Method of Partial Fractions

1. For each of the following integrals, express the integrand as a sum of partial fractions
then integrate. You may use a calculator in order to solve the systems of equations you
obtain:
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝐚. ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝐞. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝐢. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏
𝒅𝒕 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 𝟏
𝐛. ∫ 𝟑 𝐟. ∫ 𝒅𝒚 𝐣. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒕 + 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟐𝒕 (𝒚 𝟐 + 𝟏 )𝟐 𝟒
𝒙 +𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙
𝐜. ∫ 𝟐 𝐠. ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝐤. ∫ 𝟒 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝟏 )𝟐 𝒙 −𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝐝. ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝐡. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝐥. ∫
𝒙 −𝒙+𝟏 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝟎 𝟎
Solution:

𝒙 𝒙
𝐚. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 (𝑥 − 3)
= + =
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
∴ 𝑥 = 𝐴 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵 (𝑥 − 3)
3
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3 → 3 = 4𝐴 → 𝐴 =
4
1
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1 → −1 = −4𝐵 → 𝐵 =
4

𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + ∫
𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 3 4 (𝑥 − 3) 4 (𝑥 + 1)
3 1
= ln(𝑥 − 3) + ln(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐
4 4
 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝐛. ∫ =∫ =∫
𝒕𝟑 𝟐
+ 𝒕 − 𝟐𝒕 𝟐
𝒕 [𝒕 + 𝒕 − 𝟐] 𝒕 (𝒕 + 𝟐)(𝒕 − 𝟏)
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴(𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 − 1) + 𝐵𝑡 (𝑡 − 1) + 𝐶𝑡(𝑡 + 2)
= + + =
𝑡 (𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 − 1) 𝑡 (𝑡 + 2) (𝑡 − 1) 𝑡 (𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 − 1)
∴ 1 = 𝐴(𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 − 1) + 𝐵𝑡(𝑡 − 1) + 𝐶𝑡(𝑡 + 2)
1
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0 → 1 = −2𝐴 → 𝐴 = −
2
1
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = −2 → 1 = 6𝐵 → 𝐵 =
6
1
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 1 → 1 = 3𝐶 → 𝐶 =
3
𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡
∴∫ 3 = − ∫ + ∫ + ∫
𝑡 + 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 2 𝑡 6 (𝑡 + 2) 3 (𝑡 − 1)
1 1 1
= − ln(𝑡 ) + ln(𝑡 + 2) + ln(𝑡 − 1) + 𝑐
2 6 3

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐜. ∫ =∫
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝟐 (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= + + +
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+1) 2 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥−1) 2 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥+1)2
𝐴(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥+1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥+1)2 + 𝐶(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷(𝑥−1)2
=
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+1)2
∴ 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥+1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥+1)2 + 𝐶(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷(𝑥−1)2
1
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1 → 1 = 4𝐵 → 𝐵 =
4
1
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1 → 1 = 4𝐷 → 𝐷 =
4
1
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 → = −𝐴 + 𝐶 → (1)
2
3
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2 → − = 9𝐴 + 3𝐶 → (2)
2
1 1
By solving (1) & (2) ⟹ 𝐴 = − and 𝐶 =
4 4

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2 2
=− ∫ + ∫ 2
+ ∫ + ∫
(𝑥−1) (𝑥+1) 4 (𝑥 − 1) 4 (𝑥−1) 4 (𝑥 + 1) 4 (𝑥+1)2
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − ln(𝑥 − 1) − + ln(𝑥 + 1) − +𝑐
4 4 (𝑥 − 1) 4 4 (𝑥 + 1)
 𝟏
𝒙𝟑
𝐝. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟎

Irreducible factor
1 1 1
𝐁𝐘 𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥
⇒ ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 𝑥 + 1 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2
0 𝑥 −𝑥+1 0 0 𝑥 −𝑥+1
1 1
𝐁𝐘 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ ∫ 2 =∫ 1 2 3
0 𝑥 −𝑥+1 0 (𝑥− ) +
2 4
1
𝑥3 (𝑥+1)2 2 2 1 3 2 1 3 2𝜋
∴∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = + tan−1 ( 𝑥 − )]10 = + tan−1 = −
0 𝑥 −𝑥+1 2 √3 √3 2 2 √3 √3 2 3 √3

𝒙𝟐
𝐞. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏)

Irreducible factor
𝑥2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1)
= + =
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
∴ 𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1)
1
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1 → 1 = 3𝐴 → 𝐴 =
3
∴ 𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 0 = 𝑥 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑥 (𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶 ) + (𝐴 − 𝐶)
𝐵𝑌 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝐶𝑂𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶𝐼𝐸𝑁𝑇𝑆 2 1
⇒ 𝐴+𝐵 =1→𝐵 = , and 𝐴 − 𝐶 = 0 → 𝐶 =
3 3
𝑥2 1 𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥 + 1
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) 3 (𝑥 − 1) 3 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
1 1
= ln |𝑥 − 1| + ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
3 3

𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏
𝐟. ∫ 𝒅𝒚
(𝒚 𝟐 + 𝟏 )𝟐

Irreducible factor
𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷 (𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵)(𝑦 2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷)
= 2 + =
(𝑦 2 + 1)2 (𝑦 + 1) (𝑦 2 + 1)2 (𝑦 2 + 1)2
∴ 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = (𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵)(𝑦 2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷) = 𝑦 3 (𝐴) + 𝑦 2 (𝐵) + 𝑦(𝐴 + 𝐶 ) + (𝐷 + 𝐵)
𝐵𝑌 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝐶𝑂𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐶𝐼𝐸𝑁𝑇𝑆
⇒ 𝐴 = 0, 𝐵 = 1, 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 2 → 𝐶 = 2, and 𝐷 + 𝐵 = 1 → 𝐷 = 0
 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + ∫ 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 2 + 1)2 (𝑦 2 + 1) (𝑦 2 + 1)2
1
= tan−1 𝑦 − +𝑐
(𝑦 2 + 1)

𝒙𝟒
𝐠. ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 −𝟏
𝐁𝐘 𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ = ∫( 𝑥 2
+ 1 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫
𝑥2 − 1 1 − 𝑥2
𝑥3
𝐼= + 𝑥 − tanh−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
3

𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝐡. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏

Irreducible factor
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= = +
𝑥3 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)[𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1] 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
⟹ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 )(𝑥 − 1)
2
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 2 = 3𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 =
3
4
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 2 = 𝐴 − 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = −
3
1
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = 2 ⟹ 4 = 7𝐴 + (2𝐵 + 𝐶 )(1) ⟹ 𝐵 =
3
2 1 4
𝑥− 2 1 𝑥−4
3 3 3
𝐼=∫ + 2
𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑥 − 1) + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑥 + 𝑥+1 3 3 𝑥 +𝑥+1
1 9
2 1 𝑥+ −
= ln(𝑥 − 1) + ∫ 2 2 2 𝑑𝑥
3 3 𝑥 +𝑥+1
1
2 1 𝑥+ 9 1
2
= ln(𝑥 − 1) + [∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥]
3 3 𝑥 +𝑥+1 2 𝑥 +𝑥+1

2 1 1 2𝑥 + 1 9 1
= ln(𝑥 − 1) + [ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥]
3 3 2 𝑥 +𝑥+1 2 1 2 3
(𝑥 + ) +
2 4
1
2 1 1 9 2 𝑥+
2
= ln(𝑥 − 1) + [ ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) − ∗ tan−1 ( )] + 𝐶
3 3 2 2 √3 √3/2
 𝒙𝟐
𝐢. ∫ 𝟒 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 −𝟏

Irreducible factor
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
= = = + +
𝑥 4 − 1 (𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 + 1
⟹ 𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 )(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
1
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 1 = 𝐴(2)(2) ⟹ 𝐴 =
4
1
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = −1 ⟹ 1 = 𝐵(−2)(2) ⟹ 𝐵 = −
4
1
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 (−1)(1) + 𝐷 (−1)(1) ⟹ 𝐷 =
2
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = 2 ⟹ 4 = 𝐴(3)(5) + 𝐵(1)(5) + (2𝐶 + 𝐷 )(1)(3) ⟹ 𝐶 = 0
1 1 1
− 1 1 1
4 4 2
𝐼=∫ + + 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑥 − 1) − ln(𝑥 + 1) + tan−1 (𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝑥2 + 1 4 4 2

𝟏
𝐣. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 Irreducible factor
𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙
1 1 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
= = = + + 2
𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)[𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1] 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
4 3 2

⟹ 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)[𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1] + 𝐵(𝑥)[𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1] + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 )(𝑥)(𝑥 + 1)

𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 1 = 𝐴(1)(1) ⟹ 𝐴 = 1
1
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = −1 ⟹ 1 = 𝐵(−1)(3) ⟹ 𝐵 = −
3
1
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 1 = 𝐴(2)(1) + 𝐵(1)(1) + (𝐶 + 𝐷 )(1)(2) ⟹ 𝐶 + 𝐷 = − − − − −→ (1)
3
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = 2 ⟹ 1 = 𝐴(3)(3) + 𝐵(2)(3) + (2𝐶 + 𝐷 )(2)(3) ⟹ 2𝐶 + 𝐷 = −1 − −−→ (2)
2 1
By solving (1) & (2) ⟹ 𝐶 = − & 𝐷 =
3 3
1 2 1
1 − − 𝑥+ 1 1 2𝑥 − 1
3
𝐼=∫ + + 23 3
𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑥) − ln(𝑥 + 1) − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥 −𝑥+1 3 3 𝑥 −𝑥+1
1 1
= ln(𝑥) − ln(𝑥 + 1) − ln(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
3 3
 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙
𝐤. ∫ 𝟒 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒

Irreducible factor

𝑥2 + 𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
= = = + + 2
𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 4 (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 1
4 2 2 2 2

⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 )(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)

3
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = 2 ⟹ 6 = 𝐴(4)(5) ⟹ 𝐴 =
10
1
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = −2 ⟹ 2 = 𝐵(−4)(5) ⟹ 𝐵 = −
10
1
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 0 = 𝐴(2)(1) + 𝐵(−2)(1) + 𝐷 (−2)(2) ⟹ 𝐷 =
5
1
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 2 = 𝐴(3)(2) + 𝐵(−1)(2) + (𝐶 + 𝐷 )(−1)(3) ⟹ 𝐶 = −
5
3 1 1 1
− − 𝑥+ 3 1 1 𝑥−1
10 10 5 5
𝐼=∫ + + 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑥 − 2) − ln(𝑥 + 2) − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2 𝑥+2 𝑥2 +1 10 10 5 𝑥 +1
3 1 1 1 2𝑥 1
= ln(𝑥 − 2) − ln(𝑥 + 2) − [ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥]
10 10 5 2 𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1
3 1 1 1
= ln(𝑥 − 2) − ln(𝑥 + 2) − [ ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − tan−1 𝑥] + 𝐶
10 10 5 2

𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝐥. ∫
(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝟎

Irreducible factors
1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸
= + +
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 2 + 1) (𝑥 2 + 1)2
⟹ 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1)2 + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 )(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸 )(𝑥 + 1)
1
𝐚𝐭 𝑥 = −1 ⟹ 1 = 𝐴(4) ⟹ 𝐴 =
4
⟹ 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐶 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 4 + 𝐸 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2
⟹ 1 = 𝑥 4 (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑥 3 (𝐵 + 𝐶 ) + 𝑥 2 (2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 ) + 𝑥 (𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 + 𝐸 ) + (𝐴 + 𝐶 + 𝐸 )
𝐁𝐘 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟. 𝐨𝐟 𝒙𝟒 1
⇒ 𝐴+𝐵 =0⟹𝐵 =−
4
𝐁𝐘 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟. 𝐨𝐟 𝒙𝟑 1
⇒ 𝐵+𝐶 =0⟹𝐶 =
4
𝐁𝐘 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟. 𝐨𝐟 𝒙𝟐 1
⇒ 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 0 ⟹ 𝐷 = −
2
𝐁𝐘 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟. 𝐨𝐟 𝒙 1
⇒ 𝐵+𝐶+𝐷+𝐸 =0⟹𝐸 =
2
1 1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥+ − 𝑥+
4 4 4 2 2
𝐼=∫ = ∫ + + 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)
2 2 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1) ( 𝑥 + 1)2
2 2

1 1 𝑥−1 1 𝑥−1
= ln(𝑥 + 1) − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
4 4 ( 𝑥 + 1) 2 (𝑥 + 1)2
1 1 1 2𝑥 1 1 1 2𝑥 1
= ln(𝑥 + 1) − [ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥] − [ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥]
4 4 2 𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1 2 2 (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ln(𝑥 + 1) − [ ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − tan−1 𝑥] − [ (− 2 )− ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 ]
4 4 2 2 2 𝑥 +1 ⏟ (𝑥 + 1 )2
𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐠. 𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
1
𝐟𝐨𝐫: ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)2
𝜋 𝜋
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 and 𝑥 2 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃 ; − <𝜃<
2 2
1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫(1 + cos(2𝜃))𝑑𝜃
(𝑥 2 + 1) 2 (sec 𝜃 )
2 2 2
sec 𝜃 2
1 sin(2𝜃) 1 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) 1 1 𝑥2
= [𝜃 + ] = [𝜃 + ] = [tan−1 𝑥 + .√ 2 ]
2 2 2 2 2 √𝑥 2 + 1 𝑥 + 1
1 sin(2𝜃) 1 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) 1 𝑥
= [𝜃 + ] = [𝜃 + ] = [tan−1 𝑥 + 2 ]
2 2 2 2 2 𝑥 +1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 𝑥
∴ 𝐼 = ln(𝑥 + 1) − [ ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − tan−1 𝑥] − [ (− 2 ) − [tan−1 𝑥 + 2 ]] + 𝐶
4 4 2 2 2 𝑥 +1 2 𝑥 +1
Assorted Integrals
2. Evaluate each of the following integrals:
𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝟑
𝐚. ∫ 𝟑/𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝐟. ∫ 𝒅𝜽 𝐤. ∫ 𝒚𝟐 (𝐥𝐧 𝒚) 𝒅𝒚
𝒙 − √𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐛. ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝐠. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝐥. ∫
𝒙𝟐 √𝟖 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟒
𝒆𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆𝒕 𝟏
𝐜. ∫ 𝒅𝒕 𝐡. ∫ √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 > 𝟏 ) 𝐦. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒆𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏 𝒙√𝒙 + 𝟗
𝒅𝒕
𝐝. ∫ √𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝐢. ∫(𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝐧. ∫
√𝒆𝒕 + 𝟏
√𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒕 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐞. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝐣. ∫ 𝐨. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝒕 − √𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Solution:
𝟏 1
𝐚. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟑/𝟐 − √𝒙 √𝑥 ( 𝑥 − 1 )
1
𝐋𝐞𝐭 √𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
2 √𝑥
1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑦 = −2 tanh−1 𝑦 + 𝑐 = −2 tanh−1 √𝑥 + 𝑐
√ 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1 ) 2 √𝑥 ( 𝑥 − 1 ) (𝑦 − 1)

𝐛. ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝑢 = sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 =
√1 − 𝑥 2 2

−1
𝑥 2 −1 1 𝑥2
∴ ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑥2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2
𝜋 𝜋
Let 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 and √1 − 𝑥 2 = cos 𝜃 ; − ≤ 𝜃 ≤
2 2

𝑥2 sin2 𝜃
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
√1 − 𝑥 2 cos 𝜃
1
= ∫(1 − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2
1 sin 2𝜃 1 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= (𝜃 − ) + 𝑐 = (𝜃 + )+𝑐
2 2 2 2
 1
= (sin−1 𝑥 − 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
2
𝑥 2 −1 1
∴ ∫ 𝑥 sin −1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 − (sin−1 𝑥 − 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
2 4

𝒆𝟒𝒕 + 𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆𝒕
𝐜. ∫ 𝒅𝒕
𝒆𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏
𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑩𝒀 𝑺𝑼𝑩𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑻𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 1
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑒 = 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑡 = ⇒ 𝐼 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2 + 1
𝐁𝐘 𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 −∫ 2
𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1
𝑥2 1 1 1
𝐼= + ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑒 2𝑡 + ln(𝑒 2𝑡 + 1) − tan−1 (𝑒 𝑡 ) + 𝐶
2 2 2 2

1 5 5 1
𝐝. ∫ √𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ √− [(𝑥 − )2 − ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √[ − (𝑥 − )2 ] 𝑑𝑥
2 4 4 2

1 √5 √5 5 1 √5
𝐋𝐞𝐭 (𝑥 − ) = sin 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 and √[ − (𝑥 − )2 ] = cos 𝜃
2 2 2 4 2 2

5 1 √5 √5
∴ ∫ √[ − (𝑥 − )2 ]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4 2 2 2
5 5
= ∫ cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫(1 + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
4 8
5 sin 2𝜃 5 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= (𝜃 + ) + 𝑐 = (𝜃 + )+𝑐
8 2 8 2

5 2 1 2 1 2 5 1
= (sin−1 [ (𝑥 − )] + [ (𝑥 − )][ √[ − (𝑥 − )2 ]]) + 𝑐
8 √5 2 √5 2 √5 4 2

√𝒙 + 𝟏
𝐞. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
Let 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑢2 → 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
√𝑥 + 1 𝑢 𝑢2 − 1 + 1 1
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 2 [∫ 1 + 𝑑𝑢]
𝑥 𝑢 −1 𝑢2 − 1 𝑢2 − 1
= 2[𝑢 − tanh−1 ( 𝑢)] + 𝐶 = 2[√𝑥 + 1 − tanh−1 (√𝑥 + 1) ] + 𝐶
 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝐟. ∫ 𝒅𝜽
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
1 2 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 1 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 − (cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
∴ ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
2 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
1 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 − (cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
2 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
1 (cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃) 1
= [∫ 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ 𝑑𝜃] = [𝜃 − ln(sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 )] + 𝑐
2 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 2
OR
1 1
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 − sin 𝜃cos 𝜃 (1 − cos(2𝜃)) − sin(2𝜃)
2 2
∫ ∗ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 − cos2 𝜃 − cos(2𝜃)
1 sin(2𝜃) 1 1 1
= ∫ − sec(2𝜃) + 1 + 𝑑𝜃 = [− ln|sec(2𝜃) + tan(2𝜃)| + 𝜃 + ln|sec(2𝜃)|] + 𝐶
2 cos(2𝜃) 2 2 2

𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
𝐠. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐

1
𝑢 = tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 =
1 + 𝑥2 𝑥

tan−1 𝑥 −1 −1
𝒅𝒙
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + ∫
𝑥2 𝑥 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
𝒅𝒙
𝐟𝐨𝐫 ∫
𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥)
= + =
𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )
1 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥)
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 → 1 = 𝐴
1 = 𝑥 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐴 → 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 → 𝐵 = −1, and 𝐶 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∴∫ 2
=∫ −∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )
1
= ln 𝑥 − ln(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
2

tan−1 𝑥 −1 −1
1
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 − ln(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
𝑥2 𝑥 2
𝐡. ∫ √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 > 𝟏 )

1 2 1
∫ √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ √(𝑥 − ) − 𝑑𝑥
2 4

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 𝜋
Let (𝑥 − ) = sec 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 and √(𝑥 − ) − = tan 𝜃 , 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 > 1 ⟺ 0 ≤ 𝜃 <
2 2 2 2 4 2 2

1 2 1 1 1
∴ ∫ √(𝑥 − ) − 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 4 2 2
1 1
∫ sec 𝜃 tan2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ sec 𝜃 (sec 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝑑𝜃
4 4
1
= [∫ sec 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃]
4
1 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 1
= [ − ln(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)] + 𝑐
4 2 2
1 1 2 1
(𝑥 − ) √(𝑥 − ) − 1 1 2 1
2 2 4
= − 2 ln (2 (𝑥 − ) + 2√(𝑥 − ) − ) + 𝑐
2 2 2 4

𝐢. ∫(𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝑢 = (sin−1 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 2(sin−1 (𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑥
∫(sin−1 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 (sin−1 𝑥)2 − 2 ∫(sin−1 (𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
⏟ √1 − 𝑥 2
𝐁𝐲 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧

𝑥
𝑢 = sin−1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = −√1 − 𝑥 2
√1 − 𝑥2
∫(sin−1 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 (sin−1 𝑥)2 − 2 [− sin−1 (𝑥) √1 − 𝑥 2 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥]

= 𝑥 (sin−1 𝑥)2 − 2 [− sin−1 (𝑥) √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥] + 𝐶

 𝒅𝒕
𝐣. ∫
𝒕 − √𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐
𝜋 𝜋
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑡 = sin 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 and √1 − 𝑡 2 = cos 𝜃 ; − ≤ 𝜃 ≤
2 2
𝑑𝑡 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃
∴𝐼=∫ =∫ 𝑑𝜃 ∗ =∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝑡 − √1 − 𝑡 2 sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 − cos2 𝜃
1 1
sin(2𝜃) + (1 + cos(2𝜃))
= ∫2 2
𝑑𝜃
− cos(2𝜃)
1 1 −2 sin(2𝜃)
= [ ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫(− sec(2𝜃) − 1)𝑑𝜃]
2 2 cos(2𝜃)
1 1 1
[ ln(cos(2𝜃)) − ln|sec(2𝜃 ) + tan(2𝜃)| − 𝜃] + 𝐶
=
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
𝐼 = [ ln(cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃 )) − ln | 2 + | − 𝜃] + 𝐶
2 2 2 cos (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃) cos 2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃)
1 1 1 1 + 2 sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
𝐼= [ ln(cos2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃 )) − ln | | − 𝜃] + 𝐶
2 2 2 cos 2 (𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃)

1 1 2
1 1 + 2𝑡√1 − 𝑡 2
𝐼 = [ ln(1 − 2𝑡 ) − ln | | − sin−1 𝑡] + 𝐶
2 2 2 1 − 2𝑡 2

𝟑
𝐤. ∫ 𝒚𝟐 (𝐥𝐧 𝒚) 𝒅𝒚

3
𝑢 = ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
1 2 5
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑦2
𝑦 5
3 2 5 2 3 2 5 4 5
∫ 𝑦 2 (ln 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦2 ln 𝑦 − ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦2 ln 𝑦 − 𝑦2 + 𝐶
5 5 5 25

𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐥. ∫
√𝟖 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟒
𝐁𝐘 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝐼=∫ 𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 1 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
√9 − (𝑥2 + 1) 2
1 1
𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 √ 9 − 𝑢2
𝜋 𝜋
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑢 = 3 sin 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 and √9 − 𝑢2 = 3 cos 𝜃 ; −
<𝜃<
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 −1
𝑢 1 −1
𝑥2 + 1
𝐼= ∫ 3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝐶 = sin ( ) + 𝐶 = sin ( )+𝐶
2 3 cos 𝜃 2 2 2 3 2 3
OR Directly,
1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 −1
𝑥2 + 1
𝐼= ∫ = sin ( )+𝐶
2 √9 − (𝑥2 + 1)2 2 3

𝟏
𝐦. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙√𝒙 + 𝟗
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑢 = √𝑥 + 9 ⟹ 𝑢2 = 𝑥 + 9 ⟹ 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑥 √𝑥 + 9 (𝑢 2 − 9) 𝑢 𝑢2 − 9
2 𝑢 2 √𝑥 + 9
= − tanh−1 ( ) + 𝐶 = − tanh−1 ( )+𝐶
3 3 3 3

OR

𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑡 = √𝑥 ⟹ 𝑡 2 = 𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 2 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = − csch−1 ( ) + 𝐶
2 𝑡 2 √𝑡 2 + 9 𝑡√𝑡 2 + 9 3 3
𝑥 √(√𝑥) + 9
2 √𝑥
= − csch−1 ( ) + 𝐶
3 3

𝒅𝒕
𝐧. ∫
√𝒆𝒕 + 𝟏
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝑢 = √𝑒 𝑡 + 1 ⟹ 𝑢2 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 1 ⟹ 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝑢
𝑑𝑡 𝑢2 −1 2
∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = −2 tanh−1 (𝑢) + 𝐶 = −2 tanh−1 (√𝑒 𝑡 + 1) + 𝐶
√𝑒 𝑡 + 1 𝑢 𝑢2 − 1

𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐨. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
1 − cos 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 (1 − cos 𝑥)2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∗ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + cos 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 1 − cos2 𝑥
1 − 2cos 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csc 2 𝑥 − 2 cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 + cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin2 𝑥

= ∫ csc 2 𝑥 − 2 cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 + csc 2 𝑥 − 1𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2 csc 2 𝑥 − 2 cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

= −2 cot 𝑥 + 2 csc 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
OR
𝑥
1 − cos 𝑥 2 sin2 ( ) 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2 2 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [sec ( ) − 1] 𝑑𝑥 = 2 tan ( )−𝑥+𝐶
1 + cos 𝑥 𝑥
2 cos2 ( ) 2 2 2
2