to help increase - ANS
reliability

Which type of IOA is calculated when researchers only look at intervals either or both observers
did NOT observe the target behavior - ANS unscored-interval IOA

Which is a measurement of whether the intervention was conducted as intended - ANS

treatment integrity

Measurement of procedural fidelity does all of the following - ANS Helps identify
implementation errors
Helps determine the sufficiency of an intervention implemented with low fidelity
Helps researchers explain variability in results that is related to inconsistent implementation

The extent to which experimenters trained implementers as planned is known as - ANS

implementation fidelity

The degree to which procedures of all experimental conditions are implemented as intended is
known as - ANS procedural fidelity

Summative analysis of treatment procedural fidelity increases which type of validity - ANS
internal

Common ways to measure treatment integrity include (check all that apply): - ANS Checklists
Self-reports
Direct systematic observation

A 5-year-old boy diagnosed with ASD started receiving ABA services. Which of the following is a
stakeholder in the evaluation of social significance - ANS The 5-year-old boy
The 5-year-old boy's parents
The 5-year-old boy's siblings

When measuring social validity, which of the following are more subject bias? - ANS
Participant/stakeholder judgments

What type of evidence should procedural fidelity provide? Check all that apply. - ANS
Adherence
Differentiation
Teaching socially important goals does which of the following? Check all that apply. - ANS
Teaches patients to engaging in behaviors valued by society
Helps improve participant quality of life
Helps improve quality of life of those who interact with participants

The Null Hypothesis - ANS States that any difference in the groups is due to chance

Results of group design yield - ANS A statistical relationship between the IV/DV

Researchers want to determine if sleep deprivation affects exam scores in college students. The
researchers plan to calculate a test statistic. Which would be a more appropriate study design? -
ANS Group Design

Researchers want to know if providing noncontingent attention will reduce a 3-year-old's

attention-maintained physical aggression. The researcher will use visual analysis. Which would
be a more appropriate study design? - ANS Single Case Research Design

Measures of central tendency include which of the following (check all that apply): - ANS
Mean
Median
Mode

Measures of dispersion include which of the following (check all that apply): - ANS Standard
Deviation
Variance
Range

Steps of sampling include which of the following (check all that apply): - ANS Defining the
population
Defining the sample
Determining the sample size needed
Determining the method for pulling the sample

Which type of sampling error refers to a lack of true understanding of the population researchers
want to study? - ANS Population Error

Which type of sampling error refers to the wrong sub-population being used to select the
sample? - ANS Sampling Frame Error

Which statistical considerations are used to determine the sample size needed for a study? -
ANS Power
Effect Size
Rejection Criteria
Critics of single case research design methodology argue that results cannot generalize outside
of the study due to - ANS too few participants

Replication is the ability to repeat the effect of which of the following - ANS dependent variable

Within-study direct replication includes all of the following - ANS Sequential introduction and
withdrawal designs
Rapid iterative alteration design
Time-lagged design

What distinguishes clinical replication from direct replication? - ANS Experimenters

administering a treatment package

The number of variables that change between studies will determine the extent of: - ANS
generality

Failure to replicate the findings of a study reveals its: - ANS limitations

Successful systematic replication leads to greater evidence of (check all that apply): - ANS
Reliability
Generality

Which type of replication is the repetition of an experiment by the same experimenter? - ANS
direct replication

Which type of replication involves conducting a series of studies and incorporating systematic
change? - ANS systematic replication

Purposes of replication involve which of the following (check all that apply): - ANS Assessing
internal validity
Finding exception
Assessing external validity

Which of the following is a defining feature of SCRD? - ANS Measurement is repeated

A single participant/cluster of participants count as a "case"
Participants serve as their own control

How many replication attempts must SCRD contain in order to meet evidence standards? -
ANS 3

Which of the following designs minimally meets the standards for demonstrating an intervention
effect? - ANS ABAB

How many data points should each phase in SCRD ideally include? - ANS 5
According to Horner et al. (2015), dependent variables are selected for their (check all that
apply): - ANS Importance to the participant
Importance to those who come in contact with the participant
Importance to society

As scientist practitioners, behavior analysts are responsible for (check all that apply): - ANS
Actively reading the literature
Evaluating data for the decision making
Producing new data to contribute to the larger scientific community

Which of the following is used when describing results for group designs? - ANS Statistical
significance

Which of the following is used when describing significant differences between baseline and
intervention conditions at the individual level? - ANS clinical significance

Applied research differs from basic research by all of the following - ANS Focusing on socially
significant behaviors
Manipulating variables to improve participants' behavior
Studying participants' behavior within natural social settings

When graphing data, the dependent variable is identified by which of the following? - ANS
Ordinate

When graphing data, the independent variable is identified by which of the following? - ANS
Abscissa

Which of the following are used to measure relative behavior change? - ANS Semi-logarithmic
charts

When using bar graphs, the height of the bar indicate the _____________ of the data? - ANS
Magnitude

When data are not collected continuously, what should be placed on the x-axis? - ANS Scale
break

Condition change lines are dotted and used to indicate major changes within an experimental
condition. - ANS F

Which form of data is often reported in tables? - ANS Participant demographics

Variations of line graphs include: - ANS Multiple dimensions of the same behavior
An effective graph presents data (check all that apply): - ANS Without distortion
Without bias
Clearly
Completely
Accurately