DISASTER READINESS

AND RISK REDUCTION

MANAGEMENT 12

PRESENTED BY: JOEREL M. PARTOSA

SUBJECT TEACHER
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THE LESSON YOU WILL BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF HAZARD, RISK,
EXPOSURE AND ACCIDENT. AND HOW THEY ARE INTERRELATED WITH EACH OTHER.
 BASIC CONCEPT OF HAZARD

What is HAZARD: A hazard is a potential source of harm. Substances,

events, or circumstances can constitute hazards when their nature would
allow them, even just theoretically, to cause damage to health, life, property,
or any other interest of value.
ACTIVITY 1: SPOT the HAZARD
WHAT IS EXPOSURE?
Exposure is defined as “the situation of people, infrastructure, housing,
production capacities and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone
areas”. As stated in the UNDRR glossary, “measures of exposure can include the
number of people or types of assets in an area.
WHAT IS RISK?
A risk is the chance of something happening that will have a negative
effect. The level of risk reflects: the likelihood of the unwanted event. the
potential consequences of the unwanted event.
ASSESSMENT: ½ SHEET OF PAPER

INSTRUCTION: ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. A chance of something happening that will have a negative

effect.

2. The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production

capacities and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone
areas.

3. A potential source of harm.

4-5. Essay. How can we prevent from any kinds of hazard?

Observe the pictures below and guest what will be our
topic for today.
1. When an event causes a significant number of dead in an area.

2. When an event causes a significant number of missing or lost.

3. When an event causes damage to structures and public

infrastructures.

4. When there is an amount of income lost from work,

livelihood, and other economic activities that have been
stopped or slowed due to the disaster

When a disaster occurs, the community affected may lose its ability to cope with
the loss and damage using its own resources. Hence, disaster may be prevented
if proper and effective disaster plans are in place.
 Disaster Risk may be specific to a location or condition of a community.
Usually, if certain hazard frequent a specific location or if the present situation
of a community puts it in a dangerous position, the disaster risk becomes a vital
consideration in defining the safety of the people in that community.

Disaster risk determines the tendency of a community to face disasters. For

example, the disaster risk of storm surges for a community living 100
kilometers (km) away from the seashore is lower compared with that of a
community that is 10 km near the shore.

Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary General of the United Nations, once said, “We
cannot eliminate disaster (Hazard), but we can mitigate the risk. We can
reduce damage and save more lives.” There is no way to escape hazards
because they are part of life. Everyday and everywhere, there is a hazard.
Hazards can be identified but difficult to avoid. Because hazards can be
recognized, a community that is hazard-prone may increase its disaster risk
especially if it is not equipped or prepared for the possible arising from that
hazard.
 What are the types of Disaster?
The types of disasters are classified according to the hazards that
causes them to happen.
There are two main types of disasters:

NATURAL DISASTER MAN-MADE DISASTER

NATURAL DISASTER – Are devastating outcomes that result from natural hazards. Examples of these are
collapse of houses from landslides and incinerated grasslands from volcanic eruptions.

MAN-MADE DISASTER – Are also called as Technological disasters, are destructions from man-made hazards
such as bomb explosions, chemical spills, and even war.
EFFECTS OF DISASTERS
The effects of disasters vary, mostly depending on the severity of exposure of life,
property, and environment to the hazard.

According to measurable severity, the effects of disasters are primary, secondary, or

tertiary in nature.
1. PRIMARY EFFECTS – Are direct situations arising from the disaster itself. For
example, when a strong typhoon hit a village, it can cause primary effects such
as flooding, destruction of house, damage to property, and loss of life.
2. SECONDARY EFFECTS – Are situations resulting from the primary effects. Among
secondary effects of a strong typhoon that has hit the village is the disruption of
electrical and water services because of damage to power and water lines.

3. TERTIARY EFFECTS – Are those that are not experienced as a disaster is

taking place but can be felt after the disaster has occurred. They may develop
from primary or secondary effects that have became permanent and may
change a natural process in the community. Example: Flooding is the primary
effects that may become a tertiary when the location of the village’s river
channel changes as the result of flooding, leaving the old channel dry. This, in
turn, can give rise to other effects such as lack of water for crops grown in the
village and lack of livelihood due to the destruction of farmland.
What have I learned so far?

Answer this question: What are the effects of

drought in terms of severity? Identify all three
types of effects.

Write your own explanation based on the News

research that you gathered.
What can you say about the Covid-19. is it a
Natural disaster or Man-made disaster why do
you say so?
BIG IDEA : A hazard becomes a disaster only when the
community is not prepared for it.

KEEP SAFE AND GOD BLESS

 PERSPECTIVES ON DISASTERS
Most people would look at disasters in the same perspective. As humans, the first
thing we notice in the aftermath of a disaster is its effects on fellow humans. However, to
evaluate the overall results of a disaster, disaster experts examine them from different
points of view.

1. PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE
- It includes the visible or tangible materials, whether natural or man-made,
which have been affected by a disaster. The altered or removed structures
may change the landscape, zoning, and accessibility of an area. For
example , cracks or fissures on main roads may require a detour or new
access road. Hence, changes in frequency of movement of people and
vehicles in the area may eventually affect zoning, or the value and use of
the properties within the vicinity.

2. PHYSCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

- It refers to the people’s emotional, cognitive, or interpersonal reactions

to difficulties. Catastrophic events can cause shock, terror, anxiety,
disbelief, nightmares, traumas, social withdrawal or alienation, or
depression to victims.
3. SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
- It centers on the response of the people, whether victims or not, to emergency
situations and to the kind of assistance they receive. The characteristics of
affected families such as their religions, customs, attitudes, beliefs, and values
can influence their approach to or their recovery from disaster. For example, a
group of people may believe that the disaster which struck their village is a
punishment by the Mother Nature for destroying the environment.
The level of social support may be immediately sufficient and available if a
community is united or has a shared vision of recovery. In the Philippines,
Bayanihan has always been displayed whenever a disaster strikes a certain
region in the country.

4. ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
- It focuses on the disruption activities in the community. Disaster, whether small- or
large-scale, brings about serious economic consequences. Disaster loss is usually
assessed in terms of injuries and death, destruction of fixed assets and
infrastructure, and disruption in the flow of goods and services that can obviously
affect economic factors such as gross domestic product (GDP). Media plays an
important role in this context. Through the media, a large number of communities
may be offered to participate in relief endeavors.
5. POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE
- It deals with how government services are used to reduce loss or
damage by preparing and preventing disasters. This perspective is
critical because in some cases, there exists inequities in societies that
create political prejudice in developing plans and policies related to
disaster risk reduction and recovery plans. This is why it is important
for governments to always consider poverty reduction strategies in
their platform. Budget constraint is another important issue.

6. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

- It takes into consideration the potential for infectious or communicable

diseases after a disaster takes place. In the aftermath of a disaster,
humans and animals that have been injured become susceptible to
infections. The entry of a virulent organism in an unbalanced ecosystem
becomes easier in a crowded area, especially in evacuation and
distributions centers, where virus transmission happens through
dispersal, direct contact, and biological agents such as rodents.
BEYOND WALLS 1.1 Go Online

Research on Typhoon Ondoy that devastated Metro Manila and its nearby
provinces in 2009. Analyze what aggravated the disaster by specifying the risk
factors involved.

BEYOND WALLS 1.2 Apply It in Real Life

You are an urban planner asked by the city mayor to assess a piece of land for
development. This piece of land lies on a flat, barren coastal area with only a few
communities nearby. Based on your research about the environmental profile of the
land, you found out that the storm surges frequent the area. You are to prepare a
report that presents the possible disaster risks in the area. Include also in your
report the underlying risk factors of the disaster(s), ways/recommendations on how
to reduce the impact of the disaster(s), and a drawing showing recommendations.
The mayor will use your report as references for the proposal developmentof the
coastal area. Thus, your report should be comprehensive, clear, organized, and free
from grammatical errors.
Given the coastal community’s high exposure to typhoons, let us now assess its level
of vulnerability.

*Proximity to disaster: If the community is directly and frequently hit by typhoons, then its
vulnerability to disasters associated with them is high. The fact that
the community is located in a coastal area makes it more vulnerable
because it will experience two hazards: typhoon and storm surge.

*Population density: If the community has a large number of population in exposed

areas, the impact of the hazards will be more severe. In a
community with a large population size, most members would not
be well sheltered, making them become more vulnerable to the
hazards. The hazards can also lead to outbreaks of infectious
diseases. Disease outbreaks may result from overcrowded
evacuation shelters with limited access to food and safe water.
*Capacity and efficiency to minimize disaster risk:
If the community does not have any community disaster preparedness
plans in place, it becomes more difficult to face the hazard without
expecting any disaster. Lack of knowledge and practice of disaster
management is like going to battle unarmed. Hence the community has a
high vulnerability.
*Building codes and disaster policies: House built on coastal areas are usually made of light
materials. If a typhoon hits the community, a large number
of houses may be unroofed. The location of the houses and
other structures in the community must also be considered.
These structures should be built at a certain distance away
from the shore, considering the intrusion of water during
high tide and storm surges.

HAZARD-PRONE AREAS
A hazard-prone area is location where a natural hazard
is likely to happen if preventive measures ae not
implemented. Due mainly to its geography, the
Philippines is considered prone to national hazards, and
hence natural disaster as well. It is situated along the
Pacific Ring of fire. An area surroundings the basin of
the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes have formed.
Thus, seismic activities such as earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions frequently occur in the region. Around
90% of the world’s earthquakes occur in this region.
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE

The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (NDRRMC) was established in
the Philippines to closely monitor hazard events, to provide advisories regarding the
status of impending hazards, and to coordinate and facilitate effective humanitarian
assistance to disaster victims.
MODULE 4: EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
At the end of this module, I can:
*identify various potential earthquake hazards.
*Determine the effects of different earthquake hazards.
*Recognize and identify the natural signs of an impending earthquake.
*Interpret different earthquake hazard maps.
*Apply precautionary and safety measures before, during, and after an earthquake.

EARTHQUAKES IN THE PHILIPPINES

At the