TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Boulevard Cubao, Quezon City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Civil Engineering Department

CE 510
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING

Submitted by:
Maca, Alvin Dave A.
CE52S1

Submitted to:
ENG’R. RHONNIE ESTORES
Instructor

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL BACKGROUND ……………………………… 3
1.1 Introduction ……………………………… 4
1.2 Objective of the Design ……………………………… 5
1.3 Scope and Limitations ……………………………… 5

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……………………………… 6

2.1 Isolated Footing ……………………………… 6
2.1.1 Types of Isolated Footing. ……………………………… 6
2.1.2 Flat, Pad and Plain Isolated Footing. ……………………………… 7
2.1.3 Stepped Isolated Footing ……………………………… 7
2.1.4 Slope Isolated Footing ……………………………… 8
2.2 Different Shapes of Isolated Footings ……………………………… 8
2.2.1 Square Footing. ……………………………… 8
2.2.2 Rectangular Footing ……………………………… 9
2.2.3 Circular Footing ……………………………… 9
2.3 Advantage and Disadvantage of Isolated Footing. … 9

CHAPTER 3: DESIGN PROCESS ……………………………… 6

3.1 Design Methodology ……………………………… 10

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 Introduction

The Purpose of this project is to design a foundation that will apply to a structure to comply with
final project submission. Codes and Standards are governing by ACI, UBC, ASTM and NSCP 2015 to
pass the material and standard for designing foundation that suit for building. Design Loads are also
covered by Exposure and Earthquake force which include already tested soil bearing capacity within
the location of the project.

For Design Analysis and Modeling, Designer use Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis
Professional 2024.

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 CHAPTER 1: GENERAL BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

Foundation, Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of
a building and transmits its loads directly to the earth. To prevent damage from repeated freeze-thaw
cycles, the bottom of the foundation must be below the frost line. The foundations of low-rise residential
buildings are nearly all supported on spread footings, wide bases (usually of concrete) that support walls
or piers and distribute the load over a greater area. A concrete grade beam supported by isolated
footings, piers, or piles may be placed at ground level, especially in a building without a basement, to
support the exterior wall. Spread footings are also used—in greatly enlarged form—for high-
rise buildings. Other systems for supporting heavy loads include piles, concrete caisson columns, and
building directly on exposed rock. In yielding soil, a floating foundation—consisting of rigid, boxlike
structures set at such a depth that the weight of the soil removed to place it equals the weight of the
construction supported—may be used.

Foundations provide the structure's stability from the ground:

 To distribute the weight of the structure over a large area in order to avoid overloading the underlying
soil (possibly causing unequal settlement).
 To anchor the structure against natural forces including earthquakes, floods, droughts, frost heaves,
tornadoes and wind.
 To provide a level surface for construction.
 To anchor the structure deeply into the ground, increasing its stability and preventing overloading.

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 To prevent lateral movements of the supported structure (in some cases).

References: Soil mechanics in engineering practice (3rd ed.), New York: John Wiley & Sons,

1.2. Statement of the Problem.

This design aims to acquire a footing design that is safe and economical on which all reinforcement
Are scheduled and test are verified by software and related code.

1.3. Objective of the Design.

This Design shall meet the following Objectives.

 To Design an adequate foundation for multipurpose building that support 2 – 3
storey Building
 To achieve the most important criteria for safety
 To show the perspective of the footing including schedule of reinforcement

1.4. Scope and Limitation.

The Design is only for conceptual stage that may subject to change with accordance with the
requirements put by the Designer. The load acting on the structure is verified to include 3 storey building
Including soil bearing assumption within the Zone and type of soil settled on projected site location.
Limitation of the design are Electrical, Mechanical and Sanitary design, Archectural design is not
included as well but dead load is already acquired for Load calculation purposes.

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 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Figure: Isolated Footing

Source: https://i0.wp.com/

2.1 Isolated Footing

Individual columns are supported by the isolated footing. They might be steeped or have projections in the
concrete foundation. Steel reinforcement is given in both directions in a concrete bed for heavily loaded
columns.

Isolated footings come in a variety of shapes and sizes, including spread, stepped, and sloped footings.
The most common shapes are square, rectangular, and round. The soil condition and the pattern of exerted
loads determine which type of footing is used. When columns are placed at relatively long distances,
isolated footings are one of the most cost-effective types of footings.

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Isolated or single footings are structural elements that are used to transmit and distribute loads from single
columns to the earth without exceeding the soil’s bearing capacity, as well as to prevent excessive
settlement and provide enough protection against sliding and overturning. They are also employed when
there are light column loads, when columns are not tightly spaced, and when the soil is uniform.

2.1.1 Types of Isolated Footing.

 Flat, Pad, Plain, or Reinforced Isolated Footing
 Stepped Isolated Footing
 Sloped Isolated Footing

2.1.2 Flat, Pad and Plain Isolated Footing.

It is commonly square, rectangular, or circular in shape and is built separately under each column. Flat isolated
footing has a consistent thickness. It’s included to help lessen bending moments and shear forces at important
points. To boost the final weight carrying capability, it can be made of plain concrete or reinforced concrete.

2.2 Figure: Pad Isolated Footing

Source: https://expertcivil.com/

A pad foundation is built to sustain concentrated loads from a single point load, such as a structural column.
Another name for this is a simple spread footing.

2.1.3 Stepped Isolated Footing.

Construction of this form of isolated footing was once common, but its use has waned in recent years. It is
primarily used in the construction of residential buildings.

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 2.3 Figure: Stepped Isolated Footing
Source: https://expertcivil.com/

The stepped footings are stacked on top of each other. To make steps, three concrete cross-sections are
typically piled on top of each other.

2.1.4 Slope Isolated Footing.

Sloped or trapezoidal footings are meticulously designed and built to maintain a 45-degree top slope on all
sides. In the construction of a sloped footing,

2.4 Figure: Sloped Isolated Footing

Source : https://expertcivil.com/
less reinforcing and concrete is utilized than in the construction of a plain isolated footing. As a result, there is
less need for concrete and reinforcement.

2.2 Different Shapes of Isolated Footings

 Square
 Rectangular
 Circular

2.2.1 Square Footing.

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 2.5 Figure: Square Footing
Source: https://expertcivil.com/

2.2.2 Rectangular Footing.

2.6 Figure: Rectangular Footing

Source: https://expertcivil.com/

2.2.3 Circular Footing.

2.7 Figure: Circular Footing

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 Source: https://expertcivil.com/

2.3 Advantage and Disadvantage of Isolated Footing.

Advantage
Isolated Footing are cost- effective.
The independent Footing are simple to build
Even unskilled workers can construct it
It necessitates minimal excavation of earth
2.1 Table: Advantage and Disadvantage of Isolated Footing
Disadvantage
The earth must be stable all the way around the
structure’s base.
It may be very huge in size to cope with heavy
load.
Because of the spate foundations, this design is
vulnerable to different settle that could harm the
structure.

CHAPTER 3: DESIGN PROCESS

3.1 Design Methodology.

To give rise for the intended use or purpose of the structure that will be built. A step-by-step procedure
is executed to initially generate the designer’s task to examine methodically and in detail the
constitution of the structure typically for purpose and interpretation.

Performing the analysis on software is the initial part of the process. To initially model we used
Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2024 and for analysis we used. The designer also
used (2015 National Code Standards (NSCP) and related manuals codes.

3.2 Design Standards

3.2.1 Codes and Standards

3.2.1.1 Governing Codes

ACI 318 Building Code requirements for reinforced Concrete

American Concrete Institute
UBC 1997 Uniform Building Code

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NSCP 2015 National Structural Code of the Philippines
AISC Manual of Steel Construction
Allowable Stress Design
American Institute of Steel Construction
3.2.1.2 Governing Standards

ASTM A36 Structural Steel

ASTM 611 Steel sheet, Carbon, Cold – rolled Structural Alloy
ASTM 615 Specification for Steel Bars for Steel Reinforcement
ASTM C33 Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C39 Standard Test Method for Compressive
Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
ASTM C94 Standard Specification for ready – mixed concrete.
ASTM C150 Standard Specification for Portland cement
SG 671 Specification for the design of Cold-Formed
Structural Steel Members by American
And Steel Institute
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN PARAMETERS

4.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS

Use of design shall be computed by software Autodesk

Robot Structural Analysis, National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP 2015) and other Code related to the
Design.
4.2 SUPERIMPOSED LOADS

4.2.1 ROOF DEAD LOAD

Trusses 240 PA
Metal Roofing and Purlins 144 PA
Ceiling 240 PA
All Fixtures 96

4.2.2 ROOF LIVE LOAD

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 TRIBUTARY AREA (SQM)
TA < 20 800 PA
20 < TA < 60 700 PA
TA > 60 600 PA

4.2.3 FLOOR DEAD LOAD

Partitions 960 PA
Floor Tiles 1,200 PA
Masonry Walls 3,255 PA

4.2.4 FLOOR LIVE LOAD

Rooms 2,400 PA

4.2.5 WIND LOAD

A.) Basic wind Speed

Zone I 250 MPH
Zone II 200 MPH

B.) Exposure
Exposure B Has terrain with buildings, forest or surface
Irregularities, 6.0 meters or more in height
covering at least 20% of the area Extending
1.5 Km or more from Site.

Exposure C Has Terrain which is flat and generally open

Extending 800 meters or more from the site
In any full quadrant
C.) Design wind Pressure

4.2.6 SEISMIC LOAD

A.) Soil Bearing Capacity 2500 psi (17.4 MPa)

B.) Seismic Zone Zone IV

𝒁𝒙𝑰𝒙𝑪
C.) Earthquake force 𝑽= ( )𝑾
𝑹𝒘

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 Where:
Z = 0.40 for seismic zone 4
I = 1.00 Importance Factor
C = 2.75 Maximum
𝑅𝑤 = 8.00 Dual System
W = 0.1375 Maximum, Total Seismic Load

4.3 Design Process

4.1 Figure: Design Process for Isolated Square Footing

Start

Checking Design Loads Re-evaluate

Soil Stabilization
Material Stresses

NO
NO

Soil Capacity
Primary Material
Properties

YES Primary Model YES

YES NO
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 Safety

YES

Final Working Drawing

YES

4.3.1 Design Perspective End

4.2 Figure: Square Footing

4.3.1.1 Square Footing.

An isolated footing is used to support a single column's load. Its plan is usually square or rectangular.
It is the simplest, most cost-effective, and most widely used type of footing. Square footings are used
to reduce bending moments and shearing forces at critical sections. Isolated footings are used when
the column loads are light, the columns are not closely spaced, and the soil is homogeneous. The
footing bends with concavity upwards as a result of upward soil pressure and hence two layers of
reinforcement are recommended.

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4.3.2 Checking Load Design.
4.1 Table: Superimposed load

Members Design Load Live Load Dead Load

Roofing Design Load
Trusses 800 Pa 240 Pa
Metal Proofing 700 Pa 144 Pa
Ceiling 600 Pa 240 Pa
All Fixtures 96 Pa
Flooring Design Load
Partitions 960 Pa
Floor Tiles 1,200 Pa
Rooms 2,400 Pa
Masonry walls 3,255 Pa
Wind Load Exposure
Design Wind Pressure
Zone I 250 Mph
Zone II 200 Mph
Exposure
Exposure B
Exposure C
Seismic Design Load
Soil Bearing Capacity 2500 Psi
Earthquake force 0.01890

4.3.3 Design of Material Stresses.

Materials 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑚′
Concrete at 28 days 21 Mpa
Reinforcing steel 275 Mpa
Structural Steel 250 Mpa
Cold Formed Steel 230 Mpa
Masonry for building walls, Perimeter fence and Trenches 4.83 Mpa
Masonry Concrete Grout 275 Mpa
Steel Pipe 250 Mpa
4.2 Table: Design of Material Stresses
4.3.4 Concrete and Reinforcing Steel.
Details Measurement

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 Minimum Concrete Cover to all reinforcing bars for non-corrosive environment
Concrete cast against and permanently
Exposed to earth 75 mm
Formed surface exposed to earth or weather
D16mm dia bars or smaller 40 mm
Other bars 50 mm
Formed surface not exposed directly to weather or earth
Slabs, Wall and Joists 20 mm
Beams, Girders and Columns 40 mm
Concrete cover for corrosive environment exposed to earth or ground with form
Reinforced concrete wall 62 mm
Slab 62 mm
Beam/Columns 80 mm
Footing 100 mm
4.3 Table: Concrete and Reinforcing Steel
4.3.5 Concrete compressive strength
The minimum 28- days cylinder compressive of concrete 𝑓𝑐′ shall be.
Details Strength (Mpa)
Footing, FTB, Retaining walls and basement water tank 20.7 Mpa
Columns, Pedestals and shear walls 20.7 Mpa
Floor Slabs. Beams and Girders 20.7 Mpa
Desk Floors, Canopies 20.7 Mpa
Partitions, Curtain walls, Bedded Slabs, Sidewalks , Curbs and Gutter 17.0 Mpa
Lean Concrete 10.0 Mpa
4.4 Table: Concrete compressive strength
4.3.6 Soil capacity
Liquid Limit Shall not Exceed 25
Plasticity Index Shall not Exceed 12%
4.5 Table: Soil Capacity
4.3.7 Soil Compaction requirements.
Inside The building 90 % FDT
Parking Area 95 % FDT
Landscaping 85 % FDT
4.6 Table: Soil Compaction
4.3.8 Foundation Guidelines.

1. The foundation works after excavation for footing are complete and any required reinforcing steel
are in place.

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2. Formwork Shall be in place Prior.
3. All fill and backfill materials shall be compacted in lifts not exceeding 200 mm thick with acceptable
equipment to achieve a minimum 95 % MDD based on ASTM D-698
4. Fill and backfill materials shall be free from debris, wood, roots, vegetable matter, refuse, unsound
particles, deleterious or objection materials.

4.4 Primary Model.

4.3 Figure: Primary Reinforcement Model.

4.4.1 Primary Model Top View Reinforcement.

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 4.4 Figure: Top View Reinforcement

4.5 Checking for Safety.

The soil incorporated of carrying the loads from the structure placed upon it without any shear failure and
resulting settlements. Being acceptable for structure.
A soil shear failure can result in excessive building distortion and even collapse whereas excessive settlement
can result in structural damage to a building frame.

Shear resistance and settle are already calculated using the Autodesk robot structural analysis 2024.
The recommended allowable bearing capacity 𝑞𝑎 to be used for design is based on minimum of either.
1. Limiting the settlement to acceptable amount
2. The ultimate bearing capacity, which considers soil strength, as computed in the following sections.
The allowable bearing capacity based on shear control 𝑞𝑎 is obtained by reducing (or dividing) the ultimate
bearing capacity 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 (based on soil strength) by a safety factor SF that is deemed adequate to avoid a
base shear failure to obtain
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡
𝑞𝑎 =
𝑆𝐹

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CHAPTER 5: WORKING DRAWING

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 5.1 Figure: Front View Isolated Square footing

Footing Mark Reinforcement Footing Dimensions Remarks

BAR “X” BAR “Y” Length Width Depth Thickness
F1 10-16 mm ɸ 10-16 mm ɸ 1300 1300 1200 250 Square Footing
5.1 Table: Schedule of Footing

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 5.2 Figure: Top View with Measurement Details of Isolated Square footing

Column Schedule
Size 350 mm x 350 mm
Mainbars 4 – 25 mm ɸ
Additional Bars 4 – 20 mm ɸ
Ties 3 at 10mm ɸ, 3 at 50mm, 7 at 150mm , Rest 200 mm to center
5.2 Table: Column Schedule from Footing

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Appendix A.
Robot Structural Analysis Test Trial Result.

A.1 Basic Data

A.1.1 Assumptions
 Geotechnical Calculation according to : ACI
 Concrete Calculation according to : ACI – 318-19
 Shape selection : Square Footing
A.1.2 Geometry

A.1 Figure: Geometry

A = 1.30 (m)
B = 1.30 (m)
h1 = 0.25 (m)
h2 = 0.70 (m)
h4 = 0.10 (m)
a = 0.35 (m)
b = 0.35 (m)
ex = 0.00 (m)
ey = 0.00 (m)

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 A.2 Figure: Column pier type
a’ = 30.0 (m)
b’ = 30.0 (m)
c1 = 5.1 (cm)
c2 = 5.1 (cm)

A.1.3 Materials
Materials Type Strength
Concrete CONCR_3.5 24.10 Mpa
Longitudinal reinforcement Grade 40 275.79 Mpa
Transversal reinforcement Grade 40 275.79 Mpa
Additional reinforcement Grade 40 275.79 Mpa
A.1 Table: Materials
A.1.4 Loads:

A.3 Figure: Foundation Loads

A.4 Figure: Backfill Loads

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A.1.5 Combination List

A.5 Figure: Combination List

A.1.6 Design Combination.

A.6 Figure: Design Combination.

A.1.7 Combination coefficients:

A.7 Figure: Combination Coefficients

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A.1.8 Global Coefficients:

A.8 Figure: Global Coefficients

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Appendix B:
Robot Structural Analysis Test Trial Result for Geotechnical.

B.1.1 Assumptions

B.1 Figure: Assumptions

B.1.2 Soil.

B.2 Figure: Soil Grade

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 B.1.2.1 Soil.Settlement

B.3 Figure: Soil Settlement

B.1.2.2 Soil Information

B.4 Soil Information

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B.1.3 Limit States.

B.1.3.1 Stress Calculation

B.5 Figure: Stress Calculation

B.1.3.2 Uplift

B.6 Figure: Uplift

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B.1.3.3 Average Settlement

B.7 Figure: Average Settlement

B.1.3.4 Settlement difference

B.8 Figure: Settlement Difference

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B.1.3.5 Rotation

B.9 Figure: Rotation

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 B.1.3.5.1 Force acting on Footing

B.10 Figure: Force on Footing

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Appendix C.
Robot Structural Analysis Test Trial Result for Reinforce Concrete Design.

C.1.1. Assumptions

C.1 Figure: Environment class

C.1.2. Analysis of one – way and two-way shear.

C.1.2.1. One – way shear

C.2 Figure: One –way shear

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C.1.2.2. Two – way shear.

C.3 Figure: Two – way shear.

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C.1.2.3. Required reinforcement.
C.1.2.3.1 Spread Footing.
C.1.2.3.1.1 Bottom

C.4 Figure: Bottom Reinforcement

C.1.2.3.1.2 Top

C.5 Figure: Top Reinforcement

C.1.2.3.2 Column Pier

C.6 Figure: Longitudinal reinforcement

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C.1.2.4. Provided reinforcement.

C.2.3.4.1. Spread footing:

C.2.3.4.1.1 Bottom:

C.7 Figure: X and Y Reinforcement

C.2.3.4.2. Pier
C.2.3.4.2.1 Longitudinal Reinforcement
C.2.3.4.2.2 Dowels
C.2.3.4.2.2.1 Longitudinal Reinforcement

C.8 Figure: Longitudinal Reinforcement

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Appendix D.
Robot Structural Analysis Test Trial Result for Material Survey
D.1 Material Survey

D.1 Figure: Material Survey

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