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ro

Prove the summation

∞
𝟒−𝒏 𝒏(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏
∑ 𝟐 =
𝟖𝒏 + 𝟏𝟖𝒏 + 𝟗
𝒏=𝟏
𝟓𝝅 𝟏 𝟒 𝟑
= − 𝟐 + (𝟖 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) − 𝟐𝝅 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟓))
𝟖 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒
Proposed by Srinivasa Raghava-AIRMC-India
Solution 1 by Abdulhafeez Aiynde Abdulsalam-Nigeria, Solution 2 by Rana
Ranino-Algeria

Solution 1 by Abdulhafeez Aiynde Abdulsalam-Nigeria

Splitting, we have
∞ ∞
𝟒−𝒏 𝒏(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝟏 𝟒−𝒏 𝒏(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏
∑ 𝟐 = ∑
𝟖𝒏 + 𝟏𝟖𝒏 + 𝟗 𝟖 𝟑 𝟑
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 (𝒏 + ) (𝒏 + )
𝟐 𝟒
∞
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= ∑ 𝟒−𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 ( − )
𝟖 𝟑 𝟑
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏 + 𝒏 +
𝟐 𝟒
Shifting the index of summation of the first series, we have
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∞ ∞ ∞
−𝒏 )𝒏−𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝟐−𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏
𝟒 𝒏(−𝟏
∑ 𝟐 = 𝟒∑ + ∑ 𝒏
𝟖𝒏 + 𝟏𝟖𝒏 + 𝟗 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 (𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑)
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏

It can be easily proven by differentiation and term-wise integration, that

∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒙𝟐𝒏+𝟏
𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = ∑
𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒏=𝟎

Thus,
∞ ∞
𝟒−𝒏 𝒏(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 −𝟏
𝟐−𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏
∑ 𝟐 = 𝟒 (−𝟐 + + 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )) + ∑ 𝒏
𝟖𝒏 + 𝟏𝟖𝒏 + 𝟗 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 (𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑)
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏
=− + 𝟒 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟐) + 𝟐 ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 𝟒𝒏 (𝟒𝒏+𝟑) (1)
𝟔

Consider
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒙𝟒𝒏+𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑
𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑
𝒏=𝟏

Differentiating term-wise,
∞
𝒙𝟐
𝒇 𝒙) = ∑ (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒙𝟒𝒏+𝟐 = −𝒙𝟐 +
′(
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒
𝒏=𝟏

Integrating both sides wrt., 𝒙, we have

𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟑 𝟏 ( 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟏) + ( 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟏)
𝒇(𝒙) = − ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟑 𝟏 𝒅 (𝒙 − 𝒙) 𝟏 𝒅 (𝒙 + 𝒙)
=− + ∫ + ∫
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒙) + 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒙) − 𝟐

𝒙𝟑 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − √𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
=− + 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )+ 𝐥𝐧 ( 𝟐 )+𝑪
𝟑 𝟐√𝟐 𝒙√𝟐 𝟒√𝟐 𝒙 + √𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
𝝅
Since 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎, it follows that 𝑪 = 𝟒√𝟐. Hence,
∞
−𝟑 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒙𝟐𝒏
𝒙 𝟐 𝒇(√𝒙) =∑
𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑
𝒏=𝟏
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
− − −
𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙−√𝟐𝒙+𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙−𝟏 𝝅𝒙 𝟐
= − 𝟑 + 𝟒√𝟐 𝐥𝐧 (𝒙+√𝟐𝒙+𝟏) + 𝟐√𝟐 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )+ (2)
√𝟐𝒙 𝟒√𝟐
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Substituting 𝒙 = 𝟐−𝟏 in (2), we have
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐧 𝟓 𝟏
∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 = 𝟐−𝟑− − 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟐) (3)
𝟒𝒏 (𝟒𝒏+𝟑) 𝟐

Substituting (3) into (1), we have

∞
𝟒−𝒏 𝒏(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝐥𝐧 𝟓 𝟏
∑ 𝟐
=− + 𝟒 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) + ( − − − 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ))
𝟖𝒏 + 𝟏𝟖𝒏 + 𝟗 𝟔 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏

𝝅 − 𝐥𝐧 𝟓 𝟕 𝟏
= −𝟐 + + 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝝅
Since 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐) − 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟐) = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟒), and 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐) + 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟐) = 𝟐 , it follows

that
𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒
𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) = − 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑
Hence,
∞
𝟒−𝒏 𝒏(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝝅 − 𝐥𝐧 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏
∑ 𝟐
= −𝟐 + + (𝟖 − 𝟏) 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
𝟖𝒏 + 𝟏𝟖𝒏 + 𝟗 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏

𝝅 − 𝐥𝐧 𝟓 𝟏 𝟖 𝟒 𝝅 𝟏 𝟑
= −𝟐 + + ( 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) − + 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ))
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
𝟓𝝅 𝟏 𝟒 𝟑
= − 𝟐 + (𝟖 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) + 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) − 𝟐𝝅 − 𝐥𝐧 𝟓)
𝟖 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒
Solution 2 by Rana Ranino-Algeria
∞
𝟒−𝒏 𝒏(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏
𝛀=∑
𝟖𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖𝒏 + 𝟗
𝒏=𝟏

∞ 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 ∞
𝟏 (− 𝟒) (− 𝟒) 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝟒𝒏+𝟐
𝛀= ∑ − = ∑ (− ) ∫ 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐𝒏+𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟑 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒 𝟎
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟐
= ∫ 𝒙𝟐 (∑ (− ) − (− ) ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟎 𝟒 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏

𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟒 − 𝟒 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏 ∫ ( 𝒙
𝟒
𝒙𝟔
𝛀= ∫ 𝒙 ( − ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟒 𝟐 𝟎 𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟒 + 𝒙𝟒
𝟏+ 𝟒 𝟏+ 𝟒
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𝟏
𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟔
𝛀= ∫ ( 𝟐 − 𝟐 + + + − 𝟒) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝟏 𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙
𝛀 = [ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝟖 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏 ( ) − 𝟒𝒙]
𝟐 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏
𝛀 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐) + 𝟒 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏 ( ) − 𝟐 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏 ( ) + − 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝟐𝒃
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏 (𝒂) = 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏 (𝒃) ⇒ 𝒂 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏 (𝒃)) =
𝟏 − 𝒃𝟐
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
take 𝒃 = 𝟐 we get 𝒂 = 𝟑 ∴ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏 (𝟐) = 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏 (𝟑)
𝟕 𝟒 𝝅 𝟏 𝟒 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟑
𝛀= 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏 ( ) + − 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 = 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏 ( ) + − 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 − ( − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏 ( ))
𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
∞
𝟒−𝒏 𝒏(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝟓𝝅 𝟏 𝟒 𝟑
∑ 𝟐 = − 𝟐 + (𝟖 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟏 ( ) − 𝟐𝝅 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓)
𝟖𝒏 + 𝟏𝟖𝒏 + 𝟗 𝟖 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏