Activity 1. DIRECTIONS: Supply the following with the necessary information.

1. Compose the introductory paragraph of your research methodology.

2. Describe the general methodology that will utilize in your proposed study. Cite your references.
3. Why did you choose this general methodology?
4. What specific methodology will you utilize in your proposed study? Cite your references.
5. Why did you choose this specific methodology?

PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY

The population is a complete set of persons or objects that possess some common characteristics that are of
interest to the researcher.
A parameter is a numeric characteristic of a population.
A sample is subset of the entire population or a group of individuals that represents the population and serves as
respondents of the study.
A statistic is a numeric characteristic of a sample.

SAMPLE SIZE
FACTORS to Consider in Determining Sample Size
1. Homogeneity of the population. The higher the degree of homogeneity of the population, the smaller is the
sample size that can be utilized.
2. Degree of precision desired by the researcher. The larger the sample size, the higher is the precision or
accuracy of results.

TYPES OF SAMPLING PROCEDURE

Probability sampling utilizes smaller sample sizes than non-probability sampling. Sample sizes as small as 30 are
generally adequate to ensure that the sampling distribution of the mean will approximate the normal curve (Shott,
1990) When the total population is equal to or less than 100, this same number may serve as the sample size. This
is called universal sampling.

Slovin’s Formula
According to Gay (1976), the following are the acceptable sizes for different types of research:
Descriptive research – 10%-20% may be required
Correlational research – 30 subjects or respondents
Comparative research – 15 subjects/group
Experimental research – 15 – 30 subjects per group

KINDS OF SAMPLING
Probability sampling
Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling
Stratified random sampling
Non-probability sampling
Convenience sampling
Quota sampling
Purposive sampling

In formulating the selection, and describing the respondents of the study, the following elements must be discussed:
Total population and its parameters
The sample and its statistics
The sampling method with references to support it
An explanation and discussion of the sampling method
An explanation on how the sampling was done
And enumeration of the qualifying criteria
The profile of the respondents
Activity 2. DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions thoroughly. The used of additional references is
encouraged.
1. How would you describe the population and the parameter of your study?
2. What is the size of your sample? How did you arrive at this sample size?
3. What sampling method will you use? Why do you prefer this method?
4. How will you do the sampling? List down the steps.
5. What are the qualifying criteria for the selection of the sample?

INSTRUMENT OF THE STUDY

Most frequently used data collection techniques
1. Documentary analysis
2. Interview
3. Unstructured
4. Structured
5. Semi-structured
6. Observation
7. Structured
8. unstructured
9. Physiological measures
10. Psychological tests
11. Questionnaire

Relationship of the Reviewed Related Literature to the Questionnaire

Types of Questions
Wordings of Questions
Characteristics of a Good Data Collection Instrument
Scales Commonly Used in an Instrument

WORDING OF THE QUESTIONS

State questions in an affirmative rather than in a negative manner.
Avoid ambiguous questions, e.g., those which contain words like many, always, usually, few, etc.
Avoid double negative questions, e.g., Don’t you disagree with the idea that…?
Avoid double-barreled question, i.e., two questions in one. Do you want to pursue a doctorate degree in
education and seek an administrative position after graduation?

SCALES COMMONLY USED IN RESEARCH

1. Likert Scale. It is a common scaling technique which consists of several declarative statements that expresses a
viewpoint.
2. Semantic differential scale. The respondents are asked to rate concepts on a series of bipolar adjectives.

Activity 3. INSTRUMENT OF THE RESEARCH.

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions thoroughly. The used of additional references is encouraged.

1. What instrument(s) will you use to gather data to answer your questions? Describe the instrument(s). Cite
your reference.
2. Why did you choose this/these instrument(s)?
3. What will be the parts of your instrument? Include the major variables and sub-variables.
4. What rating scale will you use? Discuss in detail.
5. Formulate a question that centers on one of your study variables/sub-variables. Cite at least five indicators
of your chosen variable/sub-variable.

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

Validity is the ability of an instrument to measure what it purports to measure.
When a study investigates the common causes of absences, the content of the instrument must focus on these
variables and indicators.
TYPES OF VALIDITY
1. Face validity
2. Logical validity
3. Content validity
Subjecting the instrument to an analysis by a group of experts who have theoretical and practical knowledge of the
subject.
4. Construct validity
5. The process of construct validation is theory-laden
6. Criterion-related validity
7. Concurrent
8. Predictive

Reliability refers to the consistency of results. A reliable instrument yields the same rank for individuals who take
the test more than once.

METHODS IN ESTABLISHING RELIABILITY

Test-retest or stability.
The same test is given to a group of respondents twice. The scores in the first test are correlated with scores in the
second test.
Internal consistency
If the test in question is designed to measure a single basic concept, it is reasonable to assume that a respondent
who gets the item right is likely to get right in another item that is similar.

Split-half
Kuder-Richardson

Split-half

Kuder-Richardson

OTHER CRITERIA OF ASSESSING RELIABILITY

Sensitivity
Specificity
Comprehensibility
Precision
Speed
Range
Linearity
Reactivity

Activity 3. ESTABLISHING VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions thoroughly. The use of additional references is encouraged.
1. How will you establish the validity of your instrument? Discuss the process step by step.
2. What kind of validity will you use? Justify your answer.
3. How will you determine the reliability of your instrument? Describe the process step by step.
4. Do you think your instrument is valid and reliable? Justify your answer.
ROLE OF STATISTICS IN RESEARCH
Validity
Will this study help answer the research question?
Analysis
What analysis, & how should this be interpreted and reported?
Efficiency
Is the experiment the correct size,
making best use of resources?

STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Statistical treatment is the culmination of the long process of formulating a hypothesis, constructing the
instrument, as well as collecting data. It is a requisite in any research that the researcher has a full knowledge of
statistics. Statistics is the body of logic and techniques useful for collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data.

BRANCHES OF STATISTICS

Descriptive statistics
It involves tabulating, depicting, and describing a collection of data. The data are summarized to reveal
overall patterns and to make easily manageable.

Inferential statistics
It involves making generalizations about the population through a sample drawn from it. It involves
hypothesis testing and sampling. It is concerned with higher degree of critical judgment and advanced mathematical
modes such as using parametric and non-parametric statistical tools.

COMMON SATISTICAL TOOLS

Descriptive Statistics
Frequency distribution
Proportion
Percentage
Measures of Central Tendency
Variability or Dispersion
Inferential Statistics
Parametric Tests
T-test Pearson-Product Moment Correlation
Z-test Simple Linear Regression
ANOVA Multiple Regression Analysis
Non-parametric Test
Chi-square test

DIRECTIONS: Fill in the necessary information based on the knowledge gained from the discussions in this chapter.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM STATISTICAL TOOL

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
1. ____________________________________
2. ____________________________________
3. ____________________________________
4. ____________________________________
5. ____________________________________