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The Renaissance was marked by a period of cultural renewal. A number of new scientific ideas were
established during this period. Copernicus proposed that the Earth revolved around the Sun, not the
other way around; Galileo and Kepler developed methods to accurately measure acceleration, gravity,
velocity and speed; and Isaac Newton formulated three laws of motion.

Nicolaus Copernicus
The heliocentric model was contributed to the Scientific Revolution by Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus
contended that it was more logical to place the sun, rather than the Earth, in the center of the solar
system to explain the motion of the planets

Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler founded both the first powerful telescope and the field of optics. He looked up at the
night sky through this telescope. He was able to discover the three laws that govern planetary motion as
a result of these observations, which are now known as Kepler's Laws.

Galilei Galileo
From compasses and balances to improved telescopes and microscopes, his inventions transformed
astronomy and biology. Galilleo discovered craters and mountains on the moon, as well as the phases of
Venus, Jupiter's moons, and Milky Way stars.