“DRRR E-NOTEBOOK MIDTERMS”

Name: Rolando D. Altura V Grade and Section: 11D

LESSON 1: THE CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK

Disaster risk reduction aims to:

 Preventing new disaster risk
 Reducing already existing disaster risk
 Managing residual risk

Concept of Disaster
 Disaster – a dangerous situation or threat either from natural or man-made
events that disrupt the functions of a community that can cause death, damage
to resources, and loss of property.
 Hazards – a threat to life, environment, or property that can also be considered a
disaster if it harms life and the environment.
 Two Types of Hazards:
 Natural Hazards – hazards that are caused by natural phenomena.
(Ex: Droughts, Floods, Plagues, etc.)
 Man-made Hazards – hazards that are caused by human activities.
(Ex: Pollution, Arson, Accidents, etc.)

Mitigation – the act of preventing or reducing the effects of a disaster through

precautionary measures.

Vulnerability – exposure to hazards is prone to disasters.

LESSON 2: RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTER

Disaster Risk
 The UNISDR defines it as “The combination of the probability of an event and its
negative consequences.”
 The likelihood of loss of life, injury or destruction, and damage from a disaster.

Disaster – it is a slow/sudden event that causes great damage or loss of life.

Elements of Disaster Risk

 Hazard – any phenomenon that can potentially cause damage to life, property, or
environment.
 Exposure – any element (people, property, or system) that is present in a hazard
and is prone to potential loss.
 Vulnerability – a feature of a community that makes them prone and exposed to
the negative impacts of hazard.
Disaster Risk Factors
 Physical – This includes the concrete objects in a community that can help or
harm an individual during a disaster.
 Psychological – It includes the mental state of an individual, like the ability of an
individual to respond to a disaster and fear.
 Socio-cultural – This includes traditions, religion, and social statuses in society.
 Economic – This includes resources in the community and the income source of
individuals such as farming and employment.
 Biological – This includes the flora and fauna in the environment, their health,
and its diseases.

Disaster risk reduction is implemented in order to:

 reduce vulnerability to life, property, or environment to an existing hazard;
 reduce the degree of exposure to hazards; and
 increase preparedness through proper mitigation procedures.

LESSON 3: EFFECTS OF DISASTER

Effects of Disaster
 Social and Political Impact
 Increased population in evacuation centers is the most immediate effect
during a disaster.
 It tests the Government’s capacity to address the needs of the affected
civilians.
 Economic Impact
 The damage to critical facilities, communication, and business operations
 Health and Food
 The presence of stagnant water.
 The lack of clean water.
 The lack of food supplies.
 Disruption of Transportation
 Damaged farms to market roads
 Increased prices in limited food supplies
 Lack of buying capacity of disaster victims
 Psychological and Mental Health
 The devastating impacts of disaster can be traumatic for any person who has
experienced it. Exposure to deaths and catastrophe can be unforgettable to
anyone especially to children. Many children could develop PTSD after
experiencing such disastrous events.
 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – is a serious psychological
condition from extreme trauma. Inability to notice and address it early, can
lead to a lifetime of emotional distress and psychological damage.

Factors Affecting Severity of Effects

 Severity of exposure – A person exposed to a more severe disaster has higher
risk for mental distress.
  Age – Research shows that individuals ranging from 40-60 years old are more
prone to disaster distress than children.
 Human Resilience – Humans are naturally resilient. Resilience is the ability of
individuals to recover from the impacts of a disaster.
 Factors that increase the resilience of an individual:
 Social Support – it includes emotional support by sharing traumatic
experiences, coping mechanisms, and finding a sense of comfort from others.
 Coping Confidence – is the self-efficiency to believe that one can survive
any disaster and reduce mental distress in the future. This method of coping
includes values like optimism, hope, and confidence.

LESSON 4: HOW AND WHEN AN EVENT BECOME A DISASTER

EVENT → INTERACTION TO HUMANS → DISASTER

↓ ↑
→ → → HAZARD → → →

 Hazards can be considered a disaster when there are already negative impacts on
human life and their properties. For example, a tsunami that hits a deserted island
cannot be considered a disaster since there are no human inhabitants on the island.
It will be a disaster if the tsunami hits a populated area.

 A disaster can be prevented if the risk brought by a hazard can be prevented or

reduced. This is called a proactive approach to emergency preparedness.

Proactive Approach to Emergency Preparedness

 Mitigation
 This approach includes mitigation procedures such as information
dissemination and early response to disasters that can be predicted such as a
typhoon.
 Preparation
 For unforeseen events like earthquakes, emergency response teams should
be quick to judge which needs to be rescued first, because there is a limited
number of resources available for rescue operations.
 Response and Recovery
 Emergency response teams should be fast in recovering individuals trapped
in unfortunate situations to reduce the number of casualties.

LESSON 5: VULNERABILITY

Categories of Vulnerability
 Physical Vulnerability
 When people live in hazard-prone areas in buildings that offer little protection.
 Economic Vulnerability
 When people risk losing their jobs, assets, and money.
  Social Vulnerability
 When a household and community are unable to support the disadvantaged
people within it.
 Knowledge Vulnerability
 When people lack knowledge and training due to the absence of warning
systems and evacuation centers in place
 Environmental Vulnerability
 When people are living in a hazardous place where the population is largely
occupying the area

Factors of Vulnerability
 Social Factors
 Certain population groups may be more vulnerable than others.
 PWD
 Children and Senior Citizens
 People under medical treatment
 Unemployed and Single Parent
 Indigenous and Homeless people
 Incarcerated people
 Environmental Factor
 Rapid urbanization in hazardous areas heightens vulnerability to disaster
risks.
 Economic Factor
 The susceptibility of individuals communities, businesses, and governments
to absorb or cushion the effects of hazard events. Rural households are found
to be more vulnerable than those in an urban environment because of the
greater number of people living in poverty.

LESSON 6: VULNERABILITY OF CERTAIN STRUCTURES TO HAZARD

Physical Vulnerability
 It concerns the structural and non-structural parts of houses, buildings, roads,
bridges, dams, seawalls, and other public and private infrastructures.

Quality and Standard

 Are always related to construction to ensure the safety of people.

Three Types of Construction

 Engineered Construction – These structures are building-code compliant.
These are designed, planned, and built by competent structural engineers and
architects. These constructions also followed the process of securing a building
permit, thus ensuring compliance with safety standards that can withstand
earthquakes and other similar hazards.
 Non-engineered Construction – These structures are designed by incompetent
engineers and architects, meaning they do not have a building permit. In the
 same manner, they also do not follow the safety standards of building
construction.
 Owner-built Buildings – These buildings or houses are mainly constructed by
their respective owners with the guidance of a head mason or master carpenter
who probably lack knowledge and competent skills in making earthquake-proof
buildings. Just like non-engineered constructions, these types of developments
or structures do not have the necessary building permit and do not follow safety
standards for buildings and houses.

Structural Factors:
 Location
 Number of surrounding buildings
 Number of stories
 Shape
 Symmetry
 Age of building
 Typology
 Alteration
 Maintenance

Non-Structural Factors:
 Walls
 Ceilings
 Light Fixtures
 Doors And Frames
 Electrical Equipment
 Mechanical Equipment
 Plumbing
 Electrical Installation

Facilities play important roles in rescue, relief, and rehabilitation:

 Hospital
 Water Supply Facilities
 Electrical Distribution Facilities
 Telecommunication Lines
 Transportation Hubs (Airports, Seaports, Road, Rails, and Bridges)
 Schools That Serve as Evacuation Areas/Center

LESSON 7: TYPES OF HAZARDS

Types of Hazards
 Natural Hazards – hazards of natural origin can be categorized as geological,
hydrometeorological, or biological.
 Geological Hazards – are natural events that originated from movements of
the crust. (Ex: Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions, Tsunami)
  Hydro-meteorological Hazards – originated from atmospheric conditions
and composition. (Ex: Cyclones, Tornadoes, Storm Surges)
 Biological Hazards – originated from living organisms (Ex: Dengue Virus,
Flu Virus, Disease-carrying Mosquitoes)

 Anthropogenic Hazards – these are human-induced hazards due to human

activities and decisions. It is categorized as technological and environmental
degradation.
 Quasi-natural Hazards – hazards that originates from an interaction between
natural events and human activities, is referred to as quasi-natural hazard. These
are natural hazards that may be influenced by human activities.

Factors that Increase Hazard Risks:

 Growing Population
 Increased Urbanization
 Human-Induced Changes in the Environment