Thermal properties ai iEAag One Shot~ os (@rrIlcsuc aa join Telegram and Download Notes Class-44 ne PUN Case etm NAT} =— i ed sa! Heat is the form of energy that produces in us ] H fi i] HEAT RO ese he BUNS a ene aa (ONT ey cqs (Ee ee Lee Pele OR Rn br eC eT Pee net enone BL SLunic of heat: The St unit of hear is Joule, One calorie= 4,186 ao (0, eePPM aa ee Temperature is the degree of hoiness or coldness of a body, The temperature may be defined as the thermal state of a body which decides the direction of flow of heat energy from one bady to another when they are placed in thermal contact with each other, Tale PUSS mide ted RO ene a eee roBrrr) headgy mm motion It is the cause of temperature. It is the heat that GSUSesa Change in the temperature of a body ot determine the direction of din joule Temperature the effect of he. It determines the di heat. It always flows from higher temperature to 3 temperature. 4 ne: Fahrenheit (Principle of a thermometer Cd A thermometer makes use of some measurable property called the shermometric property of a substance, which changes en a ee fet eee ee eee eee een © Length af a liquid column in a capillary (Mercury thermometet) all an Lae Deere eee nck ® Volume of a gas at constant pressure (constant pressure gas thermometer) 5 Se eee ns ee eee) ——— ———— Cee ae en ee Cee et earTy THERMOMETRIC SCALES The range berween the nwo fi Jinrerval wi de Ted et Ded Mea See ee tn ee a et ee oe ae Pe ee * Fahrenheit scale : On this scale the lower fixed point is taken as 32° F and the upper fixed point as 212° + Reaumer seale-On this scale the lower fixed pointis taken as 0° R a the upper fixed point as 80°R. Pee etre hae ee cea and the upper fixed point as 373.15° KQ-. At _Whot Wawa OA eR o Y Fe os F-32 5 f : SB 7 Chee ae a aie 5)G. Cort °C to kelvin one rk) sokPe eRe era ee ete Ter om one Scoke - Lowy (isc aa es ad othey scok - Lowy fixed ‘ada Upper fixed poink - Lower fired. poit Upper fixed point - Lower fixed print deb = hel ine Ta> Ff @ A = loo"c. (Ones Pip) ° oe vo L= 32 or) or ed el is ae 2 Re wee eT ae pipers essae el eee Ae vee Gas Via 3o-0 “F_ 32 aKa ake =f a ea ms beSts elle this the increase in the sizeof a body when itis heated i called thermal expansion. ST aC Dee Soe Itis the increase in the length of a metal rad on heating. Pe en De eee Ce ee ee eo re SR er ee Un a ee cas4 — C Oo a of UP UT de Zag on Se aL aed aoe LL LL oa gh ae Uo! a anal Tee saeleall a taal ner ela AS oa a eat) at LS Ga ee a rs, va A aS a aOR ae eg ance reeCeo ecae of WON UL TE oo ca ieee a or ony 0 a Oe oat i] B oS ra a i ats os & a i i ed iT : Es iB mma > 4Relotim between A ond BY C @ San ey ee eee aS Oe a a “ a Chomae im Arva Ah= final Avea- Initial Area Qrat) [AV OY 0 eee hee DA = L+raene avai eraped AR® is voy snot eM cena a pclae r) DA = 2-027 a ary Cay P- 2¥a~ Seas AN Carard Relation between &, B , and y Y= VE a Cd ae nn oe ver ea Oats . , @ tak) eae ae rT ND) = amas) eer re nye NCO eee a (es cae ae aN eS NED) Ne oath LN a Da eee ——-aTN aS Ra es Spl so it Com be neq 4 AV= Ewe INST ae VAT aes TT raeuro w=nr ——()) aes Coefficient of cubical expasionofanidealgs Y= 3.7673 1B eS Ce naa eT ie Soe ee eee ee pee nn eee eeeee td eee le > Ff. ae we (oe ae) Cg fee cr > Tey dal nedEels cent aUnliay water expand on real ie? but i cael a ™ eee ie) lie Role ua) => Maximum Deny ey me en)PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE OF ANIMALS EXPANSION OF WATER+ ee eA ab ie nay an RY T/g oa aa) SS ee of a substance may be defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 49 milk = 3-89aca ecg Oe Ce Os a ae es oe und = TSUe te ee The molar-specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of the ee Rd ero € —Teen eb Ae Lars Mien Lh ‘The heat capacity of a body is defined as the amount of heat required to raise its temperature through 1 Fon Loan aie CA occa Eras WATER EQUIVALENT The water equivalent of a body is defined as the mass of water that requires the same amount of heat asis required by the PO ee ee es = ae Pease Serene catsPrinciple of calorimetry or the law of mixtures of calorimetry state that the heat gained by the cold body must be equal tothe heat lot by the het body ace eer et oer et diced C= sal alae Waa. = aa MC AT=0 m, q yrs Rew SyWot 4106 T/eg k ea ieeat eae! sania bal arene ee ONE args Ee Se ta oe error 0-25 4186X3 4+ 0-14%3860x3 rr RC eon hd WP A | eSHt) ei aes r Mater exists in 3 states solid, liquid, and gas. The transition af a substance fram ane state ta another is called a change af () Melting of bad >. CO ea ee Ui) Vapourisodiion of bquid > a ea ti) Condensation an ores Me ace eT ae WW) Fcering of Uigid> Liquid 20, Solid ~ere Ter cee eth ee So eee ere en ene Condensation faporization CS 22+ on™ Temperature Freezing Melting B33 XI0" Trg ale Heat addedLatent heat of fusion ‘The amount of heat required to change the state of unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid at its melting Pee ea fe — ‘The amount of heat required to change the state of unit mass of a substance from liquid to Vapour at its boiling, point is called latent heat of vaporization or latent heat of boiling f {/ ieW ol ox, an,eet ois @ ‘The temperature at which the solid and the liquid state of a substance co-exist in thermal equilibrium with each Pe eee ee ee eee ery eee ts SE ——S Cost ia Se ee eee et ee en eee eee ee ee ther is called its boiling point. The boiling point of a substance at Standard atmospheric pressure is called its narmal Poet t SSS tty ‘The process of transition af a substance from the solid state to the vapour state without passing through the liquid state is called sublemation. —Cie meg ce Rees Lea Le The boiling point of a liquid increases with the increase in pressure.aes at eed Cee eee ee ee ee ee eee ene Peer er Pe aren ere oN The pressureinsde « pressure cooker is increased much above the atmospheric en ee ere ee ee et the vegetable are cooked inside r essure cookerin a shorter time,ft EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON MELTING AND BOILING POINTS @ fen Se eee ee he ee ee eee Ret ee ee eee ee ete ee eee ee eee reer Effect of pressure on freezing point of ice: Regelation en ee er a increased and again freezes when pressure is removed is called Regelation.Heat can be transferred from one place to anather by three different methods ee et ee) iii, Radiation CONVECTION orate ithe \oi// 2Birr Maelo) aces) Ini processin which heat is transmined from one part af a body ta another ata lower temperature through molecular ee eet cee cet Molecular mechanism of thermal conduction : Solids are heated theough conduction when one end of a metal rad is heated the molecules atthe hot end vibrate with greater amplitude so they have greater average Kinetic energy as these molecules collide with the neighbouring molecules of lesser kinetic energy the ee ee aeSe CONVECTION Cree ae Cea andy ed Sa ee ea = Se os ‘material moves due to the difference in density the peacess of heat Cerca Recon Forced convection H the heated materials f Se ed oer eae? De et cee ee eee ceePe Ue eed anes Cee ee ee eee Cee te a asNATURE AND PROPERTIES OF THERMAL RADIATION Cee ead These are the waves constituted by oscillating electric and magnetic fields. The oscillations of the twa fields are mutually perpendicular to each other as well asto the Cee ee ec —— avavalNATURE AND PROPERTIES OF THERMAL RADIATION Sees The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body by virtue ofits temperature is called thermal radiation or radiant an Cee Z Oe ee en re ee «called infrared waves. © Like light thermal radiations travel in straight lines. ae See en oe en en es oO SR oe no ene ae Se eee eteHe NEWTON'SLAWOFCOOLING —> Be AT @ Newtan’s law af cooling states that the rate of caoling of a body is directly praportional to the temperature difference between the bady and its surroundings, provided the temperature difference is small ene nF heot loss = Temp Fa pa Ce e(°) TE a 3 x u ie cea id y rere ; aac eanaol an SS | an aE 3 cret+ REFLECTANCE, ABSORBTANCE, AND TRANSMITTANCE iS Ce eee r= ro We ee ee ee nce ecm ety time to the total amount of thermal energy falling upon the body in the same time. one nN Absorbiance = Qa ot Pee ee ee ee time to the total amount of thermal energy incident upon the bady in the same time. = eran Ikis defined as the ratio.of the amount of thermal energy transmitted by a body in a Se eR eee en EeBLACK BODY Ablack body is one which neither reflects nor transmits but absorbs the hole af the heat radiation incident on The wavelength range of emitted radiation is independent of the material of body and depends only on the Ce GR) y ry c on ~ aN 143+4 Deere aay e Accarding to Kirchhof?’ law, a body strongly absorbs a radiation of certain wavelength, it must emit strongly the eee ea {i) Take a piece of china having some dark paintings engraved on it. Heat it in a furnace to about T000°C and then, ee ee et me ee ee ee because dark paintings are better absorbers and, therefore, also better emitters. (i) A green glass heated in a furnace when taken outin dark glows with red light. Green glass (when cold) isa good absorber of red light and a goad reflector of green light. When heated, it becomes a goad emitter af red light in rene ee Le eta re Wetee © ee) nn 2 |Com an a