AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 1

gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask

MwYZ

cvUÆ ‰AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ

AaÅvqwfwîK gGWGji mgvavb

2 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ

cÉ^g AaÅvq
evÕ¦e msLÅv
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K
 12 = 3.464........ K ‰LvGb, Abve†î AsGki Aâ msLÅv nGe 2 ‰es Ave†î AsGki

15 = 3.87298.......... Aâ msLÅv nGe 3 I 2 ‰i j.mv.à. 6| ‰Lb `kwgK msLÅv
gGb Kwi, a = 3.6 `yBwUGK m`†k KGi weGqvM Kiv nGjv|
‰Lb, 3.464... < 3.6 < 3.87298...    
2.86709 = 2.86709709 70
 12 I 15 ‰i gaÅeZÆx ‰KwU gƒj` msLÅv 3.6 (Ans.)
  
Avevi awi, x = 3.6060060006.... 1.062 = 1.06262626 26
Õ·Ó¡Z, 3.464... < 3.6060060006... < 3.87298...  
1.80447083 44
p
‰es x ˆK q AvKvGi ˆjLv hvq bv|  
 wbGYÆq weGqvMdj = 1.80447083 (Ans.)
 12 I 15 ‰i gaÅeZÆx ‰KwU Agƒj` msLÅv L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

3.6060060006... (Ans.)  242 – 24 218 109
L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, r = 5 ‰es S = 10r – 3 = 10  5 – 3 = 50 – 3 = 47 x = 2.42 = = =
90 90 45
 S ‰i eMÆgƒj = 47  121 – 12 109
z = 12. 1= =
‰LvGb, 9 9
¯¯ 00
6 47. ¯¯ 00
¯¯ 00
¯¯ 00
¯¯ 00
¯¯ 6.85565 109 109 109 9 1
xz=  =  =
36 45 9 45 109 5
128 1100 99
Avevi, p = 24.75 = 4
1024
1365 7600   408 – 4 404
y = 4. 08 = =
6825 99 99
13705 77500 99 404
68525 py=  = 101
4 99
137106 897500 1 1 + 505 506
822636 ‰es t = (x  z) + (p  y) = 5 + 101 = 5 = 5
1371125 7486400 506
6855625 ‰Lb, evgcÞ = 4 5t + 23 = 4 5  5 + 23
630775
= 4 506 + 23
 wbGYÆq eMÆgƒj = 6.85565 ...
= 4 529
 Pvi `kwgK Õ©vb chƯ¦ eMÆgƒGji Avm®² gvb = 6.8557 (Ans.)
= 4  23 = 92
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 ‰es WvbcÞ = 4p – 7 = 4  24.75 – 7 = 99  7 = 92
Q = 3b – 2
= 3  11 – 2 [ b = 11]  4 5t + 23 = 4p – 7 (cÉgvwYZ)
= 31
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, p = 24.75

 Q ‰i eMÆgƒj = Q = 31
p ‰i eMÆgƒj = 24.75
awi, 31 ‰KwU gƒj` msLÅv|
p ‰Lb,
 31 = ; ˆhLvGb p I q DfqB Õ¼vfvweK msLÅv I ciÕ·i 4 24.
¯ 75
¯ 00
¯ 00
¯ 00
¯ 00
¯ 00
¯ 4.974937
q
mnGgŒwjK ‰es q > 1 16
p2 89 875
ev, 31 = q2 [eMÆ KGi] 801
p2 987 74 00
ev, 31q = q [DfqcÞGK q «¼viv àY KGi] 6909
p2 9944 49100
Õ·Ó¡Z, 31q cƒYÆ msLÅv| wK¯¦y q cƒYÆ msLÅv bq KviY p I q 39776
99489 932400
Õ¼vfvweK msLÅv I ‰iv ciÕ·i mnGgŒwjK ‰es q > 1. 895401
p2 p2
 31q ‰es mgvb nGZ cvGi bv, A^Æ v r 31q  . 994983 3699900
q q 2984949
p
 31 ‰i gvb AvKvGii ˆKvGbv msLÅvB nGZ cvGi bv, 9949867 71495100
q 69649069
p
A^Ævr 31  q . 1846031
 wbGYÆq eMÆgƒj 4.974937.....
myZivs 31 gƒj` msLÅv bq|
 Q ‰i eMÆgƒj ev 31 Agƒj` msLÅv| (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)  cuvP `kwgK Õ©vb chƯ¦ eMÆgƒGji Avm®² gvb 4.97494 (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 3
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb p 2
Õ·Ó¡Z: 3q cƒYÆ msLÅv wK¯§ q cƒYÆmsLÅv bq, [KviY p I q
 
K
 w«¼Zxq `kwgK f™²vskwU nGjv 6.4743 Õ¼vfvweK msLÅv I ‰iv ciÕ·i mnGgŒwjK ‰es q >1]
  64743  64 64679 4739 p2 p2
myZivs, 6.4743 = 9990 = 9990 = 6 9990  3q ‰es mgvb nGZ cvGi bv, A^Ævr 3q  q
q
  4739
 6.4743 ‰i mvgvbÅ f™²vsGk cÉKvwkZ i…c = 6 (Ans.)  3 ‰i
p
gvb q AvKvGii ˆKvGbv msLÅv nGZ cvGi bv,
9990
   
L
 3.52 , 6.4743 I 2.3125 Ave†Z `kwgGK Abve†î AsGki Aâ p
A^Ævr, 3  q | myZivs 3 gƒj` msLÅv bq|
msLÅv 1, 1 I 2. ‰LvGb, Abve†î AsGki Aâ msLÅv meGPGq ˆewk
AvGQ 2 evi| ZvB m`†k `kwgGK Abve†î AsGki Aâ msLÅv nGe  3 ‰KwU Agƒj` msLÅv|
2| Avevi, Ave†î AsGki Aâ msLÅv nGe 1, 3, 2 ‰i j.mv.à 6|
   5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
3.52 = 3.52222222 2222
    K `kwgK f™²vsGk `kwgK we±`yi ci Ave†îvsk Qvov AbÅ ˆKvGbv

6.4743 = 6.47437437 4374 Aâ bv ^vKGj, ‰GK we÷«¬ ˆcŒbtcywbK eGj ‰es
  
2.3125 = 2.31252525 2525 ˆcŒbtcywbK `kwgK f™²vsGk `kwgK we±`yi ci Ave†îvsk Qvov
 
12.30912184 9121 ‰K ev ‰KvwaK Aâ ^vKGj, ‰GK wgkÉ ˆcŒbtcywbK eGj|
 
 wbGYÆq ˆhvMdj 12.30912184 (Ans.) ˆhgb: 1.3 we÷«¬ ˆcŒbtcywbK f™²vsk ‰es 4.2351 2 wgkÉ
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 ˆcŒbtcywbK f™²vsk|
       L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

R = (1. 185  0. 24) + (0.62  0.3) – (0.45 + 0.134) P = 2x  1, ˆhLvGb x  ô
1185 – 1 24 – 0 62 – 6 3 – 0 45 – 4 134 – 13
= ( 999
 )(
99 )(+
90

9
–
90
+
900) P2 = (2x  1)2 = 4x2  4x + 1
P2  1 = 4x2  4x + 1  1
1184 99 56 3 41 121 = 4x2  4x = 4(x2  x)
= ( 
999 24 ) ( ) (
+ )
90 9
 – +
90 900 hv 4 «¼viv wefvRÅ|
44 28 410 + 121 44 28 – 531
= +
9 135
–
900
= +
9 135 900
 (P2  1) ˆK 4 «¼viv fvM KiGj ˆKvGbv fvMGkl ^vGK bv|
44 28 – 59 13200 + 560 – 1593 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
= + = p
9 135 100 2700 M Agƒj` msLÅv: ˆh msLÅvGK q AvKvGi cÉKvk Kiv hvq bv,

12167
= = 4.506296296 ....... ˆhLvGb p, q cƒYÆmsLÅv ‰es q  0, ˆm msLÅvGK Agƒj` msLÅv
2700
 
 R = 4.50629 (cÉgvwYZ)
eGj|
ˆhgb: 2, 3,  BZÅvw`|
4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb x = 20 nGj,
K
 3 Agƒj` msLÅv| [ˆgŒwjK msLÅvi eMÆgƒj Agƒj` msLÅv] p = 2.20  1 = 39  p = 39
2.1302 gƒj` msLÅv | (Ans.) Avgiv Rvwb,
L gGb Kwi, a = 3 = 1.732
 36 < 39 < 49
‰es b = 2.1302  36 < 39 < 49 ev, 6 < 39 < 7
a I b ‰i gvGS ‰KwU gƒj` I ‰KwU Agƒj` msLÅv wbYÆq KiGZ myZivs 39 ‰i gvb 6 AGcÞv eo wK¯§ 7 AGcÞv ˆQvU|
nGe| AZ‰e 39 cƒYÆmsLÅv bq|
gGb Kwi, c = 2 ‰es d = 1.9781 ...................  39 gƒj` msLÅv A^ev Agƒj` msLÅv|
‰LvGb, a < c < b ‰es a < d < b hw` 39 gƒj` msLÅv nq ZGe
 c I d DfqB 3 ˆ^GK eo wK¯§ 2.1302 ˆ^GK ˆQvU| p
awi 39 = q; ˆhLvGb p I q DfqB Õ¼vfvweK msLÅv I ciÕ·i
‰LvGb, c gƒj` msLÅv ‰es d Agƒj` msLÅv|
 2 ‰es 1.9781 .........B wbGYÆq msLÅv«¼q| (Ans.) mnGgŒwjK ‰es q > 1
p2
M Avgiv Rvwb, 1 < 3 < 4
 ev, 39 = q2 [eMÆ KGi]
 1< 3< 4 p2
ev, 1 < 3 < 2 ev, 39q = q [Dfq cÞGK q «¼viv àY KGi]
myZivs 3 ‰i gvb 1 AGcÞv eo ‰es 2 AGcÞv ˆQvU| p2
Õ·Ó¡Z: 39q cƒYÆmsLÅv wK¯§ q cƒYÆmsLÅv bq| KviY p I q
AZ‰e 3 cƒYÆmsLÅv bq|
 3 gƒj` msLÅv A^ev Agƒj` msLÅv| hw` 3 gƒj` msLÅv nq
Õ¼vfvweK msLÅv I ‰iv ciÕ·i mnGgŒwjK ‰es q > 1.
p2 p2
ZGe myZivs 39q ‰es q mgvb nGZ cvGi bv| A^Ævr 39q  q
p
awi, 3 = q , ˆhLvGb p I q Õ¼vfvweK msLÅv I ciÕ·i p
39 ‰i gvb AvKvGii ˆKvGbv msLÅvB nGZ cvGi bv|
q
mnGgŒwjK ‰es q >1 p
p2 A^Ævr 39  q
ev, 3 = q2 ; [eMÆ KGi]
p2 myZivs 39 gƒj` msLÅv bq|
ev, 3q = q ; [Dfq cÞGK q «¼viv àY KGi]  39 ‰KwU Agƒj` msLÅv| (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
4 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb A^Ævr 21  p myZivs 21 gƒj` msLÅv bq|
q
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
  21 Agƒj` msLÅv|
cÉ`î msLÅv `yBwU 21 = 4.582576 (cÉvq)  msLÅv `yBwUi gGaÅ 21 Agƒj` msLÅv| (Ans.)
‰es 5.1302
 `yBwU msLÅvi gGaÅ ‰KwU Agƒj` msLÅv a nGj, 7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
awi, a = 5.01001000100001.......... K cÉ`î Ave†î `kwgK f™²vsk = 0.493

..

‰GÞGò, =
493  4
990
21 < a < 5.1302 489
=
 wbGYÆq Agƒj` msLÅv = 5.01001000100001......... (Ans.) 990
163
L w«¼Zxq msLÅvwU nGjv = 5.1302
 =
330
163
5.1302 ‰i eMÆgƒj = 5.1302  wbGYÆq mvaviY f™²vsk =
330
(Ans.)
‰LvGb, L 1.548 ‰i eMÆgƒj = 1.548

2  
5 . 13 02 2.2649
‰LvGb, 1 1.54  
8000 .... 1.244186
113 1
42
84 22 54
446 2902 44
2676 244 1080
4524 22600 976
18096 2484 10400
45289 450400 9936
407601 24881 46400
42799 24881
248828 2151900
 wZb `kwgK Õ©vb chƯ¦ eMÆgƒj = 2.265 ‰es `yB `kwgK
1990624
Õ©vb chƯ¦ eMÆgƒj = 2.27 (cÉvq) (Ans.) 2488366 16127600
M msLÅv `yBwUi gGaÅ 5.1302 ˆK f™²vsk AvKvGi cÉKvk Kiv
 14930196
hvq| 1197404
AZ‰e, 1.548 ‰i cuvP `kwgK Õ©vb chƯ¦ eMÆgƒj = 1.24419 (Ans.)
 5.1302 ‰KwU gƒj` msLÅv M Avgiv Rvwb, 9 < 11 < 16

‰Lb, 21 gƒj` msLÅv nGZ cvGi ev Agƒj` msLÅvI nGZ  9 < 11 < 16
cvGi| ev, 3 < 11 < 4
cÉgvY: 16  21  25 myZivs, 11 ‰i gvb 3 I 4 ‰i gvGS AewÕ©Z|
 16  21  25 AZ‰e, 11 cƒYÆmsLÅv bq|
ev, 4  21  5 myZivs 11 gƒj` ev Agƒj` msLÅv|
myZivs 21 ‰i gvb 4 AGcÞv eo ‰es 5 AGcÞv ˆQvU| p
hw` 11 gƒj` msLÅv nq ZGe awi, 11 = q
AZ‰e 21 cƒYÆmsLÅv bq|
 21 gƒj` msLÅv A^ev Agƒj` msLÅv [ˆhLvGb p I q Õ¼vfvweK msLÅv I ciÕ·i mnGgŒwjK ‰es q > 1]
hw` 21 gƒj` msLÅv nq ZGe p2
ev, 11 = q2 ; [eMÆ KGi]
awi, 21 = p [ˆhLvGb p I q DfqB Õ¼vfvweK msLÅv I p2
q
ev, 11q = q ; [DfqcÞGK q «¼viv àY KGi]
ciÕ·i mnGgŒwjK ‰es q  1]
p2 p2
ev, 21 = 2 [eMÆ KGi] Õ·Ó¡Z, 11q cƒYÆmsLÅv wK¯¦y q cƒYÆmsLÅv bq| KviY p I q
q
ev, 21q = p
2
mnGgŒwjK ‰es q > 1.
q p2 p2
2  11q I mgvb nGZ cvGi bv| A^Ævr 11q  q
 Õ·Ó¡Z 21q cƒYÆmsLÅv| wK¯§ p cƒYÆ msLÅv bq KviY p I q q
q p
Õ¼vfvweK msLÅv I ‰iv ciÕ·i mnGgŒwjK ‰es q  1|  11 ‰i gvb q AvKvGii msLÅv nGZ cvGi bv,
2 2
myZivs 21q ‰es p mgvb nGZ cvGi bv A^Ævr 21q  p A^Ævr 11  q
p
q q
p
 21 ‰i gvb AvKvGii ˆKvb msLÅv nGZ cvGi bv|  11 ‰KwU Agƒj` msLÅv| (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
q
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 5
8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K

p
gƒj` msLÅv: p I q cƒYÆmsLÅv ‰es q  0 nGj, q AvKvGii msLÅvGK K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

  12527 – 125 12402
gƒj` msLÅv ejv nq| D`vniY : 5, 6.5, 0.7777..... BZÅvw` gƒj` X = 12.527 =
990
=
990
msLÅv|   9632 – 96 9536
p Y = 9.632 = =
Agƒj` msLÅv : ˆh msLÅvGK q AvKvGi cÉKvk Kiv hvq bv, 990 990

ˆhLvGb p, q cƒYÆmsLÅv ‰es q  0, ˆm msLÅvGK Agƒj` msLÅv 12402 9536

XY= 
990 990
ejv nq| cƒYÆeMÆ bq ‰i…c ˆhGKvGbv Õ¼vfvweK msLÅvi eMÆgƒj
689 4768
‰KwU Agƒj` msLÅv| =
55

495
7
D`vniY : 3, 2 , 1.870828693 .....BZÅvw` Agƒj` msLÅv| 3285152
=
27225
L ‰LvGb, 7 = 2.64575
 = 120.6667401 (cÉvq) (Ans.)
9=3 L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

‰Lb, 7 I 9 ‰i gGaÅ `ywU gƒj` msLÅv wbYÆq :   52961 – 5 52956 5884
gGb Kwi, a = 2.705 Z = 5.2961 =
9999
= =
9999 1111
b = 2.805
  4135 – 41 4094 2047
Õ·Ó¡Z, a I b DfqB `ywU evÕ¦e msLÅv ‰es DfqB 7 AGcÞv P = 4.135 =
990
= =
990 495
eo ‰es 3 AGcÞv ˆQvU| 
A^Ævr 7 < 2.705 < 3 X = 12.527

7 < 2.805<3 Y = 9.632
 2.705 I 2.805 `ywU gƒj` msLÅv| (Ans.)  
X + Y = 12.527 + 9.632
Avevi, gGb Kwi,
x = 2.7070070007...
‰LvGb, Abve†î AsGki Aâ msLÅv nGe 1 ‰es Ave†î AsGki
y = 2.9090090009.... Aâ msLÅv nGe 2|
Õ·Ó¡Z, x ‰es y DfqB `ywU evÕ¦e msLÅv ‰es DfqB 7 
12.527 27
AGcÞv eo ‰es 3 AGcÞv ˆQvU| 
A^Ævr 7 < 2.7070070007................. < 3 9.632 32
7 < 2.9090090009............... < 3 
22.159 59
 x I y `ywU Agƒj` msLÅv| (Ans.)   22159 – 221 21938 10969
 X + Y = 22.159 = = =
990 990 495
M Avgiv Rvwb, 4 < 7 < 9

 4< 7< 9
ev, 2 < 7 < 3
(5884
‰Lb, (Z  P)  (X + Y) = 1111  495
2047
)  10969
495
5884 2047 495
myZivs 7 ‰i gvb 2 AGcÞv eo wK¯§ 3 ˆ^GK ˆQvU| =  
1111 495 10969
AZ‰e, 7 cƒYÆ msLÅv bq|
= 0.988347 (cÉvq) (Ans.)
 7 gƒj` msLÅv A^ev Agƒj` msLÅv|
hw` 7 gƒj` msLÅv nq ZGe M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, n = 6

p ‰es Q = 8n – 1 = 8  6 – 1 = 48 – 1 = 47
awi, 7 = q ; ˆhLvGb p I q DfqB Õ¼vfvweK msLÅv I ciÕ·i
 Q ‰i eMÆgƒj = 47
mnGgŒwjK ‰es q > 1| ‰LvGb,
p2
ev, 7 = q2 [eMÆ KGi ]      
6 47. 0000000000 6.85565
p2 36
ev, 7q = q [DfqcÞGK q «¼viv àY KGi] 128 1100
p2 1024
Õ·Ó¡Z: 7q cƒYÆ msLÅv wK¯¦y q cƒYÆ msLÅv bq, KviY p I q 1365 7600
6825
Õ¼vfvweK msLÅv I ‰iv ciÕ·i mnGgŒwjK ‰es q > 1| 13705 77500
p2 p2 68525
myZivs 7q ‰es q mgvb nGZ cvGi bv, A^Ævr 7q  q
137106 897500
p 822636
 7 ‰i gvb q AvKvGii ˆKvGbv msLÅvB nGZ cvGi bv, A^Ævr 1371125 7486400
p 6855625
7
q 630775
myZivs 7 gƒj` msLÅv bq|  wbGYÆqeMÆgƒj = 6.85565…
 7 Agƒj` msLÅv| (cÉgvwYZ)  Pvi `kwgK Õ©vb chƯ¦ eMÆgƒGji Avm®² gvb = 6.8557 (Ans.)
6 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ‰es 6 ‰KwU gƒj` msLÅv|
. . 2195 – 21 2174 1087 KviY 6 cƒYÆmsLÅv|
K
 r = 2.195 =
990
=
990
=
495
(Ans.) L ‰LvGb,

L
 p+s–r 37 = 6.0827 ... ... ...
. . . . .. ‰Lb, 6 I 6.0827 ... ... ... ‰i gGaÅ `ywU gƒj` msLÅv wbYÆq:
= 3.62420 + 1.503 – 2.195 awi, a = 6.001
‰LvGb, Abve†î AsGki Aâ msLÅv nGe 2 ‰es Ave†î AsGki b = 6.005
Aâ msLÅv 3, 3 I 2 ‰i j.mv.à. = 6| ‰LvGb, Õ·Ó¡Z: 6 < 6.001 < 37
. .
 p + s = 3.62420420 42 6 < 6.005 < 37
. .  6.001 ‰es 6.005 `ywU gƒj` msLÅv| (Ans.)
(+) 1.50350350 35
. . 6 I 6.0827 ... ... ... ‰i gGaÅ `ywU Agƒj` msLÅv wbYÆq:
5.12770770 77 awi, x = 6.01010010001 ... ... ...
. . y = 6.01030030003 ... ... ...
p + s – r = 5.12770770 77 p
. . ‰LvGb, x I y `ywU evÕ¦e msLÅv wK¯§ f™²vsk AvKvGi A^Ævr, q
(–) 2.19595959 59
. . AvKvGi cÉKvk Kiv hvq bv|
2.93174811 18
. . Avevi,
 p + s – r = 2.93174811 (Ans.) 6 < x < 37
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 6 < y < 37
q = (2 3 + 2) (2 3 – 2)  6.01010010001 ... ... I 6.01030030003 ... ... `ywU Agƒj`
= (2 3)2 – ( 2)2 = 12 – 2 = 10 msLÅv| (Ans.)
q A^Ævr 10 ‰i eMÆgƒj = 10 M
 gƒj` msLÅv 6
     3.1622
3 10.00 00 00 00 6 ‰i eMÆgƒj wbYÆq:
9 6 2.44948 ... ...
61 100 4
61 44 200
626 3900 176
3756 484 2400
6322 14400 1936
12644 4889 46400
63242 175600 44001
126484 48984 239900
49116 195936
 10 = 3.162 489888 4396400
(wZb `kwgK Õ©vb chƯ¦) (Ans.) 3919104
477296
11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
 wbGYÆq eMÆgƒj = 2.44948 ... ... ... (Ans.)
K ‰LvGb, 37 ‰KwU Agƒj` msLÅv|
  eMÆgƒGji Pvi `kwgK chƯ¦ Avm®² gvb 2.4495 (Ans.)
KviY, 37 Amxg, Abve†Z `kwgK msLÅv|
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ
w«¼Zxq AaÅvq
ˆmU I dvskb
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, Q = {x  ô : x ˆgŒwjK msLÅv ‰es 0  x  27}
 ‰es B = {x  ô : x ˆgŒwjK msLÅv ‰es x < 7} = {2, 3, 5}
0 ‰es 27 ‰i gaÅeZÆx ˆgŒwjK msLÅvàGjv nGjv:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23.
 Q = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23} (Ans.)
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, A = {1, 2, 3, 4},
 ‰es A  B = {1, 4, 7}  {2, 3, 5} = 
B = {2, 3, 5, 7} ‰es C = {3, 4, 5, 6}
 B  C = {2, 3, 5, 7}  {3, 4, 5, 6} = {3, 5}
evgcÞ = A  (B  C)
= {1, 2, 3, 4}  {3, 5} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Avevi, A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4}  {2, 3, 5, 7} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}
 A  C = {1, 2, 3, 4}  {3, 4, 5, 6} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
WvbcÞ = (A  B)  (A  C)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
 A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C) (cÉgvwYZ)
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, C = {3, 4, 5, 6}
  R = {(4, 2), (7, 5)}
C ‰i Dcv`vb msLÅv, n = 4
 P(C) = {{3, 4, 5, 6}, {3, 4, 5}, {3, 5, 6}, {4, 5, 6},
{3, 4, 6}, {3, 4}, {3, 5}, {3, 6}, {4, 5}, {4, 6},
{5, 6}, {3}, {4}, {5}, {6}, } (Ans.)
P(C) ‰i Dcv`vb msLÅv = 16 = 24 = 2n
 P(C) ‰i Dcv`vb msLÅv 2n ˆK mg^Æb KGi| (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, A = {2, 4, 6}

 P(A) = {{2} {4}, {6} {2, 4} {2, 6} {4, 6} {2, 4, 6}, }
(Ans.)
L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A = {2, 4, 6},
B = {1, 3, 5} ‰es C = {2, 3, 4, 5}
 A  B = {2, 4, 6}  {1, 3, 5} = {2, 4, 6}
‰es B = U  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}  {1, 3, 5} = {2, 4, 6}
 B  C = { 2, 4, 6}  {2, 3, 4, 5} = {6}
 (A  B)  (B  C) = {2, 4, 6}  {6}
= {(2, 6), (4, 6), (6, 6)} (Ans.)
M
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {1, 3, 5} I C = {2, 3, 4, 5}
 A  B = {2, 4, 6}  { 1, 3, 5} = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
 A  C = {2, 4, 6}  {2, 3, 4, 5} = {2, 4}
‰es B  C = {1, 3, 5}  {2, 3, 4, 5} = {3, 5}
evgcÞ = (A  B)  C
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}  {2, 3, 4, 5} = {2, 3, 4, 5}
WvbcÞ = (A  C)  (B  C)
= {2, 4}  {3, 5} = {2, 3, 4, 5}
 (A  B)  C = (A  C)  (B  C) (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, A = {1, 4, 7}
 KviY, 2 + 1 </ 3, 3 + 1 </ 3, 4 + 1 </ 3, 4 + 1 </ 5
 A ‰i cÉK‡Z DcGmUmgƒn:
{1, 4}, {1, 7}, {4, 7}, {1}, {4}, {7},  (Ans.)
7
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, A = {1, 4, 7}

evgcÞ = A  B = {1, 4, 7}  {2, 3, 5} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}
‰Lb, A\B = {1, 4, 7} \ {2, 3, 5} = {1, 4, 7}
B\A = {2, 3, 5} \ {1, 4, 7} = {2, 3, 5}
WvbcÞ = (A \ B)  (B \ A)  (A  B)
= {1, 4, 7}  {2, 3, 5}  
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7} = evgcÞ
 A  B = (A \ B)  {B \ A}  {A  B} (cÉgvwYZ)
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, A {1, 4, 7}, B = {2, 3, 5}

‰es R = {x, y} : x  A, y  B ‰es x  2 = y}
‰Lb, cÉGZÅK x  A ‰i RbÅ y = x  2 ‰i gvb wbYÆq Kwi:
x 1 4 7
y 1 2 5
ˆhGnZz 1  B KvGRB (1, 1)  R
 ˆWvg, R = {4, 7} ‰es ˆié R = {2, 5} (Ans.)
4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K A = {x : x abvñK cƒYÆmsLÅv ‰es x2 < 18}

x = 1 nGj, x2 = 1 < 18;
x = 2 nGj, x2 = 22 = 4 < 18; x = 3 nGj, x2 = 32 = 9 < 18;
x = 4 nGj, x2 = 42 = 16 < 18; x = 5 nGj, x2 = 52 = 25 / 18
 A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
L
 ‘K’ nGZ cvB, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
A ‰i Dcv`vb msLÅv, n = 4
 P(A) = {{1,}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {1, 4},
{2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}, {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 4},
{1, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}, {1, 2, 3, 4}, }
P(A) ‰i Dcv`vb msLÅv = 16 = 24 = 2n
ˆhLvGb n, A ‰i Dcv`vb msLÅv|
 P(A) ‰i Dcv`vb msLÅv 2n ˆK mg^Æb KGi| (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
M ‘K’ nGZ A = {1, 2, 3, 4}

ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, B = {x : x  ô ‰es x2  8x + 15 = 0}
B ‰i eYÆbvKvix mgxKiY, x2  8x + 15 = 0
ev, x2  5x  3x + 15 = 0
ev, x(x  5)  3(x  5) = 0
ev, (x  5)(x  3) = 0  x = 3, 5
 B = {3, 5}
kZÆgGZ, A®¼q R = {(x, y) : x  A, y  B ‰es x + 1 < y}
‰LvGb, A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4}  {3, 5}
= {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 5),
(4, 3), (4, 5)}
(2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 3) I (4, 5) MÉnYGhvMÅ bq|
 mÁ·KÆ weGePbvq A®¼q, R = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}
(Ans.)
8 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ev, x(x + 9)  8 (x + 9) = 0
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, f(x) = 3x  a
 ev, (x + 9) (x  8) = 0  x = 9, 8
 f(1) = 3(1)  a = 3  a wK¯§ x   9 KviY x  ô
cÉkg² GZ, f(1) = 3 ev, 3  a = 3  a =  6 (Ans.)  Q = {8} (Ans.)
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, A = {3, 5, 6}, B = {4, 5, 7} ‰es C = {2, 3, 6, 8}
 L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, R = {(x,y) : x  P, y  P ‰es x  y = 2}

 A  B = {3, 5, 6}  {4, 5, 7} = { 5} ‰es P = {2, 1, 0, 1}
‰es B  A = {4, 5, 7}  {3, 5, 6} = {4, 7} R ‰ ewYÆZ kZÆ nGZ cvB, x  y = 2  y = x  2
ZvnGj, (B  A) = U  (B  A) ‰Lb, cÉGZÅK x  P ‰i RbÅ y = x  2 ‰i gvb wbYÆq Kwi :
= {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}  {4, 7} = { 2, 3,5, 6, 8} x 0 1
2 1
(A  B)  C = {5}  { 2, 3, 6, 8} = {2, 3, 5, 6, 8}
y=x2 4 3 2 1
 (A  B)  C = (B  A) (cÉgvwYZ)
ˆhGnZz 4, 3  P myZivs (2, 4)  R; (1, 3)  R
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, S = {(x , y) : x  A, y  B ‰es y  x}
  R = {(0, 2), (1, 1)}
A = { 3, 5, 6} ‰es B = {4, 5, 7}
 ˆWvGgb = {0, 1} (Ans.)
‰Lb, A  B = {3, 5, 6}  {4, 5, 7} 1 + z7 + z14
= {(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 7), (5,4), (5, 5), (5, 7), M
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, f(z) = z7
(6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 7)} 1 + (s ) + (s2)14
2 7

S ‰ ewYÆZ kZÆ nGZ cvB, y  x. evgcÞ = f(s2) = (s2)7

14 28
 S = {(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 7), (5, 5), (5, 7), (6, 7)} (Ans.) 1+s +s s28 + s14 +1
= =
‰es ˆié S = {4, 5, 7} (Ans.) s14 s14
1 + (s ) + (s2)14 1 + s14 + s28
2 7
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb WvbcÞ = f(s2) = =
(s2)7 s14
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, A = {x : x  Ù; 1  x2  4}
 1 1 28 14
s +s +1
1 + 14 + 28
‰Lb, x = 0 nGj, x2 = 0 ‰es x2 u 1 s s s28 s28 + s14 + 1
= = =
x =  1 nGj, x2 = 1 ‰es 1  x2  4 1 1 s14
s14 s14
x =  2 nGj, x2 = 4 ‰es 1  x2  4
= evgcÞ
x =  3 nGj, x2 = 9 ‰es x2 > 4
 A = { 2,  1, 1, 2} (Ans.)  f(s2) = f(s2) (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, C = { x : x  ô; x < 10 ‰es x ˆgŒwjK msLÅv}
 C = {2, 3, 5, 7} 8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
 P(C) = {{2, 3, 5, 7}, {2, 3, 5}, {2, 3, 7}, {2, 5, 7}, K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, A = {x  ô : x2  2x  24 = 0}

{3, 5, 7}, {2, 3}, {2, 5}, {2, 7}, {3, 5}, {3, 7}, {5, 7}, {2},
= {x  ô : x2  6x + 4x  24 = 0}
{3}, {5}, {7}, } (Ans.)
= {x  ô : x(x  6) + 4(x  6) = 0}
‰LvGb, C ‰i Dcv`vb msLÅv, n = 4 = {x  ô : (x  6) (x + 4) = 0}
P(C)‰i Dcv`vb msLÅv = 16 = 24 = 2n = {x  ô : x =  4, 6}
 P(C) ‰i Dcv`vb msLÅv 2n ˆK mg^Æb KGi| (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv) = {6} [  4  ô]
5y  1  P(A) = {{6}, } (Ans.)
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, f(y) = 5y + 1

L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, S = {(x, y) : x  C, y  C ‰es y  3x = 0}
5(y + 3)  1 5y + 14
f(y + 3) = =
5(y + 3) + 1 5y + 16 ‰es C = {0,  1,  2,  3}
f(y + 3)  2 x  C ‰i RbÅ y  3x = 0 ev y = 3x ‰i gvb wbYÆq Kwi:
cÉ`î ivwk =
f(y + 3) + 1 x 0 1 2 3
5y + 14 y 0 3 6 9
2
5y + 16
= ˆhGnZz, 6, 9  C ˆmGnZz (2, 6), (3 , 9)  S
5y + 14
+1  S = {(0, 0), (1, 3), (1, 3)}
5y + 16
5y + 14 10y  32  ˆié S = {3, 0, 3} (Ans.)
5y + 16 M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, B = 0 ev, 2x  y = 0  y = 2x

=
5y + 14 + 5y + 16  2  x  2 eÅewaGZ x ‰i wKQy gvGbi RbÅ y = 2x ‰i gvb
5y + 16
wbYÆq Kwi:
 5y  18 (5y + 18)
= = (Ans.) x 2 0 2
10y + 30 2(5y + 15)
y 4 0 4
7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ‰Lb, x I y AÞ eivei Þz`ËZg eGMÆi 5 evüi Š`NÆÅGK h^vKÌGg
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, Q = {x  ô : x2 + x  72 = 0}
 1 I 2 ‰KK aGi (2, 4), (0, 0) I (2, 4) we±`ymgƒn QK
‰Lb, x2 + x  72 = 0 ev, x2 + 9x  8x  72 = 0 KvMGR Õ©vcb KGi we±`yàGjv ˆhvM Kwi| ‰wUB wbGYÆq ˆjLwPò
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 9
10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
Y
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, A = {1, 0, 1, 2}

4
‰LvGb, A ˆmGUi Dcv`vb msLÅv, n = 4
(2, 4)
Avgiv Rvwb, A ˆmGUi Dcv`vb msLÅv n nGj, P(A) ‰i
2
Dcv`vb msLÅv nGe 2n
(2, 0) (2, 0)  P(A) ‰i Dcv`vb msLÅv = 2n = 24 = 16 (Ans.)
X (0, 0)O X L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, C = 346 ‰es D = 556

ˆh Õ¼vfvweK msLÅv «¼viv 346 ‰es 556 ˆK fvM KiGj cÉwZGÞGò
31 AewkÓ¡ ^vGK, ˆm msLÅvwU 31 AGcÞv eo ‰es msLÅvwU
(346 – 31) = 315 I (556 – 31) = 525 ‰i mvaviY àYbxqK|
(2, 4) gGb Kwi, 31 AGcÞv eo 315 ‰i àYbxqGKi ˆmU = A
Y
‰es 525 ‰i àYbxqGKi ˆmU = B
‰LvGb, 315 = 1  315 = 3  105 = 5  63 = 7  45 = 9  35
ˆjLwPò nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq, Bnvi Dci Y-AGÞi mgv¯¦ivj ˆh Avevi, 525 = 1  525 = 3  175 = 5 105 = 7  75 = 15  35
ˆKvb ˆiLv Aâb KiGj Zv ˆjLwUGK meÆ`v ‰KwU gvò we±`yGZ 31 AGcÞv eo 315 ‰i àYbxqKàGjv nGjv:
ˆQ` KGi| 35, 45, 63, 105, 315
31 AGcÞv eo 525 ‰i àYbxqKàGjv nGjv:
 ˆjLwPòwU ‰KwU dvskb| (hvPvB Kiv nGjv)
35, 75, 105, 175, 525
9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb A = {35, 45, 63, 105, 315} ‰es B = {35, 75, 105, 175, 525}
K gGb Kwi, wUwdGb wgwÓ¡ cQ±` KGi ‰i…c wkÞv^ÆxG`i ˆmU S
  wbGYÆq ˆmU = A  B = {35, 105} (Ans.)
‰es dj cQ±` KGi ‰gb wkÞv^ÆxG`i ˆmU F. M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, S = {(x, y): x  A, y  A ‰es y = x2}

U = 100 ‰Lb, mKj x  A ‰i RbÅ y = x2 ‰i gvb wbYÆq Kwi:
x –1 0 1 2
y 1 0 1 4
ˆhGnZz 4  A, KvGRB (2, 4)  S
S R F
25 30 35  S = {(–1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1)} (Ans.)
QK KvMGRi X-AÞ I Y-AÞ eivei Þz`ËZg 5 eGMÆi Š`NÆÅ
1 ‰KK aGi ZvwjKvi we±`yàGjv Õ©vcb KGi eKÌfvGe ˆhvM Kwi|
Y (2, 4)

ˆfbwPGò AvqZvKvi ˆÞòwU 100 RGbi ˆmU U ‰es

ciÕ·iGQ`x `ywU e†î S I F wbG`Æk KGi| `ywU e†Gîi mvaviY
AskUzKz nGœQ ‰gb wkÞv^Æx hviv wUwdGb wgwÓ¡ ev dj DfqwUB
cQ±` KGi| ‰ AskGK R «¼viv wPwn×Z Kiv nGqGQ| (1, 1) (1, 1)
L awi, KÑvGm ˆgvU wkÞv^Æx msLÅv = 100 Rb

÷aygvò wgwÓ¡ cQ±` KGi = 55  30 = 25 Rb
÷aygvò dj cQ±` KGi = 65  30 = 35 Rb X O(0, 0) X
 KgcGÞ ‰K cG`i wUwdb cQ±` KGi = 25 + 35 + 30 = 90 Rb|
 Dfq cÉKvi wUwdb cQ±` KGi bv ‰gb wkÞv^Æx msLÅv
= 100  90 = 10 Rb (Ans.)
Y
M ‘L’ nGZ cvB,

A®¼Gqi ˆjLwPò
÷aygvò wgwÓ¡ cQ±` KGi ‰gb wkÞv^Æx msLÅv = 25 Rb
÷aygvò dj cQ±` KGi ‰gb wkÞv^Æx msLÅv = 35 Rb
BnvB cÉ`î A®¼Gqi ˆjLwPò|
 A nGœQ 25 ‰i àYbxqGKi ˆmU
‰es B nGœQ 35 ‰i àYbxqGKi ˆmU|
 A = {1, 5, 25} B = {1, 5, 7, 35}
 A  B = {1, 5, 25}  {1, 5, 7, 35}
= {(1, 1), (1, 5), (1, 7), (1, 35), (5, 1), (5, 5), (5, 7),
(5, 35), (25, 1), (25, 5), (25, 7), (25, 35)} (Ans.)
10 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
4
11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb = 16  1 = 2  1 = 15
K A®¼q: hw` A I B `yBwU ˆmU nq ZGe ˆmU«¼Gqi KvGZÆmxq
  A ‰i cÉ KZ
‡ DcGmGUi m`mÅ msLÅv 2n  1 mƒòGK mg^Æb
àYR A  B ˆmGUi A¯¦MÆZ KÌgGRvoàGjvi AkƒbÅ DcGmU R KGi| (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
ˆK A ˆmU nGZ B ˆmGUi ‰KwU A®¼q ev mÁ·KÆ ejv nq|  M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, P = {3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {0, 1, 2}
‰LvGb, R ˆmU A  B ˆmGUi ‰KwU DcGmU A^Ævr, R  A  B. ‰es R = {(x, y) : x  B, y  P ‰es x  y =  1}
KÌgGRvo: ‰KGRvov Dcv`vGbi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU cÉ^g AeÕ©vGb R ‰i eYÆbvKvix mgxKiY, x  y =  1  y = x + 1
Avi ˆKvbwU w«¼Zxq AeÕ©vGb ^vKGe, Zv wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi ˆRvov ‰Lb, x  B ‰i RbÅ y = x + 1 ‰i gvb wbYÆq Kwi:
x 0 1 2
AvKvGi cÉKvkGK KÌgGRvo ejv nq| hw` ˆKvb KÌgGRvGoi y=x+1 1 2 3
cÉ^g Dcv`vb ev c` x ‰es w«¼Zxq Dcv`vb ev c` y nq, ZGe ‰LvGb, 1  P ‰es 2  P.
KÌgGRvowUGK (x, y) w`Gq cÉKvk Kiv nq|  (0, 1)  R ‰es (1, 2)  R
L A = {x  ô : 1  x  10, x ˆgŒwjK msLÅv} = {2, 3, 5, 7}
  R = {(2, 3)}
A ‰i cÉK‡Z DcGmUmgƒn: {2}, {3}, {5}, {7}, {2, 3}, {3, 5},  ˆWvg R = {2} ‰es ˆié R = {3} (Ans.)
{5, 7}, {2, 5}, {2, 7}, {3, 7}, {2, 3, 5},
{2, 3, 7}, {2, 5, 7}, {3, 5, 7}, 
 A ‰i Dcv`vb msLÅv 4 ‰es ‰i DcGmGUi m`mÅ msLÅv
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 11

Z‡Zxq AaÅvq
exRMvwYwZK ivwk
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K awi, f(x) = x3 – x – 24
 K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = 9 + 4 5
 2

ZvnGj, f(3) = ( 3)3 – 3 – 24 = 27 – 3 – 24 = 0 = 5 + 2. 5.2 + 4

 (x – 3), f(x) ‰i ‰KwU Drcv`K|
= ( 5)2 + 2. 5.2 + 22
‰Lb, x3 – x – 24
= ( 5 + 2) 2
= x3 – 3x2 + 3x2 – 9x + 8x – 24
= x2 (x – 3) + 3x(x – 3) + 8(x – 3)  x = 5 + 2 (Ans.)
= (x – 3) (x2 + 3x + 8) (Ans.) L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, a2 = 13 + 2 42 x2 = 9 + 4 5
ev, a = 7 + 2 42 + 6
2
ev, (x2)2 = (9 + 4 5)2
ev, a2 = ( 7)2 + 2 7. 6 + ( 6)2
ev, x4 = 81 + 72 5 + 80
ev, a2 = ( 7 + 6)2
 x4 = 72 5 + 161
a= 7+ 6
1 1
1 1 7 6  4=
‰Lb, = = x 161 + 72 5
a 7 + 6 ( 7 + 6) ( 7  6)
(161  72 5)
7 6 =
= (161)2  (72 5)2
( 7)2  ( 6)2
7 6 = 161  72 5
= = 7 6 x8  1
76 evgcÞ = x4
1
a = 7+ 6 7+ 6=2 6
a 1
3 = x4  4
1 1 1 1 x
 a3 – 3 =  a –  + 3.a. .  a – 
a  a a  a = 161 + 72 5  161 + 72 5
= (2 6)3 + 3. 2 6 = 144 5 = WvbcÞ
= 8.6 6+6 6 x8  1
= 48 6+6 6 
x4
= 144 5 (cÉgvwYZ)
= 54 6 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv) M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

M ‘L’ ˆ^GK cvB,
 a= 3+ 2
a= 7+ 6 1 1 3 2
1  = = = 3 2
‰es a = 7  6 a 3 + 2 ( 3)2  ( 2)2
1 cÉ`î ivwk = a3  a3
a+ = 7+ 6+ 7 6=2 7 3
a 1 1 1 1
2 = a3  = a   + 3.a. a  
1 1 1 a3  a a a
 a2 + 2 =  a +  – 2. a. = (2 7)2 – 2
a  a a =( 3+ 2 3 + 2)3 + 3( 3 + 2  3+ 2)
= 4.7 – 2 3
= 26 = (2 2) + 3  2 2
3
1 1 1 1 = 16 2 + 6 2
a3 + 3 =  a +  – 3.a.  a + 
a  a a a = 22 2 (Ans.)
= (2 7)3 – 3.2 7
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
= 8.7 7 – 6 7
= 56 7 – 6 7 = 50 7 K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, a  3 = 2 2
 2

1 1
‰Lb,  a2 + a2  a3 + a3  = 26  50 7 ev, a2 = 3 + 2 2
ev, a2 = 2 + 2 2 + 1
1
ev, a5 + 1 + a + a5 = 1300 7 ev, a2 = ( 2)2 + 2. 2.1 + ( 1)2
a
1
ev, a5 + a5 + 2 7 = 1300 7 ev, a2 = ( 2 + 1)2
1
ev, a2 = ( 2 + 1)2
 a5 + 5 = 1298 7 (Ans.) a= 2 + 1 (Ans.)
a
12 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
L ‘K’ nGZ cvB, a = 2 + 1
 
1
=
1
x 3+ 2
1 1
 =
a 2+1 3 2
=
21 21 ( 3 + 2) ( 3  2)
= =
( 2 + 1) ( 2  1) ( 2)2  (1)2 3 2 3 2
= =
21 ( 3)2  ( 2)2 32
= = 21 1
21  = 3 2
1 x
‰Lb, a + a = 2 + 1 + 2  1 = 2 2 1
myZivs x  x = 3 + 2  3 + 2 = 2 2
1
Avevi, a  a = 2 + 1  2 + 1 = 2 x6  1 x4 + 1
evgcÞ = x3  2 x2
1 1 2 1
‰es a2 + a2 = a + a   2a. a = (2 2)2  2 = 6
1
= (x  x1 )  2 (x + x1 )
3
3
2
2

 cÉ`î ivwk = a4 + 4
a 1 1 3 1  1 1
= (x  ) + 3.x. (x  )  2 (x  ) + 2.x. 
2

1
2 x x x  x x
= (a2)2 +  
a2  = (2 2)3 + 3.2 2  2 {(2 2)2 + 2}
1 2 1
= a2 + 2   2. a2 . 2 = 8.2 2 + 6 2  2 (8 + 2)
 a  a
= 16 2 + 6 2  10 2
= (6)2  2
= 12 2 = WvbcÞ
= 36  2 = 34 (Ans.)
x6  1 x4 + 1
M ‘L’ nGZ

1 1
cvB, a2 + a2 = 6 ‰es a  a = 2  3  2 = 12 2 (cÉgvwYZ)
x x2

1 1
3
1 1 M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, R = 46 5

‰Lb, a3  a3 = a  a  + 3.a. a a  a  1
3
ev, p3  p3 = 46 5
= (2) + 3  2
=8+6 p6  1
ev, p3 = 46 5
= 14
a + 2  a3  13  = a5  1 + a  15
1 ev, p6  1 = 46 5p3
‰Lb, 2
 a a a a ev, p6  46 5p3  1 = 0
1 1 1 1
ev, a5  a5 + a  a  = a2 + a2  a3  a3  ev, (p3)2  2.p3.23 5 + (23 5)2  (23 5)2  1 = 0
    
1 1 1 1
ev, (p3  23 5)2 = (23 5)2 + 1
 a5  5 = a2 + 2  a3  3   a   ev, (p3  23 5)2 = 2646
a  a  a   a
= (6  14)  2 = 84  2 = 82 (Ans.) ev, p3  23 5 = 21 6
4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ev, p3 = 21 6 + 23 5
K ‰LvGb, f(x) = x  x  6 ‰KwU eüc`x| ‰i aË‚ec` 6 ‰i
 3 ev, p3 = ( 6 )3 + 3.( 6 )2 5 + 3 6 .( 5)2 + ( 5)3
Drcv`KàGjv nGœQ 1, 2, 3, 6 ev, p3 = ( 5 + 6)3  p = 5 + 6 (cÉgvwYZ)
‰Lb, x = 1, 1 ewmGq ˆ`wL, f(x) ‰i gvb kƒbÅ nq bv| 5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
wK¯§ x = 2 ewmGq ˆ`wL, f(x) ‰i gvb kƒbÅ nq| K gGb Kwi, msLÅvwU a

A^Ævr, f(2) = 23  2  6 = 8  2  6 = 0 kZÆgGZ, a  2 = 5
myZivs, (x  2), f(x) eüc`xwUi ‰KwU Drcv`K| ev, a = 5 + 2
 f(x) = x3  x  6 1 1
 =
= x3  2x2 + 2x2  4x + 3x  6 a 5+2
= x2(x  2) + 2x(x  2) + 3(x  2) ( 5  2)
= (x  2) (x2 + 2x + 3) (Ans.) =
( 5 + 2)( 5  2)
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x2 = 5 + 2 6
 52
=
= 3 + 2 3.2 + 2 ( 5)2  (2)2
= ( 3)2 + 2 3 . 2 + ( 2)2 52
2 =
=( 3+ 2) 54
x= 3+ 2 = 5  2 (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 13
3 2
L ‘K’ ˆ^GK cvB,
 x  3x + 1
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, f(x) = x(1  x)

a= 5+2
1 1
1
‰es a = 5  2 1 (x)
3( ) +1
x
3 2

1
f ( ) = 1 11
x
x( x)
a+ = 5+2+ 52=2 5
a
1 1 3 1  3x + x3
‰es a  a = 5 + 2  5 + 2 = 4 3  2+1
x x x3
1 1 1 = =
‰Lb, a2  a2 = a + a a  a  1 1 x1

x x2 x2
3 2
= 2 5  4 = 8 5 (Ans.) 1  3x + x x x3  3x + 1
3 = 3  =
1 1 1 1 x x1 x(x  1)
‰es a3 + 3 = a +   3a. a +  (1  x)3  3(1  x)2 + 1
a  a a a
Avevi, f(1  x) = (1  x)(1  1 + x)
= (2 5)3  3.2 5
= 40 5  6 5 = 34 5 (Ans.) 1  3x + 3x2  x3  3(1  2x + x2) + 1
=
1 1 2 1 x(1  x)
M
 ( )
a2 + 2 = a +
a a
 2.a. = (2 5)2  2 = 20  2 = 18
a =
2  3x + 3x2  x3  3 + 6x  3x2
x(1  x)
1 2

( )
ev, a2 + a2 = (18)2 [eMÆ KGi] =
1 + 3x  x3 (1  3x + x3) x3  3x + 1
x(1  x)
=
 x(x  1)
=
x(x  1)
1 1
ev, a4 + a4 + 2a2.a2 = 324 1
1
f ()x
= f(1  x) (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
ev, a4 + a4 = 324  2 5x 1
M DóxcGK nGZ, A =
 +
2 6
1
 a4 + 4 = 322 5x 1
a
ev, x = + [⸪ A = x]
2 6
1
‰es a  a = 4 5x 1
ev, x = +
2

1 3 2 6
( )
ev, a  a = (4)3 [Nb KGi] ev, x  =
2 1 5x
6 2
1 1 1
( )
ev, a3  a3 – 3.a.a a  a = 64 ev, 2x  1  = 5x
x
2 3x  2
1
ev, a3  a3  3.4 = 64 ev, 2x  = 51
3x
1
ev, a3  a3  12 = 64 1 2
ev, 2x  3x  = 52
1
ev, a3  a3 = 64 + 12 ev, 4x2 + 1 2  2.2x. 1 = 25
9x 3x
1
 a3  3 = 76
a ev, 4x2 + 1 2  4 = 25
9x 3
1 1 36x4 + 1 4
a(a6  1)
evgcÞ = a8 + 1 =
( )
a.a3 a3  3
a
=
a3  3
a
ev,
9x2
= 25 +
3
36x4 + 1 79
1 1 (cÉgvwYZ)
( )
a4 a4 + 4
a
a4 + 4
a

9x2
=
3
7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
76 38
= = = WvbcÞ K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

322 161
6 2
a(a  1) 38 1 1
 8 = (cÉgvwYZ) x+ =6 x+ = 62 = 36 (Ans.)
a +1 161 x  x
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 1
L
 evgcÞ = x + x3
3

K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 1
3
1
=  x +  – 3.x. x + 
1
x3  3x2 + 1  x x
(x) = x
x(1  x)
[Avgiv Rvwb, (a3 + b3) = (a + b)3 – 3ab(a + b)]
(2)3  3. (2)2 + 1 3
 (2) = 1 1
(2) {1  (2)} =  x +  – 3 x + 
 x  x
 8  12 + 1 1
= = 63 – 3  6 [x + = 6 ewmGq]
(2) .3 x
 19 = 216 – 18
=
6 = 198 = WvbcÞ
19 1
=
6
(Ans.)  x + 3 = 198 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
3
x
14 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
2
1 1 1 = 6 42
M x2 + x2 =  x + x  – 2.x.x [‹ a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab]
 1 1
 evgcÞ = 4x + 2  9x2  2 
2
1  9x   4x 
= 62 – 2 = 34  ‹ x + = 6  ... ... ... (i)
 x  =
52
 6 42
Avevi, 3
1 = 104 42 = WvbcÞ
x3 +
x3
= 198 ... ... ... (ii) [‘L’ nGZ cÉvµ¦] 1 1
 4x2 + 2  9x2  2  = 104 42 (cÉgvwYZ)
‰Lb,  9x   4x 
1 1
 x2 + 12  x3 + 13  = x5 + x + 1 + 15 M
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, 3x  2x = 2
 x  x  x x
6x2  1 1
1 1
ev, 34  198 =  x5 + x5  +  x + x  [mgxKiY (i) I (ii) nGZ] ev, 2x = 2
1 ev, 6x2  1 = x
ev, 6732 =  x5 + x5  + 6 ev, 6x2  x  1 = 0
1 ev, 6x2  3x + 2x  1 = 0
ev, x5 + x5 = 6732 – 6
ev, 3x(2x  1) + 1(2x  1) = 0
1
 x5 + = 6726 (cÉgvwYZ) ev, (2x  1) (3x + 1) = 0
x5
nq, 2x  1 = 0 A^ev, 3x + 1 = 0
8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ev, 2x = 1 ev, 3x =  1
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 1 1
1 x= x=
2 3
3x  =6
2x 1 7 7
2 x = nGj, 2 = 2
6x  1 2 x +x+1
ev, 2x = 6 1  + 1 + 1
2  2
ev, 6x2  1 = 12 x 7
=
6x2  1 12x 1 1
ev, 3x = 3x [3x «¼viv fvM] + +1
4 2
1 7 7 4
ev, 2x  3x = 4 =
1+2+4 7
= =7
7
1 4 4
 2x  = 4 (Ans.)
3x = 4 (Ans.)
1 1 7 7
L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, 3x  2x = 6 x =  nGj, 2 =
3 x +x+1 2
2    1 + 1
1
1
ev, 3x  2x  = (6)2  3 3
  =
7
=
7 7
= =7
9
2
1 1 1 1 1  3 + 9 7 7
ev, 3x + 2x   4.3x.2x = 36  +1
9 3 9 9
 
2 = 9 (Ans.)
1
ev, 3x + 2x   6 = 36
  9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
2 4 8
1
ev, 3x + 2x  = 42 K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, t mgGq AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ (t) = 1 + t 4 + t

  t
1 1 + 1 4 + 18
 3x + = 42 1 ‰KK mgGq AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½, (1) =
2x 14
1 1+1+1
‘K’ nGZ cvB, 2x  3x = 4 =
1
1 1 = 3 ‰KK (Ans.)
‰Lb, 4x2 + 9x2 = (2x)2 + (3x)2
2 ‰es 1 ‰KK mgGq AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½,
1 1 2
= 2x   + 2.2x.
 3x  3x
4 1
1+ (21) + (21)
4 8
2
= (4) +
3 ( )=
2
4 52
= 16 + =
3 3
(12) 4

1 1
1 1 1+ +
Avevi, 9x2  4x2 = (3x)2  (2x)2 16 256 256 + 16 + 1 16

1 1
=
1
=
( 256 ) 1
= 3x +  3x   16
 2x   2x 
273 273
= ( 42)  6
=  16 = ‰KK (Ans.)
256 16
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 15
4 8
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, (t) = 1 + t 4 + t
 L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = 8 + 2 15

t
2 1 + (t ) + (t ) 2 4 2 8 ev, x2 = 8 + 2 15
 (t ) = 2 2
(t2)4 ev, x2 = ( 5) + 2. 5 . 3 + ( 3)
1 + t + t16
8 2
= ev, x2 = ( 5 + 3)
t8
1 1 x= 5+ 3
1+ () ()
t2
4
+
t2
8
1 1 5 3
(1 )
‰es  t2 =  =
x
=
5 + 3 ( 5 + 3) ( 5  3 )
(t1) 2
4

5 3
1 1 = 2 2
1 + 8 + 16 ( 5)  ( 3)
t t
= 5 3
1 =
t8 53
t16 + t8 + 1 5 3
=
t16 1 + t8 + t16 2
= =
1 t8 2
t8  = 5 3
x
2
 (t2) =  (t1 ) (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
2 x =
x
5+ 3 5+ 3=2 3

8
(2)
3
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 evgcÞ = x3 x3 = x3  x
1 + t 4 + t8
(t) =
t4 2 2 2 3
= (x  ) + 3.x. (x  )
x x x
‰es (t) = 4 3
4 8 = (2 3) + 3.2.2 3 [gvb ewmGq]
ev, 1 + t 4 + t = 4
t = 8.3 3 + 12 3
1 = 36 3 = WvbcÞ
ev, 4
t + 4=3
t
8
2  x3  3 = 36 3 (cÉgvwYZ)
(1 ) = 3
ev, (t2)2 + t2 x
M ‘L’ nGZ cvB, x = 5 + 3

ev, (t + t )  2t . 1 = 3
1
2
2
2
2 2
2
t = 5 3
x

ev, (t + t ) = 5
21 2 2
2 x+ = 5+ 3+ 5 3=2 5
x
ev, t2 + 12 = 5 4
( 2)  2 . x . 2x
2
t ‰Lb, x2 + x2 = x + x

( 1)  2.t. 1t = 2 2
ev, t + t 5 = (2 5)  4
= 20  4 = 16
ev, (t + t ) = 5 + 2
1 2 3
8 2 2

1
3
( )
‰es, x + x3 = x + x  3. x. x
3
(x + 2x)
t+ = ( 5 + 2) (Ans.) = (2 5)  6.2 5
t
10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb = 40 5  12 5
= 28 5
K 2b2c2 + 2c2a2 + 2a2b2 – a4 – b4 – c4

4 8
= 4a2b2  a4  b4  c4  2a2b2 + 2b2c2 + 2c2a2
= 4a2b2  (a4 + b4 + c4 + 2a2b2  2b2c2  2c2a2)
‰Lb, (
x2 + 2
x
x3 + 3
x )( ) = 16  28 5

8 32
= 4a2b2  {(a2)2 + (b2)2 + ( c2)2 + 2a2b2 + 2b2( c2) ev, x5 + 4x + x + x5 = 448 5
+ 2( c2)a2}
32
= (2ab)2  (a2 + b2  c2)2
= (2ab + a2 + b2  c2) (2ab  a2  b2 + c2)
( 2)
ev, x5 + x5 + 4 x + x = 448 5
32
= {(a2 + 2ab + b2)  c2} {c2  (a2 – 2ab + b2)} ev, x5 + x5 = 448 5  4.2 5
= {(a + b)2  c2} {c2  (a  b)2}
= 448 5  8 5
= (a + b + c) (a + b  c) (c + a  b) (c  a + b)
= (a + b + c) (b + c  a) (c + a  b) (a + b  c) (Ans.) = 440 5 (Ans.)
16 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K p2  1 + 2q  q2

= (x + 2x) – 3. x. x2 (x + 2x)
3

2 2
= (x + ) – 6(x + )
3
= p2  q2 + 2q  1
= p2  (q2  2q + 1) x x
3
= p2  (q  1)2 = (2 5)  6.2 5
= (p + q  1)(p  q + 1) (Ans.) = 40 5 – 12 5
L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x2 = 8 + 2 15 = 28 5 (Ans.)
ev, x2 = 5 + 2 15 + 3 M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

ev, x2 = ( 5)2 + 2 5. 3 + ( 3)2 a4 + a2b2 + b4 = 3 ‰es a2 + ab + b2 = 3 ...... (i)
ev, x2 = ( 5 + 3)2 ‰LvGb, a4 + a2b2 + b4 = 3
ev, x = 5 + 3 ev, (a2)2 + 2a2b2 + (b2)2  a2b2 = 3
1 1 ev, (a2 + b2)2  (ab)2 = 3
ev, x = [eÅÕ¦KiY KGi]
5+ 3 ev, (a2 + ab + b2)(a2  ab + b2) = 3
( 5 – 3)  a2  ab + b2 = 1 ....................(ii)
=
( 5 + 3) ( 5 – 3) mgxKiY (i) I (ii) bs ˆhvM KGi cvB,
[je I niGK ( 5 – 3) «¼viv àY KGi] 2a2 + 2b2 = 4
5– 3 5– 3 ev, 2(a2 + b2) = 4
= =  a2 + b2 = 2 ............. (iii)
( 5)2 – ( 3)2 5–3
Avevi, mgxKiY (i) ˆ^GK (ii) bs weGqvM KGi cvB,
1 5– 3
ev, x = 2 2ab = 2
 ab = 1 ............... (iv)
2 ( 5 – 3)  (a2  b2)2 = (a2 + b2)2  4a2b2
ev, x = 2  2 = 22  4.12
2 =44=0
 = 5– 3  a2  b2 = 0 .......... (v)
x
2 ‰Lb, a4  b4 = (a2)2  (b2)2
 x+ = 5+ 3+ 5– 3=2 5
x = (a2 + b2) (a2  b2) [(iii) I (v)bs nGZ ]
8 2 3 = 2.0 = 0
‰Lb, x3 + 3 = x3 +
x x ()  a4  b4 = 0 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 17

PZz^Æ AaÅvq
mƒPK I jMvwi`g
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ev, (x + 1) (x  3) = 0
x+2 x1  x =  1, 3 (Ans.)
K cÉ`î ivwk = 5
 + 35.5
4.5x 2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
x+2
5 + 7.5.5x  1
=
4.5x K 0.00673 = 6.73  103

5 .5 + 7.5x
x 2  log(0.00673) = log(6.73  103) = log6.73  3
= 
4.5x msLÅvwUi jGMi cƒYÆK = 3 ev 3
x
5 (25 + 7)
=
5x .4
msLÅvwUi jGMi AskK = log6.73 = 0.82802

=
32  0.00673 ‰i jGMi cƒYÆK 3 ev 3 ‰es AskK 0.82802 (Ans.)
4
4n + 3  8.22n + 1 4n.43  8.22n. 21
= 8 (Ans.) L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, P = 4n + 2  8 = 4n + 2  23
x x2
L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, a = 3.2x  4.2 x1
n
64.4n  16.4n (64  16)4 48.4n  n
2 2 = = =
4n.24  23 4n . 2 2
2x + 4  4.2x + 1
b= 0
= 24.4 = 24
2x + 2  2
5.2m  8.2m  1 5.2m  8.2m . 21
 ab = x
x
3.2  4.2 x2
.
2x + 4  4.2x + 1 Avevi, Q = 2m  3.2m  2 = 2m  3.2m .22
2  2x  1 2x + 2  2
x 2 x2 1
3.2  2 .2 2 .2  22. 2x + 1
x 4
5.2m  8.2m.
= x x 1 . 2 5.2m  4.2m 2m
2  2 .2 2x .22  2 = = =
3 3 3
=
3.2  2 2 . 2  2x .23
x

1
x
.
x 4

2x. 2
2m  2 . 2m
2
2m  2m 2m 1 
4 ( )
4
2x1   2 m
2mm
4
 2 = = = 20  = 4
2x(3  1) 2x(24  23) 2 
m 4  3 1 1
= .  4  4
1 2x. 2
2x . 1
2  P  Q  12 log42 = 24  4  12log442
2 16  8 1
= . = 6  12  log44
1 2 2
2 = 6  6.1 = 0 (Ans.)
= 4.4 = 16 M
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = 3, y = 2, z = 216, a = 5 ‰es b = 7
 ab = 16 (Ans.) 1
M
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, a = bc log x3  log 3  log z
y
3.2x  4.2x  2 2x + 4  4.2x + 1 9x + 1
cÉ`î ivwk = 3
 log2
 x x1 = x+2 . (x + 1)(x  1) loga a  logb b
2 2 2 2 3
1
3.2x  22.2x  2 2x.24  22. 2x + 1 (32)x + 1 log 33  log 3  log 216
ev, x x 1 = . x2  1 2
2  2 .2 2x. 22  2 3 =  log2
3
3.2x  2x 2x. 24  2x. 23 32x + 2 log5 5  log7 7
ev, x = . x2  1 3
2 (1  21) 2x. 2 3
log32  log23  log 63
2x(3  1) 2x(16  8) 2x + 2  x2 + 1 =  log2
ev, = .3 1 1
1 2x. 2 log553  log772
2x1  
 2 3 3
log3 + 3log2  log6
2 8 x2 + 2x + 3 2 2
ev, = . 3 =
1 1
 log2
1 2
log55  log77
2 3 2
2 3 3
ev, 4 = 4.3x + 2x + 3 log3 + 3log2  log(3  2)
2 2 2
ev, 1 = 3x + 2x + 3 =
1 1
 log2
2
ev, 30 = 3x + 2x + 3 3
1 1
2
ev, 0 =  x2 + 2x + 3 3 3 3
log3 + 3log2  log3  log2
ev, x2  2x  3 = 0 =
2 2 2
 log2
1 2
ev, x2  3x + x  3 = 0 
3 1
ev, x(x  3) + 1(x  3) = 0
18 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
3 4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
=
(3  ) log2
2
 log2 K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

2 R = 0.000845 = 8.45  10 4
3
 R ‰i mvaviY jGMi cƒYÆK  4 ev 4̄ (Ans.)
3 3
=  log2  log2
2 2
‰es R ‰i mvaviY jGMi AskK
= log 8.45
9 = 0.92686 (Ans.)
= log2  log2
4 1
9
L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, loga 64 =  3
= ( )4
1 log2
ev, a3 = 43
5 a=4
= log2 (Ans.)
4  cÉ`î ivwk = log2 3 144 + log2 2 64  log 3
81 + a
4 4 8
= log2 3
(2 3) + log2 2
(2 2)  log 3
( 3) + 4 [ a = 4]
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb = 4log2 2 3 + 4 log2 2 2 8 log 3+4
3 2 3
K 324 ‰i jM 4 ‰es wfwî x nGj,
 =41+4181+4
logx324 = 4 ev, x4= 324 = 4 + 4  8 + 4 = 4 (Ans.)
M
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = 144, y = 64, z = 81
ev, x4 = (3 2)4  x = 3 2 (Ans.) 1
22x + 1. 32x + y.5x + y.6x evgcÞ = 2 log2x  2 log2y  log 2
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, M = 3x  2.62x + 2. 10x.15y
 z
= 2 log2x  2 log2y  log2z
22x + 1.32x + y.5x + y.(2  3)x = 2 log2144  2 log264  log281
= x2
3 . (2  3)2x + 2 . (2  5)x . (3  5)y = 2 log2 (24  9)  2 log226  log292
22x + 1 . 32x + y. 5x + y . 2x. 3x = 2 log224 + 2 log29  12 log22  2 log29
= x2
3 . 22x + 2.32x + 2. 2x. 5x.3y.5y = 8 log22  12 log22
22x + 1 + x.32x + y + x. 5x + y = 8  1  12  1
=
22x + 2 + x. 3x  2 + 2x + 2 + y. 5x + y = 8  12
23x + 1. 33x + y. 5x + y =  4 = WvbcÞ
= 1
23x + 2. 33x + y. 5x + y  2 log2x  2 log2y  =  4 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
logz2
= 23x + 1 3x  2.33x + y  3x  y.5x + y  x  y
= 21.30.50
1
= .1 .1 =
1 5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
2 2
1
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, M = loga 2304 ‰es M = 4

1 1 1 1 1  loga 2304 = 4
 M + log4 2 = + log4 42 = + log4 4 = + = 1 (Ans.)
2 2 2 2 2 ev, a4 = 2304 = (4 3)4
log10 27 + log108  log10 1000
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, N =
 log1.2
 a = 4 3 (Ans.)
L
 log 0.00035 =  3.4559 (KÅvjKzGjUi eÅenvi KGi)
27  8 27  64
log10

log10 =  4 + 0.5441 = 4 .5441
 1000  1000
= =  log 0.00035 ‰i cƒYÆK 4 ‰es AskK 0.5441
log101.2 1og101.2
Avevi, log 0.0125 =  1.903 (KÅvjKzGjUi eÅenvi KGi)
1 1728

=
2
log10 ( )
1000 1 log10l.728
= .

=  2 + 0.097 = 2.097
1og101.2 2 log101.2  log 0.0125 ‰i cƒYÆK 2 ‰es AskK 0.097
1 1og101.23 3 log101.2 3  ‰G`i cƒYÆK«¼Gqi cv^ÆKÅ = 4  (2) =  4 + 2 =  2 (Ans.)
= . = . =
2 log101.2 2 log101.2 2 ‰es AskK«¼Gqi cv^ÆKÅ = 0.5441  0.097 = 0.4471 (Ans.)
 N + log55 5
M
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = 10 , y = 25 ‰es z = 81
1+
1 9 24 80
3
= + log55 2 x 6
2  evgcÞ =  xz 
3
y 5
3 10
= + log552
2 9 10 81 6
3 3 =   
25 9 80 5
= + log55
2 2 24
3 3
= + = 3 (cÉgvwYZ) =
10 24
 
9

5
2 2 9 25 8 6
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 19
16 3 5 4 3 5 M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

=   =  
15 2 2 6 3 5 2 2 6 log10 512 + log10 5 5  log10 1000
Q=
4 3 4 log102
= = 1 1
2 2 6 2 2 2 log10(512)2 + log10 5 5  log10 (1000)2
=
= 1 = WvbcÞ log102
1 3
x 6
  xz  = 1 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv) =
log10(29)2 + log10( 5)3  log10(10)2
y 5 log102
9 3 3
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb log1022 + log1052  log10(2  5)2
=
K a4 + 1  18a2
 log102
9 3 3
= (a2)2  2.a2.9 + 92 80
log10{22  52  (2  5)2}
2 2
= (a  9)  (4 5) 2 =
log102
= (a2  9 + 4 5) (a2  9  4 5) (Ans.) 9 3 3 3

L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, a  161 = 72 5

 4
=
(
log10 22 2 .52
 
2 ) = log 23 3 log102
=10
=3
log102 log102 log102
ev, a4 = 161 + 72 5 4
4 24
4
ev, a4 = 81 + 72 5 + 80 evgcÞ = Q  16
=3 =3 2 4
81 34 3 
ev, a4 = (9)2 + 2.9.4 5 + (4 5)2 2 
=3 =3
ev, (a2)2 = (9 + 4 5)2 3 2
ev, a2 = 9 + 4 5 9 1
= = 4 = WvbcÞ (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
2 2
ev, a2 = 5 + 4 5 + 4
ev, a2 = ( 5)2 + 2. 5.2 + (2)2
ev, a2 = ( 5 + 2)2 7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
27
a= 5+2 K
 0.0000027 =
10000000
= 27  107
1 1
‰Lb, = = 2.7  101  107 = 2.7  106 (Ans.)
a 5+2
L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, a = b = c = x
52 52 52
= = = ‰es A = ap = xp, B = bq = xq I C = cr = xr
( 5 + 2) ( 5  2) ( 5)2  (2)2 5  4
(A) (BC) (AC)
p+qr q+rp r+pq


1
= 52
evgcÞ = B  
a p q r
x p+qr x q+rp x r+pq
myZivs, a + 1 = 5 + 2 + 5  2 = 2 5 =( ) q ( ) r ( ) p
a x x x
1 = (xp  q)p + q  r  (xq  r)q + r  p  (xr  p)r + p  q
evgcÞ = (a12 + 1) 2 2 2 2
= xp + pq  pr  pq  q + qr  xq + qr  pq  qr  r + pr
5778 a6
r2 + pr  qr  pr  p2 + pq
1  6 1 x
= a + 6 2 2 2 2 2
5778  a  = xp + pqpr  pq  q + qr + q + qr  pq  qr  r + pr + r
+ pr  qr  pr  p2 + pq
1  3 2  1 2
= (a ) + 3 
5778  a   = x = 1 = WvbcÞ
0

2 A B q+rp
(AC)
1  3 1  1 p+qr r+pq
=  a + 3  2.a3. 3
5778  a  a ()B

C
() = 1 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
1  3 1 2  M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, p = q = r = s = 3

=  a + 3  2
5778  a  
‰es A = ap = a3, B = bq = b3 , C = cr = c3 I D = ds = d3
1  1 3 1 1 2
=  a +   3.a. a +   2 AB BC CD
5778  a a a   ‰Lb, log C + log D + log A  3 logb2c
1 3 2 a3.b3 b3c3 c3d3
= [{(2 5)  3.2 5}  2]
5778 = log + log 3 + log 3  3 logb2c
c3 d a
1
= {(40 5  6 5)2  2} ab 3 bc 3 cd 3
5778
1
= log ()
c
+ log
d
+ log() a ()
 3 logb2c
= {(34 5)2  2} ab bc cd
5778 = 3 log + 3 log + 3 log ( )  3 logb c 2
c d a
1
= (5780  2) ab bc cd
5778 = 3 log (   )  3 logb c 2
c d a
5778
= = 1 = WvbcÞ (cÉgvwYZ) = 3 logb2c  3 logb2c = 0 (Ans.)
5778
20 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ev, (3x  1) (3x  3) = 0
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, 23x + 1 = 4x + 1
 nq, 3x  1 = 0 A^ev, 3x  3 = 0
ev, 23x + 1 = (22)x + 1 ev, 3x = 30 ev, 3x = 31
ev, 23x + 1 = 22x + 2 x=0 x=1
 x = 0, 1 (Ans.)
ev, 3x + 1 = 2x + 2
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

ev, 3x  2x = 2  1
m+n=a= 7
 x = 1 (Ans.)
x1 x+1 x+1 mn=b= 5
L ˆ`Iqv
 AvGQ, A = (7 x x) 1 ‰es B = 49 x evgcÞ = 8(mn3 + nm3)
(7 ) 7.7
cÉ`î ivwk = A  B = 8mn(m2  n2)
(7x  1)x + 1 49x + 1 = 4mn.2(m2 + n2)
=  = {(m + n)2  (m  n)2} {m + n)2 + (m  n)2}
(7x)x  1 7.7x
2
7x  1 7.7x = {( 7)2  ( 5)2} { 7)2 + ( 5)2} [gvb ewmGq]
= 2  x+1
7x  x 49 = (7  5) (7 + 5)
2 2 = 2  12
7x  1 7x + 1 7x  1 7x + 1
= x2  x
 2 x + 1 = x2  x  2x + 2
(7 ) 7 = 24 = WvbcÞ
7 7
2 2  8(mn3 + nm3) = 24 (cÉgvwYZ)
7x  1 + x + 1 7x + x
= x2  x + 2x + 2 = x2 + x + 2
7 7 M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, 5c = 9 20

x2 + x  x2  x  2 2 9 20 9  2 5
=7 =7
ev, c = = = 18
1 1 5 5
= 2= (Ans.)
7 49 1
3  a3 + 3 = 18
a
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, C = log 125 + log 64  log102
 a6 + 1
3 ev, a3 = 18
= log 53 + log 82  log102
3 ev, a6 + 1 = 18a3
2 3
= log(5) + log 8  log 10 ev, a6  18a3 + 1 = 0
2
3 3
= log 5 + log 8  log 10
ev, (a3)2  2.a3.9 + 92 = 92  1
2 2 ev, (a3  9)2 = 80
3 3 5
= (log5  log10) + log 8 = log + log 8
2 2 10 ev, a3  9 = 80 = 16  5 [abvñK gvb wbGq]
3 1 3 ev, a3  9 = 4 5
= log
2 2 ()
+ log 8 = log (2)1 + log 8
2 ev, a3 = 9 + 4 5
3 3
= log 8  log 2 = log 23  log 2 ev, 8a3 = 72 + 32 5
2 2
ev, 8a3 = 27 + 27 5 + 45 + 5 5
3 3
= 3 log 2  log 2 = log 2 2 3
2 2 ev, 8a3 = 33 + 3.32. 5 + 3.3 ( 5) + ( 5)
3 3 3
log 2 log 2
C 2 2 ev, (2a)3 = (3 + 5)
‰Lb, evgcÞ = = =
D log 6  log 3 6 ev, 2a = 3 + 5
log
3 ()  a = ( 5 + 3)  2 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
3
2
log 2
3 10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
= = = WvbcÞ
log 2 2 K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

C 3
 = (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv) p = xya–1, q = xyb–1, r = xyc–1
D 2 p
c
q
a
r
b

() () ()
q

r
c

p
a b
a–1 b–1 c–1
xy xy xy
9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb =(
xy ) (xy ) (xy )

b–1  c–1 a–1

K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, 4 = 3x + 31  x
 = (ya–1b+1)c  (yb1c+1)a  (yc1a+1)b
3
ev, 4 = 3 + 3x
x = (ya  b)c  (yb  c)a  (yc  a)b
= yca–bc × yab–ca  ybc–ab
ev, 4.3x = (3x)2 + 3 = ycabc+ab–ca+bc–ab
ev, (3x)2  3x  3.3x + 3 = 0 = y0
ev, 3x(3x  1)  3 (3x  1) = 0 = 1 (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 21
L evgcÞ = (b – c) logkp + (c – a)logkq + (a – b)logkr
 ev, p2  18p  12p + 216 = 0
= logkp bc
+ logkq ca
+ logkr ab
ev, p(p  18)  12 (p  18) = 0
= logk(xya  1)b  c + logk(xyb  1)c  a + logk(xyc  1)a  b ev, (p  18) (p  12) = 0
= logkxb  c + logkyab  ac  b + c + logkxc  a nq, p  18 = 0 A^ev, p  12 = 0
+ logkybc  ab  c + a + logkxa  b + logkyac  bc  a + b
ev, p = 18 ev, p = 12
= logkxb  c + logkxc  a + logkxa  b
 p ‰i gvb 18 A^ev 12 (Ans.)
+ logkyab  ac  b + c + logkybc  ab  c + a + logkyac  bc  a + b
= logk (xb  c.xc  a.xa  b) + logk(yab  ac  b + c. ybc  ab  c + a. yac  bc  a + b) L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

= logkxb  c + c  a + a  b + logkyab  ac  b + c + bc  ab  c + a + ac  bc  a + b a = logx(xyz) b = logy(xyz) ‰es c = logz (xyz)
= logkx0 + logky0  xa = xyz  yb = xyz  zc = xyz
xa yb zc
= logk1 + logk1 ev, x = yz ev, y = xz ev, z = xy
= 0 + 0 = 0 [ logk1 = 0]
 xa  1 = yz  yb  1 = xz  zc  1 = xy
= WvbcÞ
xa  1 yb  1 zc  1 yz zx xy
 (b – c) logkp + (c – a)logkq + (a – b)logkr = 0 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)  + + = + +
yz zx xy yz zx xy
p q r
()
M (a+b) log q + (b+c)log r + (c+a)log p
 () = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 (ˆ`LvGbv
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, a = logx (xyz)

nGjv)
xya–1 xyb–1 xyc–1
= (a+b)log b–1 + (b+c)log c–1 + (c+a)log a–1 1
xy xy xy
ev, xa = xyz  x = (xyz)a ... ... ... (i)
= (a+b)log ya–1–b+1 + (b+c)logyb–1–c+1 + (c+a)log yc–1–a+1 1
= (a+b)log ya–b + (b+c) log yb–c + (c+a) logyca ‰KBfvGe, y = (xyz)b ... ... ... (ii)
1
= (a+b) (a–b) log y + (b+c) (b–c) log y + (c+a) (c–a) log y
‰es z = (xyz)c ... ... ... (iii)
= (a2 – b2) logy + (b2 – c2) logy + (c2–a2)log y
= (a2 – b2 + b2 – c2 + c2 – a2) log y (i), (ii) I (iii) àY KGi cvB,
1 1 1
= 0  log y = 0 (Ans.) xyz = (xyz)a . (xyz)b . (xyz)c
1 1 1
11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ev, xyz1 = (xyz)a
+ +
b c

K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 1 1 1
ev, 1 = a + b + c
log2 (p2  30 p + 232) = 4
ev, p2  30p + 232 = 24 = 16 
1 1 1
+ + = 1 (cÉgvwYZ)
a b c
ev, p  30p + 216 = 0
2
22 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ

cçg AaÅvq
‰K PjKwewkÓ¡ mgxKiY
1 –1
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ev, m  x = n  x
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, R = x2 – (a + b)x + ab
 [DfqcÞGK (m + n  x) «¼viv àY KGi ˆhLvGb (m + n  x)  0]
cÉkg² GZ, R = 0 ev,  m + x = n  x [AvoàYb KGi]
ev, x2 – (a + b)x + ab = 0 ev, x + x = m + n [cÞv¯¦i KGi]
ev, x2 – ax – bx + ab = 0 ev, 2x = m + n
ev, x(x – a) – b(x – a) = 0 m+n
 (x – a)(x – b) = 0 x=
2
nq, x – a = 0 A^ev, x – b = 0
x=a  x=b
 mgxKiYwUi mgvavb ˆmU S = {m 2+ n} (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
 wbGYÆq gvb x = a A^ev b (Ans.) 2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
x – a x – b x – 3a – 3b
L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, P = b + a + a + b K eZÆgvGb QvòxmsLÅv = x

cÉkg² GZ, P = 0 QvòmsLÅv = x + 58
x–a
ev, b + a +
x–b x – 3a – 3b
=0  Qvò-Qvòx msLÅv = x + x + 58 = 2x + 58
a+b
3 eQi cƒGeÆ QvòQvòxi msLÅv wQj = 3 (2x + 58) + 98
 xa   xb   x  3a  3b  4
ev,  1    1    2  =0
 b   a   ab  cÉkg² GZ, 2x + 58 = 792
ev,
x  a  b x  b  a x  3a  3b  2a  2b
  =0
ev, 2x = 792  58
b a ab ev, 2x = 734
x a b x a b x a b 734
ev,   =0 x= = 367 Rb
b a ab 2
1 1 1  eZÆgvGb Qvòx msLÅv 367 Rb
ev, (x – a – b)     =0
b a ab  ‰es Qvò msLÅv = 367 + 58 = 425 Rb (Ans.)
L 3 eQi cƒGeÆ QvòQvòxi msLÅv wQj = 3 (2  367 + 58) + 98

(1 1 1
)
ev, x – a – b = 0 [x ewRÆZ ivwk eGj b + a + a + b  0]
3  792
4
x = a + b = + 98 = 594 + 98 = 692 Rb
4
 wbGYÆq mgvavb: x = a + b
m n
ZvnGj 3 eQi cƒGeÆ QvòQvòxi msLÅv wQj x + x + 58 = 692
M
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, Q = m – x + n – x ev, 2x = 692  58
m+n
cÉk²gGZ, Q = m + n – x ev, 2x = 634
 x = 317 Rb
m n m+n
ev, m – x + n – x = m + n – x  3 eQi cƒGeÆ Qvòx wQj 317 Rb ‰es Qvò wQj (317 + 58) ev 375
m n m n  3 eQi cƒGeÆ Qvò-Qvòxi AbycvZ wQj = 375 : 317 (Ans.)
ev, m – x + n – x = m + n – x + m + n – x
M ‘K’ ˆ^GK cvB, Qvòx msLÅv = x Rb

m m n n
ev, m – x – m + n – x = m + n – x – n – x [cÞv¯¦i KGi] Qvò msLÅv = x + 58
1 1 1 1 kZÆgGZ, (x + 58  x)2 = 1 x  34
{ } {
ev, m m – x – m + n – x = n m + n – x – n – x } 4

(m + n – x) – (m – x) (n – x) – (m + n – x) ev, (58) = x  34
2
ev, 3364 = x  34
ev, m{ (m – x)(m + n – x) }= n { (m + n – x)(n – x) } 4 4

m+n–x–m+x n–x–m–n+x
ev, 3364 + 34 = x ev, 3398 =
x
ev, m{(m – x)(m + n – x)} = n {(m + n – x)(n – x)} 4 4
ev, x = 3398  4
mn – mn
ev, (m – x)(m + n – x) = (m + n – x)(n – x)  x = 13592 Rb
1 1  Qvòx msLÅv = 13592 Rb
ev, (m  x) (m + n  x) = (n  x) (m + n  x)
‰es Qvò msLÅv = 13592 + 58 = 13650 Rb
[DfqcÞGK mn «¼viv fvM KGi]  QvòmsLÅv 13650 Rb ‰es Qvòx msLÅv 13592 Rb (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 23
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K hw` ˆgvU QvòmsLÅv x nq, ZGe 7 Rb KGi Qvò emGZ ˆe 
 K gGb Kwi, ‰KK Õ©vbxq AâwU = x
x
jvGM 7 wU ZvnGj `kK Õ©vbxq AâwU = x + 3
 msLÅvwU = 10 × (`kK Õ©vbxq Aâ) + ‰KK Õ©vbxq Aâ
x
 ˆeGÂi msLÅv =
7
+ 3 wU ( ) = 10(x + 3) + x
= 10x + 30 + x = 11x + 30
6 Rb KGi emGj 12 Rb QvòGK `uvwoGq ^vKGZ nq, ˆmGnZy
 A⫼q Õ©vb wewbgq KiGj msLÅvwU nGe = 10x + (x + 3)
x – 12
ˆeGÂi msLÅv = ( 6 ) wU (Ans.) = 11x + 3 (Ans.)

L ‘K’ nGZ cÉvµ¦ kZÆvbymvGi,

 L cÉkg² GZ, (11x + 30) + 11x + 3 = 143

x x  12 ev, 22x + 33 = 143
+3=
7 6 ev, 22x = 143 – 33
ev, 6x + 126 = 7x  84 [Dfq cÞGK 42 «¼viv àY KGi] ev, 22x = 110
 x = 210 110
 ˆgvU Qvò msLÅv = 210 Rb ev, x = 22
M ‘L’ nGZ,
 x=5
ˆgvU Qvò msLÅv = 210 Rb  msLÅvwU = 11x + 30 = 11 × 5 + 30 = 55 + 30 = 85 (Ans.)
gGb Kwi,
10 UvKv KGi Puv`v ˆ`q = x Rb
M gGb Kwi, f™²vskwUi je I nGii mvG^ x ˆhvM KiGZ nGe|

 12 UvKv KGi Puv`v ˆ`q = (210  x) Rb cÉkg² GZ,
2+x 1
cÉkg² GZ, =
7+x 2
10x + (210  x) . 12 = 2280
ev, 10x + 2520  12x = 2280 ev, 4 + 2x = 7 + x
ev, 2x = 240 ev, 2x – x = 7 – 4  x = 3 (Ans.)
 x = 120
 120 Rb 10 UvKv KGi Puv`v ˆ`q ‰es (210  120) ev, 90 6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
Rb 12 UvKv KGi Puv`v ˆ`q| K mgxKiY mgvavGbi PviwU c«¬wZ nGjv:

4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb (i) cÉwZÕ©vcb c«¬wZ
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, Ai‚Y I Zvi e®¬yi evmvi `ƒiZ½ x wK.wg.
 (ii) Acbqb c«¬wZ
e®¬y evmvq ˆhGZ cÉGqvRbxq mgq = 4 N¥Ÿv
x (iii) AvoàYb c«¬wZ
(iv) ŠjwLK c«¬wZ
x
‰es wdGi AvmGZ cÉGqvRbxq mgq = 5 N¥Ÿv mgxKiGYi exR: mgxKiY mgvavb KGi PjGKi ˆh mKj gvb
x x 54 cvIqv hvq ‰es ‰G`i gGaÅ ˆh gvbàGjv «¼viv H mgxKiY
 4 + 5 = 60 (Ans.)
wm«¬ nq ZvG`i mgxKiGYi exR eGj|
x x 54
L cÉkg² GZ, 4 + 5 = 60
 L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

5x + 4x 9 9x 1
ev, ev, 2 = 9 (a + b + x)1 = + b1 + x1
20 10 a
1 1 1 1
2×9
ev, x = 9 ev, a + b + x = a + b + x
1 1 1 1
 x = 2 (Ans.) ev, a + b = x + a + b – x
M awi, e®¬yi evmv ˆ^GK wdGi Avmvi mgq Ai‚GYi ˆeM

b + a x – (a + b + x)
y wK.wg./N¥Ÿv ev, ab = x(a + b + x)
‰Lb, ˆgvU `ƒiZ½ 4 wK.wg. nGj Ai‚GYi evmv ˆ^GK e®¬yi (a + b) – (a + b)
4 ev, ab = ax + bx + x2
evmvi `ƒiZ½ = 2 wK.wg. = 2 wK.wg.
1 –1
2 2 45 ev, ab = ax + bx + x2
cÉkg² GZ, 4 + y = 60
2 3 2 ev, – ab = ax + bx + x2 [AvoàYb KGi]
ev, y = 4 – 4 ev, x2 + ax + bx + ab = 0
2
ev, y = 4
3–2 ev, x(x + a) + b(x + a) = 0
 (x + a)(x + b) = 0
ev, y = 2 × 4 nq, x + a = 0 A^ev, x + b = 0
y=8 x=–a x=–b
 ˆeM 8 wK.wg./N¥Ÿv (Ans.)  wbGYÆq mgvavb ˆmU: S = {– a, – b}
24 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
M mƒPKxq ivwkwU,
 –
3
( 3 + 3 5)
5 m+1
25 1 m+1 2
  1
(5m)m  1 (5m  1)m + 1 52 = {3 3 + 3. 3 . 3 5 + 3 3.45 + 27.5 5}
5m + 1 (52)m + 1 1 8
= m2  m ÷ m2  1  2 3
5 5 5 – ( 3 + 3 5)
2
2
5m + 1 5m  1 1 1 3
= 2  2m + 2  2 = {3 3 + 27 5 + 135 3 + 135 5} – ( 3 + 3 5)
5m  m 5 5 8 2
21 2
5m + 1 + m 5m + m 1 3 3 9 5
= m2  m + 2m + 2  2 = 2 = {138 3 + 162 5} – –
5 5m + m 8 2 2
2 2
= 5m + m  m  m 138 3 162 5 3 3 9 5
= + – –
= 50 = 1 (Ans.) 8 8 2 2
7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb =
138 3 + 162 5 – 12 3 – 36 5
8
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 126 3 + 126 5
(i) x + y = 3; =
8
(ii) x2 – y2 = 6 63
=
4
( 5 + 3) (Ans.)
 (x + y)(x – y) = 6
 3(x – y) = 6 [(i) ˆ^GK gvb ewmGq] M gvaÅwgK MwYZ cvVÅeB ‰i Abykxjbx 5.2 ‰i D`vniY-14

6 `ËÓ¡eÅ| c†Ó¤v-105
x–y= = 2
3
8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
x + y = 3
x–y= 2 K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ( 5 + 1)y + 4 = 4 5

evgcÞ = 16xy(x2 + y2) ev, ( 5 + 1)y = 4 5 4
= 2. 4xy. 2(x2 + y2) 4( 5  1)
= 2{(x + y)2 – (x – y)2}{(x + y)2 + (x – y)2} ev, y =
( 5 + 1)
= 2{( 3)2 – ( 2)2}{( 3)2 + ( 2)2} 4( 5  1) ( 5  1)
= 2(3 – 2) (3 + 2) ev, y = 
( 5 + 1) ( 5  1)
= 2. 1. 5 = 10
= WvbcÞ 4( 5  1)2
ev, y =
( 5)2  1
 16xy(x2 + y2) = 10 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
4(5  2 5 + 1)
L (iii) bs DóxcK ˆ^GK cvB,
 ev, y = 51
x2 = 8 + 2 15
y=62 5 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
 x2 = 3 + 2 15 + 5
= ( 3)2 + 2. 3. 5 + ( 5)2 L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x Rb QvGòi ˆgvU bÁ¼i = 2080

= ( 3 + 5)2 2080
x Rb QvGòi Mo bÁ¼i = x
x = 3 + 5 [eMÆgƒj KGi]
1 1 1 Rb bZzb QvGòi bÁ¼imn ˆgvU bÁ¼i = 2080 + 32 = 2112
 = 2112
x 3+ 5  bZzb Qvòmn Mo bÁ¼i = x + 1
5– 3
= 2080 2112
( 5 + 3) ( 5 – 3) kZÆgGZ, x  x + 1 = 1
[je I niGK 5 – 3 «¼viv àY KGi] 2080x + 2080  2112x
ev, x(x + 1)
=1
5– 3 5– 3 1
= = = ( 5– 3)
( 5)2 – ( 3)2 5–3 2 ev, 2080  32x = x2 + x
1 1 ev, x2 + 33x  2080 = 0
 x + = ( 3 + 5) + ( 5 – 3)
x 2 ev, x2 + 65x  32x  2080 = 0
5 3 3 3 5 1 ev, x(x + 65)  32(x + 65) = 0
= 3+ 5+
– = + = ( 3 + 3 5)
2 2 2 2 2
3
 (x + 65) (x  32) = 0
1 1 1 1
x3 + 3 = x +
x x ( )
– 3. x.
x
x+
x ( ) nq, x + 65 = 0
 x =  65
A^ev, x  32 = 0
 x = 32
1 3
= ( 3 + 3 5)3 – ( 3 + 3 5) ‰B gvb MÉnYGhvMÅ bq| KviY QvòmsLÅv FYvñK nGZ cvGi bv|
8 2
1 2112 2112 2112
= {( 3) + 3( 3) . 3 5 + 3. 3(3 5)2 + (3 5)3}
3 2  bZzb Qvòmn Mo bÁ¼i = = = = 64 (Ans.)
8 x + 1 32 + 1 33
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 25
M ‘L’ nGZ, (x + 1) Rb QvGòi ˆgvU bÁ¼i 2112
  y = 96
 eÅwÚi ˆgvU wewbGqvM = 2112 UvKv|  wbGYÆq gvb, y = 96
gGb Kwi,
4% jvGf wewbGqvM KiGjb, p1 = y UvKv 10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
 5% jvGf wewbGqvM KiGjb, p2 = (2112  y) UvKv
K gGb Kwi, AvqZvKvi evMvGbi Š`NÆÅ x wgUvi

4% nvGi 3 eQGi jvf, I1 = p1n1r1
4 12y
AvqZvKvi evMvGbi cÉÕ© y wgUvi
= y . 3. =
100 100  AvqZvKvi evMvGbi ˆÞòdj = xy eMÆ wgUvi|
5% nvGi 2 eQGi jvf, I2 = p2 n2 r2 cÉkg² GZ, xy = 567
= (2112  y) . 2.
5 Avevi, Š`NÆÅ 6 wg. KgvGj I cÉÕ© 6 wg. evovGj bZyb ˆÞòdj
100
(x – 6)(y + 6) e. wg.
10(2112  y)
=
100 cÉkg² GZ, (x – 6) (y + 6) = 567 (Ans.)
12y 10(2112  y)
kZÆgGZ, 100 + = 231.50 L ‘K’ nGZ, xy = 567 ..................... (i)

100
(x – 6) (y + 6) = 567 ................. (ii)
12y + 21120  10y
ev, 100
= 231.50 (ii) bs ˆ^GK cvB,
ev, 2y + 21120 = 23150 xy + 6x – 6y – 36 = 567
ev, 2y = 23150  21120 ev, 567 + 6(x – y) – 36 = 567 [(i) bs ˆ^GK]
2030 ev, 6(x– y) = 36
ev, y = 2
ev, x – y = 6
 y = 1015
 4% jvGf wewbGqvM KGib 1015 UvKv| (Ans.)  x = y + 6 .............. (iii)
(i) bs mgxKiGY
9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
x = y + 6 ewmGq cvB,
K mRxGei ˆQvU fvB Avmvq ˆgvU ˆjvKmsLÅv nGjv (x + 1) Rb
 (y + 6)y = 567
‰es wjPz cvov nGjv ˆgvU (1950 + 34) ev, 1984wU ev, y2 + 6y – 567 = 0
1984
 cÉGZÅGKi cÉvµ¦ wjPzi msLÅv nGjv x+1
wU (Ans.) ev, y2 + 27y – 21y – 567 = 0
L 1g kZÆgGZ,
 ev, y(y + 27) – 21(y + 27) = 0
1950 1984 ev, (y + 27) (y – 21) = 0
= + 1 [‘K’ ‰i mvnvGhÅ]
x x+1
 y = –27 A^ev, y = 21
1950 1984 + x + 1
ev, x
=
x+1 wK¯§ cÉÕ© FYvñK nGZ cvGi bv
ev, 1950x + 1950 = 1985x + x2 [Avo àY KGi]  cÉÕ© = 21 wgUvi
ev, x2 + 35x  1950 = 0 y ‰i gvb (iii) bs-‰ ewmGq,
ev, x2 + 65x  30x  1950 = 0 x = 21 + 6 = 27 wgUvi|
ev, x(x + 65)  30(x + 65) = 0 Š`NÆÅ =27 wgUvi|
 (x + 65) (x  30) = 0  Š`NÆÅ 27 wgUvi I cÉÕ© 21 wgUvi (Ans.)
nq x + 65 = 0 A^ev, x  30 = 0 M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, eMÆvKvi evMvGbi ˆÞòdj 225 eMÆwgUvi

 x =  65  x = 30
x =  65 MÉnYGhvMÅ bq, KviY ˆjvKmsLÅv FYvñK nGZ cvGi bv|
Ô eMÆvKvi evMvGbi ‰K evüi Š`NÆÅ = 225 wgUvi
= 15 wgUvi
 wbGYÆq gvb, x = 30
awi, evMvGbi wfZGii ivÕ¦vwU x wgUvi PIov
M ‘L’ nGZ cvB, x = 30
 cÉkg² GZ, (15 – 2x) (15 – 2x) = 121
1950 1950 + y
‰Lb, 2q kZÆgGZ, x = x + 1 1 ev, (15 – 2x)2 = 121
1950 1950 + y ev, 15 – 2x = 11 [eMÆgƒj KGi]
ev, 30
=
31
 1 [‹ x = 30]
ev, 2x = 15 – 11
1950 + y
ev, 65 =
31
1 ev, 2x = 4
4
ev,
1950 + y
= 65 + 1 ev, x = 2
31
ev, 1950 + y = 66  31 x=2
ev, y = 2046  1950  ivÕ¦vwU 2 wgUvi PIov| (Ans.)
26
11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
x5
K
 x
=x5
ev, x(x  5) = x  5 [AvoàYb KGi]
ev, x(x  5)  (x  5) = 0
ev, (x  5)(x  1) = 0
x5=0 A^ev, x  1 = 0
x=5 x=1
wbGYÆq mgvavb x = 1, 5
‰es mgvavb ˆmU {1, 5}
L awi, ivwKGei wcQGb hvòx `vwoGq AvGQ x Rb ‰es mvgGb
 ev, 10 + p = 4 + 2p[(i) bs mgxKiY
hvòx `vwoGq AvGQ y Rb|
kZÆgGZ, y = x + 6 ... ... ... (i)
x + y + 1 = 4x – 1 ... ... ... (ii)
(ii) bs mgxKiGY, y = x + 6 ewmGq
cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
x + x + 6 + 1 = 4x – 1
ev, 4x – 2x = 8
ev, 2x = 8  x = 4
 jvBGb ˆgvU hvòx msLÅv = 4x – 1 = 4  4  1 = 15 Rb (Ans.)
M ivwKGei wcQGbi hvòx msLÅv wQj = 4 Rb

I mvgGbi hvòx msLÅv wQj = 10 Rb
awi, mvgGb p Rb I wcQGb q Rb hvòx hyÚ nGqwQj|
kZÆgGZ, q = 2p ... ... ... (i)
Avevi, ivwKGei AeÕ©vb jvBGbi gvSLvGb nIqvq,
10 + p = 4 + q ... ... ... (ii)
nGZ]
ev, 2p – p = 10 – 4  p = 6
 q = 2  6 = 12
mvgGb 6 Rb I wcQGb 12 Rb hvòx hyÚ nGqwQj|
cvB, bZzb hyÚ nIqv hvòxi msLÅv = (6 + 12) Rb = 18 Rb (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 27

lÓ¤ AaÅvq
ˆiLv, ˆKvY I wòfzR
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb Avevi,
K RÅvwgwZK AvGjvPbvq ‰K ev ‰KvwaK aviYv cÉv^wgKfvGe
 EF mijGiLvi ˆQ`K BP nGj BPE I BPQ mÁ·ƒiK
Õ¼xKvi KGi wbGZ nq, ZvG`i RÅvwgwZK Õ¼xKvhÆ eGj| ˆKvY
mgZj RÅvwgwZGZ Õ¼xKvhÆ 8wU|  BPQ = 180  BPE
= 180  85 = 95
L i‚jvi Õ©vcb Õ¼xKvhÆ: ˆKvGbv mijGiLvGK msLÅvGiLvq cwiYZ

 CQF + BPQ = 85 + 95 = 180 (Ans.)
Kivi RbÅ cË^Gg ˆiLvwUi ‰KwU we±`yi Õ©vbv›K 0 ‰es Aci
M
 E
‰KwU we±`yi Õ©vbv›K 1 aGi ˆbIqv nq| ‰GZ ˆiLvwUGZ ‰KwU A
P
B
xx
‰KK `ƒiZ½ ‰es ‰KwU abvñK w`K wbw`ÆÓ¡ nq| ‰RbÅ Õ¼xKvi
KGi ˆbIqv nq ˆh, ‘ˆhGKvGbv mijGiLv AB ˆK ‰gbfvGe Q
C D
msLÅvGiLvq cwiYZ Kiv hvq ˆh, A ‰i Õ©vbv›K 0 (kƒbÅ) ‰es F
R

B ‰i Õ©vbv›K abvñK nq|’ ‰GK i‚jvi Õ©vcb Õ¼xKvhÆ ejv ‘L’ nGZ
nq| BPQ = 95 = x + x
M (ii) bs Õ¼xKvhÆGK ˆiLvsGki gvaÅGg eÅvLÅv Kiv mÁ¿e|
 ev, 2x = 95  x = 47.4
RÅvwgwZGZ `ƒiGZ½i aviYvI ‰KwU cËv^wgK aviYv| ‰RbÅ A^Ævr,
Õ¼xKvi KGi ˆbIqv nq ˆh, QPR = x = 47.5

(K) P I Q we±`yhyMj ‰KwU AbbÅ evÕ¦e msLÅv wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi ‰Lb, PQR wòfzGR,
PQ = PR
^vGK| msLÅvwUGK P we±`y ˆ^GK Q we±`yi `ƒiZ½ ejv nq  PQR = PRQ
‰es PQ «¼viv mƒwPZ Kiv nq| ‰Lb, PQR wòfzGR,
P Q
PQ ‰KwU evÕ¦e msLÅv wbG`Æk KGi| PQR + PRQ + QPR = 180
(L) P I Q wf®² we±`y nGj PQ msLÅvwU abvñK| AbÅ^vq, PQ = 0| ev, 2PQR = 180  47.5
P Q  PPQR = 66.25
‰GÞGò P I Q wf®² we±`y ZvB PQ
P
A^Æ v r, PQR- ‰
‰i gvb abvñK| P I Q ‰KB we±`y nGj, PQ = O
Q PQR = 66.25, PRQ = 66.25

(M) P ˆ^GK Q ‰i `ƒiZ½ ‰es Q ˆ^GK P ‰i `ƒiZ½ ‰KB| ‰es QPR = 47.5
A^Ævr, PQR ‰KwU mƒßGKvYx wòfzR (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
A^Ævr, PQ = QP|
2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 E K
 L

BPE = 85
85
 APE A B
= 180  BPE P

= 180  85 [AB mijGiLvi ˆQ`K PE ZvB M N R

= 95 APE I BPE mÁ·ƒiK ˆKvY] wPGò LMN wòfzGRi MN evüGK R chƯ¦ ewaÆZ KiGj LNR
2 2
 APE =  95 = 38 (Ans.)
5 5
Drc®² nq|
L

L
 P
E
S
A B
xx

Q
C D L
R
F

wPò nGZ,
BPE = Abyi…c PQD
Avevi, M
N

PQD = wecÉZxc CQF weGkl wbeÆPb: ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, LMN wòfzGRi wZbwU kxlÆ L, M
 BPE = CQF = 85 [cÉ`î] I N cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, LM + LN > MN
28 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
Aâb: LM ˆK S chƯ¦ ewaÆZ Kwi hvGZ LN = LS nq| Aâb: DE ˆK F chƯ¦ ewaÆZ Kwi ˆhb DE = EF nq| R, F
cieZÆxGZ N, S ˆhvM Kwi| ˆhvM Kwi|
cÉgvY: cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv
1. SLN-‰ LS = LN (1) PDE I EFR ‰
 LSN = LNS
[wòfzGRi mgvb evüi wecixZ ˆKvY«¼q mgvb] PE = ER [E, PR ‰i gaÅwe±`y]
2. LSN = LNS nGj DE = EF [Aâb]
MNS > LSN A¯¦fzÆÚ PED = A¯¦fzÆÚ REF [wecÉZxc ˆKvY]
ev, MNS > MSN  PDE  EFR.
3. MSN ‰,  PD = FR
MNS > MSN A^Ævr DQ = FR
ev, ML + LS > MN
‰es EPD = ERF [‰Kv¯¦i ˆKvY]
[e†nîi ˆKvGYi wecixZ evü e†nîi nq]
 PQ || RF
 LM + LN > MN [ LS = LN] (cÉgvwYZ)
A^Ævr DQ || RF
M weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, LMN ‰i MN evüGK R chƯ¦

ewaÆZ Kivq ewntÕ© LNR L Q
(2) DQRF PZyfzGRÆi `ywU wecixZ evü DQ I RF mgvb I
Drc®² nGqGQ| mgv¯¦ivj nIqvq Aci wecixZ evü DF I QR mgvb I
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, mgv¯¦ivj|
M R
LNR = MLN + N  DF = QR
LMN.
(3) Avevi, DE = EF
Aâb: N we±`y w`Gq ML evüi mgv¯¦ivj KGi NQ iwkÄ Uvwb| 1
cÉgvY:  DE = DF
2
avc 1. ML  NQ ‰es LN ˆQ`K| [Aâb AbymvGi ] 1
 DE = QR (cÉgvwYZ)
 MLN = LNQ [‰Kv¯¦i ˆKvY mgvb] ... ... ... (i) 2
avc 2. Avevi, ML  NQ ‰es MR ˆQ`K| M
 Q

 LMN = QNR [Abyi…c ˆKvY mgvb] ... ... ... (ii)

avc 3. (i) bs + (ii) bs ˆ^GK cvB,
MLN + LMN = LNQ + QNR P R
ev, MLN + LMN = LNR [ LNQ + QNR = LNR ] E

 LNR = MLN + LMN (cÉgvwYZ)

4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb F

K
 P

gGb Kwi, PQR ‰ E, PR ‰i gaÅwe±`y, cÉgvY KiGZ nGe,

D E
PQ + QR > 2QE|
Aâb: QE ˆK F chƯ¦ ewaÆZ Kwi ˆhb QE = EF nq| P, F ˆhvM
Q R Kwi|
gGb Kwi, Avigvb mvGnGei RwgwU PQR| RwgwUi P, Q, R cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv
Õ©vGb wZbwU LyuwU AvGQ| PQ cvGki wVK gvSLvGb D Õ©vGb (1) QER I PEF ‰
‰KwU LuywU AvGQ ‰es PR cvGki wVK gvSLvGb E Õ©vGb ‰KwU QE = EF [Aâb]
LuywU AvGQ| ER = PE [E, PR ‰i gaÅwe±`y]
L

P A¯¦fzÆÚ QER = A¯¦fzÆÚ PEF [wecÉZxc ˆKvY]
 QER  PEF
D
E
F
 QR = PF
(2) PQF ‰ PQ + PF > QF [wòfzGRi ˆhGKvGbv `yB evü
Q
ˆhvMdj
R
ev, PQ + QR > QE + EF Z‡Zxq evü AGcÞv e†nîi]
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, PQR ‰ PQ I PR ‰i gaÅwe±`y h^vKÌGg D, ev, PQ + QR > QE + QE
1
E| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe DE = QR.  PQ + QR > 2QE (cÉgvwYZ)
2
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 29
5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 1
avc 3. ‰es ABG-‰ ewntÕ© ADC = A¯¦tÕ© wecixZ (B + 2 A)
A
K
 1 1
 ADB > ADC [ C + A > B + A]
2 2
O
ˆhGnZy ˆKvY `yBwU mw®²wnZ ˆKvY ‰es Amgvb,
 90 < ADB < 180
B C
 ADB Õ©ƒjGKvY| (cÉgvwYZ)
ABC wòfyGRi B I C ‰i mgw«¼L´£K«¼q ciÕ·i O
we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ ‰es AB > AC. 6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
A
L
 K 1. wòfzGRi wZb ˆKvGYi mgwÓ¡ `yB mgGKvGYi mgvb|

E
2. mgGKvYx wòfzGRi mƒßGKvY«¼q ciÕ·i cƒiK|
O
L

A
B C

ABC wòfzGRi B I C ‰i mgw«¼L´£K«¼q ciÕ·i O we±`yGZ

B C
ˆQ` KGiGQ ‰es AB > AC. D

cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, AB + AC > OB + OC.

Aâb : CO ˆK ewaÆZ Kwi ˆhb Zv AB evüGK E we±`yGZ ˆQ` E

KGi| weGkl wbeÆPb: ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABC-‰i BC evüi gaÅwe±`y

cÉgvY : avc : h^v^ÆZv D. A, D ˆhvM Kwi| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, AB + AC  2AD.
(1) ACE ‰ [wòfzGRi ˆhGKvb `yB evüi Aâb: AD ˆK E chƯ¦ ‰gbfvGe ewaÆZ Kwi ˆhb, DE = AD nq|
mgwÓ¡ Z‡Zxq evü AGcÞv e†nîi] E, C ˆhvM Kwi|
AC + AE > CE cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv
ev, AC + AE > OC + OE (1) ABD ‰es ECD-‰
(2) Avevi, BEO-‰, BD = CD [ D, BC ‰i gaÅwe±`y ˆ`Iqv AvGQ ]
BE + OE > OB [‰KB KviGY] AD = DE [ Aâb AbymvGi ]
(3) AC + AE + BE + OE > OC + OE + OB [avc (1) I ‰es A¯¦fzÆÚ ADB = A¯¦fzÆÚ EDC [wecÉZxc ˆKvY mgvb ]
avc (2) ˆ^GK]   ABD  ECD [ `yBwU evü ‰es ZvG`i A¯¦fzÆÚ
ev, AC + AB + OE > OB + OC + OE ˆKvY mgvb]
 AB + AC > OB + OC (cÉgvwYZ) [Dfq cÞ nGZ OE ev` myZivs AB = CE ... ... ... (i)
w`Gq cvB] (2) ‰Lb,  AEC-‰,
M A AC + CE  AE [ wòfzGRi ˆhGKvGbv `yB evüi
mgwÓ¡ Z‡Zxq evü AGcÞv e†nîi ]
ev, AC + AB  AD + DE [ (i) bs ˆ^GK AB = CE ]
ev, AB + AC  AD + AD [ AâbvbymvGi, DE = AD ]
B D C
 AB + AC  2AD. (cÉ g vwYZ)
M
weGkl wbeÆPb: ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABC-‰ AB  AC ‰es A C

‰i mgw«¼LíK AD, BC evüGK D we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ| cÉgvY

KiGZ nGe ˆh, ADB Õ©ƒjGKvY| D E
F
cÉgvY: h^v^ÆZv
avc 1. ABC-‰ AB > AC
 C > B [wòfzGRi `yBwU evü Amgvb nGj, B A
e†nîi evüi wecixZ ˆKvY Þz`ËZi evüi wecixZ ˆKvY AGcÞv weGkl wbeÆPb: gGbKwi, ABC wòfzGR D I E h^vKÌGg BC I
e†nîi|] AC evüi gaÅwe±`y| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh DE || BA ‰es DE =
1 1 1
ev, C + 2 A > B + 2 A [DfqcGÞ 2 A ˆhvM KGi] 1
BA
2
avc 2. Avevi, ACD-‰ Aâb: D I E ˆhvM KGi ewaÆZ Kwi ˆhb DE = EF nq| A, F
1
ewntÕ© ADB = A¯¦tÕ© wecixZ (C + A)
2 ˆhvM Kwi|
30 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv
(1) CDE I AEF ‰i gGaÅ (1) ABD ‰es ECD-‰
AE = EC, [ˆ`Iqv AvGQ] BD = CD [ D, BC ‰igaÅwe±`y ˆ`Iqv AvGQ ]
DE = EF [AâbvbymvGi] AD = DE [ Aâb AbymvGi ]
DEC = AEF [wecÉZxc ˆKvY] ‰es A¯¦fzÆÚ ADB = A¯¦fzÆÚ EDC [wecÉZxc ˆKvY mgvb ]
 CDE  AEF [evü-ˆKvY-evü Dccv`Å]   ABD  ECD [ `yBwU evü ‰es ZvG`i A¯¦fzÆÚ
 CDE = AFE ‰es [‰Kv¯¦i ˆKvY] ˆKvY mgvb ]
ECD = EAF
myZivs AB = CE ... ... ... (i)
 DF || AB ev, DE || AB
(2) ‰Lb,  AEC-‰,
(2) Avevi, DF = AB
AC + CE  AE [ wòfzGRi ˆhGKvGbv `yB evüi mgwÓ¡
ev, DE + EF = AB
Z‡Zxq evü AGcÞv e†nîi ]
ev, DE + DE = AB
ev, 2DE = AB ev, AC + AB  AD + DE [ (i) bs ˆ^GK AB = CE ]
1 ev, AB + AC  AD + AD [ AâbvbymvGi, DE = AD ]
ev, DE = 2 AB (cÉgvwYZ)
 AB + AC  2AD. (cÉgvwYZ)
7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K
 A 8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K
 A
D E

B C

B C

wPGò nGZ cvB, AB + AC > BC [wòfzGRi `yB evüi Š`GNÆÅi O

mgwÓ¡ Z‡Zxq evü AGcÞv e†nîi]
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABC ‰i ACB > ABC|
 L D I E ˆhvM KGi ewaÆZ Kwi ˆhb EF = DE nq| C, F ˆhvM
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, AB > AC. Kwi| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, 6DE = 3BC|
cÉgvY: A
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv A
avc-1. hw` AB evü AC evü (1) ADE I CEF ‰i gGaÅ
AGcÞv e†nîi bv nq, ZGe AE = EC [ˆ`Iqv AvGQ] D
E
F
(i) AB = AC A^ev DE = EF [AâbvbymvGi]
C B
(ii) AB < AC nGe| AED = CEF [wecÉZxc ˆKvY] B C
(i) hw` AB = AC nq, ZGe ACB = ABC [ mgw«¼evü ADE  CEF [evü-ˆKvY-evü Dccv`Å]
wòfzGRi mgvb evü«¼Gqi wecixZ ˆKvY«¼q mgvb] ADE = EFC ‰es DAE = ECF. [‰Kv¯¦i ˆKvY]
wK¯§ kZÆvbyhvqx ACB > ABC Zv cÉ`î kZÆweGivax| DF || BC
(ii) Avevi, hw` AB > AC nq, ZGe ACB < ABC nGe| (2) Avevi, DF = BC
[ Þz`ËZi evüi wecixZ ˆKvY Þz`ËZi] ev, DE + EF = BC ev, DE + DE = BC
wK¯§ ZvI cÉ`î kZÆweGivax| ev, 2DE = BC ev, 3  2DE = 3  BC
avc-2: myZivs AB evü AC ‰i mgvb ev AC ˆ^GK Þz`ËZi  6DE = 3BC (cÉgvwYZ)
nGZ cvi bv| M
 A

 AB > AC (cÉgvwYZ)
D E
B
M
 C

A
F G
O

B C
Avgiv Rvwb, wòfzGRi ewntÕ© ˆKvY, A¯¦tÕ© wecixZ
D
ˆKvY«¼Gqi mgwÓ¡i mgvb|
E
ewntÕ© CBF = BAC + ACB
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABC-‰i BC evüi gaÅwe±`y ev, 21CBF = 12 (BAC + ACB)
D. A, D ˆhvM Kwi| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, AB + AC  2AD. ev, CBO = 12 (BAC + ACB) [ˆhGnZz BO ˆiLv B
Aâb: AD ˆK E chƯ¦ ‰gbfvGe ewaÆZ Kwi ˆhb, DE = AD nq|
‰i ewntw«¼ÆLíK]
E, C ˆhvM Kwi|
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 31

CBO =
1
(BAC + ACB) ... ... ... (i) M
 M
2
‰KBfvGe,
1
BCO = (BAC + ABC) ... ... ... (ii) L N
2 E
(i) I (ii) bs mgxKiY ˆhvM KGi,
1 1
CBO + BCO = (BAC + ACB) + (BAC +
2 2 P
ABC)
1 cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, LM + LN > 2LE.
ev, 180 BOC = 2 (BAC + ACB + ABC + Aâb: LE ˆK P chƯ¦ ewaÆZ Kwi ˆhb ME = PE nq| N, P ˆhvM
BAC) Kwi|
1
ev, 180 BOC = 2 (180 + BAC) [ˆhGnZz ACB + cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv
(1) MLE I NEP ‰
ABC + BAC = 180] [ E, LN ‰i gaÅwe±`y]
LE = NE
ev, 360 2BOC = 180 + BAC ME = EP [AâbvbymvGi]
ev, 360 180 = 2BOC + BAC ‰es MEL = NEP [wecÉZxc ˆKvY]
 2BOC + BAC = 180 (cÉgvwYZ)  MEL  NEP
myZivs ML = NP ... ... ... (i)
9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb (2) ‰Lb, MNP ‰ [ˆhGnZz wòfzGRi ˆhGKvb `yB
MN + NP > MP evüi mgwÓ¡ Z‡Zxq evü
K
 L
ev, MN + ML > ME + EP AGcÞv e†nîi]
ev, ML + MN > ME + ME [(i) bs nGZ]
D E  ML + MN > 2ME (cÉgvwYZ) [‹ ME = EP]

M N
10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
wPGò, LMN ‰i LM I LN ‰i gaÅwe±`y h^vKÌGg D I E. K

L
 L P

 
E
D P

M
N Q R
S
weGkl wbeÆPb: ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, LMN ‰ LM ‰es LN ‰i
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, PQR-‰ PQ > P
gaÅwe±`y D I E| D, E ˆhvM Kwi| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh,
1 PR ‰es P ‰i mgw«¼L´£K  

DE = MN.
2 QR ˆK S we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
Aâb: DE ˆK P chƯ¦ ‰gbfvGe ewaÆZ Kwi ˆhb EP = DE cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, PSQ
R
nq| Õ©ƒjGKvY| Q
S

cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv

(1) LDE ‰es EPN ‰i gGaÅ
LE = NE
DE = EP
‰es LED = NEP
 LDE  EPN
 LDE = EPN
‰es DLE = ENP
myZivs DP || MN
 DE || MN
(2) Avevi, DP = MN
ev, DE + EP = MN
ev, DE + DE = MN
ev, 2DE = MN
1  90 < PSQ < 180
 DE = 2 MN (cÉgvwYZ)
(1) PQR-‰ PQ > PR
[ E, LN ‰i gaÅwe±`y]  R > Q [wòfzGRi e†nîi evüi wecixZ ˆKvY, Þz`ËZi
[Aâb AbymvGi] evüi wecixZ ˆKvY AGcÞv e†nîi|]
[ wecÉZxc ˆKvY] 1 1 1
ev, R + P > Q + P [DfqcGÞ P ˆhvM KGi]
2 2 2
(2) Avevi, PRS-‰
1
ewn:Õ© PSQ = A¯¦:Õ© wecixZ (R + 2 P)
(3) ‰es PQS-‰
1
ewn:Õ© PSR = A¯¦:Õ© wecixZ (Q + 2 P)
 PSQ > PSR [‹ R +
1 1
P > Q + P]
2 2
[EP = DE] ˆhGnZz ˆKvY `yBwU mw®²wnZ ˆKvY ‰es Amgvb,
 PSQ Õ©ƒjGKvY| (cÉgvwYZ)
32 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
M
 cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv
P
E
(1) ABC-‰
A + B + C = 180° [ wòfzGRi wZb ˆKvGYi mgwÓ¡ 180° ]
1 1 1
ev, 2 A + 2 B + 2 C = 90° [Dfq cÞGK 2 «¼viv fvM KGi
Q T cvB]
R
1 1 1
 B + C = 90° – A ... ... ... ... (i)
weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, PQR ‰i QR evüGK T chƯ¦ ewaÆZ 2 2 2
Kivq ewntÕ© PRT Drc®² nGqGQ| PRT, wòfzRwUi (2) BOC-‰
PRQ ‰i msj™² ewntÕ© ˆKvY| KvGRB, QPR ‰es BOC + OBC + OCB = 180°
1 1
PQR ewntÕ© PRT ‰i wecixZ A¯¦tÕ© ˆKvY«¼q| ev, BOC + 2 B + 2 C = 180° [ BO ‰es CO ˆiLv
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, PRT = QPR + PQR.
h^vKÌGg B I C-‰i mgw«¼LíK]
Aâb: R we±`y w`Gq QP evüi mgv¯¦ivj KGi RE iwkÄ Uvwb| 1
cÉgvY: h^v^ÆZv ev, BOC + 90° – 2 A = 180° [(i) bs nGZ]
avc-1. QP  RE ‰es PR ˆQ`K| [Aâb AbymvGi ] ev, BOC = 180° – 90° + 2 A
1
 QPR = PRE ... ... ... (i) [‰Kv¯¦i ˆKvY eGj]
1
avc-2. Avevi, QP  RE ‰es QT ˆQ`K|  BOC = 90° +
2
A (cÉgvwYZ)
 PQR = ERT ... ... ... (ii) [Abyi…c ˆKvY eGj] M
 A
avc-3. (i) bs + (ii) bs ˆ^GK cvB, B C
QPR + PQR = PRE + ERT
ev, QPR + PQR = PRT E F

[ PRE + ERT = PRT ]

O
 PRT = QPR + PQR (cÉgvwYZ)
11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
weGkl wbeÆPb: ABC-‰i AB evüGK E chƯ¦ ‰es AC evüGK
K
 F chƯ¦ ewaÆZ Kivq B ‰es C we±`yGZ `yBwU ewntÕ©GKvY
A A
E h^vKÌGg EBC ‰es FCB Drc®² nGqGQ| ‰Lb, EBC ‰i
1 x
1
y
mgw«¼LíK BO ‰es FCB ‰i mgw«¼LíK CO ciÕ·i O
2 3 2
B C B C D we±`yGZ wgwjZ nGqGQ|
1
gGb Kwi, ABC ‰KwU wòfzR| wòfzRwUi BAC + ABC + cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, BOC = 90° – 2 A.
ACB = `yB mgGKvY|
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv
Aâb: C we±`y w`Gq CE AuvwK hvGZ AB | | CE nq|
(1) ABC-‰
cÉgvY: ‰evi ABC = ECD [Abyi…c ˆKvY eGj]
A + B + C = 180° [wòfzGRi wZb ˆKvGYi mgwÓ¡ 2 mgGKvY]
‰es BAC = ACE [‰Kv¯¦i ˆKvY eGj] 1 1 1
 ABC + BAC = ECD + ACE = ACD ev, 2 A + 2 B + 2 C = 90 ... ... ... (i)
ABC + BAC + ACB = ACD + ACB = `yB mgGKvY (2) Avevi, BOC-‰
A^Ævr, A + B + C =180 (cÉgvwYZ) BOC + OBC + OCB = 180°
1 1
L
 ev, BOC + 2 EBC + 2 FCB = 180° [ BO ‰es CO
A
h^vKÌGg EBC I FCB ‰i mgw«¼LíK]
1 1
O ev, BOC + 2 (180 – B) + 2 (180 – C) = 180

B C [CBE, B-‰i ‰es BCF, C-‰i mÁ·ƒiK ˆKvY]

1 1
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, wòfzR ABC ‰i B ‰es C ‰i ev, BOC + 90 – 2 B + 90 – 2 C = 180
mgw«¼LíK«¼q O we±`yGZ wgwjZ nGqGQ| A^Ævr, BO ‰es CO 1 1 1 1
h^vKÌGg ABC ‰es ACB ‰i mgw«¼LíK| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ev, BOC = 180° – 90 – 90 + (2 B + 2 C + 2 A) – 2 A
1 1
ˆh, BOC = 90° + 2 A.  BOC = 90 – 2 A [(i) bs nGZ] (cÉgvwYZ)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 33

mµ¦g AaÅvq
eÅenvwiK RÅvwgwZ
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb gGb Kwi, ‰KwU wòfzGRi cwimxgv R = 10 ˆm.wg. ‰es f„wg
K
 msj™² `yBwU ˆKvY x = 45 I y = 50 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ|
wòfzRwU AuvKGZ nGe|
5 ˆm.wg. AâGbi weeiY:
F (1) ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU iwkÄ DF ˆ^GK cwimxgv R = 10 ˆm.wg.
C
x ‰i mgvb KGi DE Ask ˆKGU wbB| D I E we±`yGZ DE
D ˆiLvsGki ‰KB cvGk y = 50 ‰i mgvb EDL ‰es
x = 45 ‰i mgvb DEM AuvwK|
(2) ˆKvY `yBwUi w«¼LíK DG I EH AuvwK|
(3) gGb Kwi, DG I EH iwkÄ«¼q ciÕ·iGK A we±`yGZ ˆQ`
60 KGi| A we±`yGZ ADE ‰i mgvb DAB ‰es AED
A E
g = 5 ˆm.wg. B ‰i mgvb EAC AuvwK|
L
 (4) AB ‰es AC iwkÄ«¼q DE ˆiLvskGK h^vKÌGg B I C
we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
ZvnGj, ABC-B DwóÓ¡ wòfzR|
2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
50 45
x y
K cÉ`î Z^ÅàGjv ˆcw´Öj I KÁ·vGmi mvnvGhÅ wbGÁ² Aâb Kiv

nGjv:
a
6 ˆm.wg. 4 ˆm.wg.
a

F E
A b 6 ˆm.wg.

x =45
x

L

4 ˆm.wg.
a
50 45 6 ˆm.wg.
b
B D
a C

ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ‰KwU wòfzGRi `yBwU ˆKvY h^vKÌGg x 45

x = 50 I y = 45 ‰es ‰G`i msj™² evüi Š`NÆÅ a = 6 E

ˆm. wg.| wòfzRwU AuvKGZ nGe| 6 ˆm.wg.
A D
AâGbi weeiY:
(1) ˆhGKvGbv iwkÄ BD ˆ^GK BC = a = 6 ˆm.wg. ˆKGU wbB| 4 ˆm.wg.
(2) B we±`yGZ CBE = x = 50 ‰es C we±`yGZ 4 ˆm.wg.

BCF = y = 45 AuvwK| 45

(3) gGb Kwi, BE I CF iwkÄ ciÕ·i A we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| M
B 6 ˆm.wg. C
ZvnGj, ABC-B Dw`Ó¡ wòfzR|
M
 10 ˆm.wg. gGb Kwi, ABCD mvgv¯¦wiGKi `ywU mw®²wnZ evü a = 4 ˆm.wg.,
R
b = 6 ˆm.wg. ‰es ZvG`i A¯¦fzÆÚ ˆKvY x = 45 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ|
ABCD mvgv¯¦wiKwU AuvKGZ nGe|
45 50 AâGbi weeiY:
x y
(1) ˆhGKvGbv iwkÄ BM ˆ^GK BC = b = 6 ˆm.wg. ˆKGU wbB| BC
L M
H
‰i B we±`yGZ CBE = x = 45 AuvwK|
A G
(2) BE iwkÄ ˆ^GK BA = a = 4 ˆm.wg. ˆKGU wbB| ‰Lb A I C
ˆK ˆK±`Ê KGi h^vKÌGg b I a ‰i mgvb eÅvmvaÆ wbGq ABC
‰i Afů¦Gi `yBwU e†îPvc AuvwK|
D F
B C E
34 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
(3) gGb Kwi, e†îPvc«¼q ciÕ·iGK D we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
‰Lb A, D ‰es C, D ˆhvM Kwi| ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ‰KwU wòfzGRi f„wg a = 4.5 ˆm. wg., f„wg msj™²
ZvnGj ABCD-B DwóÓ¡ mvgv¯¦wiK| ‰KwU ˆKvY x = 40 ‰es Aci `yB evüi mgwÓ¡ c = 7 ˆm.
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, a = 4 ˆm. wg. wg.| wòfzRwU AuvKGZ nGe|
‰es b = 6 ˆm. wg. AâGbi weeiY:
a I b AvqGZi mw®²wnZ evü nGj ‰i KGYÆi Š`NÆÅ, (1) ˆh ˆKvGbv iwkÄ BE ˆ^GK BC = a = 4.5 ˆm. wg. ˆKGU
c = a2 + b2 ˆm. wg. wbB| BC ˆiLvsGki B we±`yGZ CBF = x = 40 AuvwK|
= 42 + 62 (2) BF ˆ^GK BD = c = 7 ˆm. wg. ˆKGU wbB|
= 16 + 36 (3) C, D ˆhvM Kwi| C we±`yGZ CD ˆiLvsGki ˆh cvGk B
= 52 = 7.2 ˆm.
wg. (cÉvq) we±`y AvGQ ˆmB cvGk DCA = BDC AuvwK|
‰gb ‰KwU eMÆ AuvKGZ nGe hvi evüi Š`NÆÅ c = 7.2 ˆm.wg. ‰i mgvb| (4) gGb Kwi, CA, BD ˆK A we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
F ZvnGj, ABC-B DwóÓ¡ wòfzR|
A D M
 a
c
2
c
7.2 ˆm.wg. c
b
2
b

B C E F D C E

AâGbi weeiY : c
2 b
1. ˆhGKvGbv iwkÄ BE ˆ^GK BC = c Ask ˆKGU wbB| O
2
2. BC ‰i B we±`yGZ BF  BC AuvwK| X
A a
3. BF ˆ^GK BA = c Ask ˆKGU wbB| B

4. A I C ˆK ˆK±`Ê KGi c ‰i mgvb eÅvmvaÆ wbGq ABC-‰i

Afů¦Gi `yBwU e†îPvc AuvwK| e†îPvc«¼q ciÕ·i D we±`yGZ gGb Kwi, mvgv¯¦wiGKi `yBwU KYÆ b I c ‰es f„wg a ˆ`Iqv AvGQ|
ˆQ` KGiGQ| mvgv¯¦wiKwU AuvKGZ nGe|
5. A, D, I C, D ˆhvM Kwi| AâGbi weeiY:
ZvnGj ABCD B DwóÓ¡ eMÆ| (1) ˆhGKvGbv iwkÄ AX ˆ^GK a ‰i mgvb AB wbB|
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb c
(2) A I B ˆK ˆK±`Ê KGi h^vKÌGg 2 I 2 ‰i mgvb eÅvmvaÆ wbGq
b
K

AB ‰i ‰KB cvGk `yBwU e†îPvc AuvwK| gGb Kwi, e†îPvc
`yBwU ciÕ·iGK O we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
O
(3) A, O I B, O ˆhvM Kwi| AO ˆK AE eivei ‰es BO ˆK
BF eivei ewaÆZ Kwi|
A B c b
C (4) OE ˆ^GK 2 = OC ‰es OF ˆ^GK 2 = OD wbB| A, D; D, C
wPGò O ˆK±`ÊwewkÓ¡ e†Gîi C we±`yGZ AB ‰KwU Õ·kÆK|
I B, C ˆhvM Kwi|
L
 a
4.5 ˆm.wg.
F
c ZvnGj ABCD B DwóÓ¡ mvgv¯¦wiK|
7 ˆm.wg.
D 4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K

F
x
5 ˆm.wg. D C
A

40
c
x
45
A
45
A E
40 x = 5 ˆm.wg. B
B a E
C
wPGò ABCD B DwóÓ¡ iÁ¼m|
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 35
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ‰KwU wòfzGRi f„wg
 (3) OP ‰i wecixZ iwkÄ OQ AuvwK|
F
x = 5 ˆm. wg., f„wg msj™² ‰KwU A (4) KYÆ x + 1 ˆK mgw«¼LwíZ Kwi| OP ‰es OQ ˆ^GK 2 (x + 1)
1
ˆKvY B = 50 ‰es Aci `yB
evüi A¯¦i y = 1 ˆm. wg.| ‰i mgvb KGi h^vKÌGg OB ‰es OD Ask ˆKGU wbB|
wòfzRwU AuvKGZ nGe| (5) ‰Lb, A, B; B, C; C, D ‰es D, A ˆhvM Kwi|
x
5 ˆm.wg. ZvnGj, ABCD-B DwóÓ¡ mvgv¯¦wiK|
5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
1 ˆm.wg.
y K
D
y
50
60 45
B
50 B C
B
x C
E L

h 11 ˆm.wg.
AâGbi weeiY:
(1) ˆh ˆKvGbv iwkÄ BE ˆ^GK BC = x = 5 ˆm. wg. ˆKGU 60 45
wbB| BC ˆiLvsGki B we±`yGZ B = CBF = 50 AuvwK| x y

(2) BF iwkÄ ˆ^GK BD = y = 1 ˆm. wg. ˆKGU wbB| L M

(3) C,D ˆhvM Kwi| CD ˆiLvsGki ˆh cvGk F we±`y AvGQ H A G

ˆmB cvGk C we±`yGZ FDC–‰i mgvb KGi DCA AuvwK|

(4) CA, DF ˆK A we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
ZvnGj, ABC-B DwóÓ¡ wòfzR| D
B C E
F

M
 x+1
6 ˆm.wg.
gGb Kwi, ‰KwU wòfzGRi cwimxgv, h = 11 ˆm.wg. ‰es f„wg
4 ˆm.wg.
msj™² `yBwU ˆKvY x = 60 I y = 45 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
y+3
wòfzRwU AuvKGZ nGe|
AâGbi weeiY:
55 1. ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU iwkÄ DF ˆ^GK cwimxgv, h = 11 ˆm.wg.
B + 5
‰i mgvb KGi DE Ask ˆKGU wbB| D I E we±`yGZ DE
x+1
ˆiLvsGki ‰KB cvGk x = 60 ‰i mgvb EDL ‰es
y = 45 ‰i mgvb DEM AuvwK|
2. ˆKvY `yBwUi mgw«¼LíK DG I EH AuvwK|
3. gGb Kwi, DG I EH iwkÄ«¼q ciÕ·iGK A we±`yGZ ˆQ`
KGi| A we±`yGZ ADE ‰i mgvb DAB ‰es AED
‰i mgvb EAC AuvwK|
P B
4. AB ‰es AC iwkÄ«¼q DE ˆiLvskGK h^vKÌGg B I C
M
we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
ZvnGj, ABC B DwóÓ¡ wòfzR|
(x+1)

C
1
M iÁ¼Gmi evüi Š`NÆÅ p , ‰KwU ˆKvY B = 60 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ|
B + 5
1
2

O 2
(y+3) 
3
A iÁ¼mwU AuvKGZ nGe|
p
D Q 3

‰KwU mvgv¯¦wiGKi `yBwU KGYÆi Š`NÆÅ h^vKÌGg y + 3 = 4 ˆm. wg. I 60

x + 1 = 6 ˆm.wg. ‰es ‰G`i A¯¦fzÆÚ ˆKvY B + 5 = 55 ˆ`Iqv B

AvGQ| mvgv¯¦wiKwU AuvKGZ nGe|

AâGbi weeiY: AâGbi weeiY:
(1) ˆhGKvGbv iwkÄ AM ˆ^GK AC = y + 3 = 4 ˆm.wg. ˆKGU wbB| (1) BX ˆhGKvGbv iwkÄ ˆ^GK BA = p KvwU|
AC ‰i gaÅwe±`y O wbYÆq Kwi| 3
(2) O we±`yGZ AOP = B + 5 = 55 AuvwK| (2) B we±`yGZ ABE = 60 AuvwK|
36 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
(3) BE ˆ^GK BC = AB ˆbB|
(4) Avevi A I C we±`yGK
E P
ˆK±`Ê KGi p ‰i mgvb B
3 D M
C
eÅvmvaÆ wbGq ABC ‰i C
Afů¦Gi `yBwU e†îPvc C
AuvwK| e†îPvc«¼q ciÕ·i 60 O 1
b
2
D we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| B A X
A
(5) A, D I C, D ˆhvM Kwi|
 ABCD-B DwóÓ¡ iÁ¼m| D
Q
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb gGb Kwi, ‰KwU mvgv¯¦wiGKi `yBwU KGYÆi Š`NÆÅ h^vKÌGg a = 4 ˆm. wg.
K
 a
6.5 ˆm.wg. I b = 6.5 ˆm.wg. ‰es ‰G`i A¯¦fzÆÚ ˆKvY C = 45 ˆ`Iqv
4 ˆm.wg. AvGQ| mvgv¯¦wiKwU AuvKGZ nGe|
b
AâGbi weeiY:
(1) ˆhGKvGbv iwkÄ AM ˆ^GK AC = a = 4 ˆm.wg. ˆKGU wbB| AC
‰i gaÅwe±`y O wbYÆq Kwi|
(2) O we±`yGZ AOP = C = 45 AuvwK|
x
70
y
60 (3) OP ‰i wecixZ iwkÄ OQ AuvwK|
1
(4) KYÆ b ˆK mgw«¼LwíZ Kwi| OP ‰es OQ ˆ^GK 2 b ‰i mgvb
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, UÇvwcwRqvGgi mgv¯¦ivj evü«¼q a = 6.5 ˆm. wg.
KGi OB ‰es OD Ask ˆKGU wbB|
‰es b = 4 ˆm. wg. ˆhLvGb a > b ‰es e†nîg evü a = 6.5 ˆm.
(5) ‰Lb, A, B; B, C; C, D ‰es D, A ˆhvM Kwi| ZvnGj,
wg. msj™² ˆKvY«¼q x = 70 I y = 60.
ABCD-B DwóÓ¡ mvgv¯¦wiK|
L
 Y
Z
7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K
 S
8 cm
4 ˆm. wg. 60
D C

70 70 60

A X
4 ˆm. wg. E B A C B
6.5 ˆm. wg.
AB = S = 8 ˆm. wg. evü C we±`yGZ 2 : 1 AbycvGZ wefÚ nGqGQ|
AâGbi weeiY: L a

(1) ˆh ˆKvGbv iwkÄ AX ˆ^GK AB = a = 6.5 ˆm. wg. wbB| 3.5 ˆm.wg.
s
(2) AB ˆiLvsGki A we±`yGZ x = 70 ‰i mgvb BAY ‰es B 8 ˆm.wg.
we±`yGZ y = 60 ‰i mgvb ABZ AvuwK| F
(3) Avevi AB ˆiLvsk ˆ^GK AE = b = 4 ˆm. wg. ˆKGU wbB| D
(4) E we±`yGZ EC || AY AvuwK hv BZ iwkÄGK C we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
(5) Avevi CD || BA AvuwK hv AY iwkÄGK D we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
ZvnGj, ABCD B DwóÓ¡ UÇvwcwRqvg|
M
 a 60
4 ˆm.wg.
x
A

s
45
C
b
6.5 ˆm.wg.
60
B a C E
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 37
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ‰KwU wòfzGRi f„wg a = 3.5 ˆm. wg., f„wg msj™² 
L p
12 ˆm.wg.
‰KwU ˆKvY x = 60 ‰es Aci `yB evüi mgwÓ¡ s = 8 ˆm. wg.|
wòfzRwU AuvKGZ nGe| 50 60
AâGbi weeiY: x y
(1) ˆh ˆKvGbv iwkÄ BE ˆ^GK BC = a = 3.5 ˆm. wg. ˆKGU L M
wbB| BC ˆiLvsGki B we±`yGZ CBF = x = 60 H A G
AuvwK|
(2) BF ˆ^GK BD = s = 8 ˆm. wg. ˆKGU wbB|
(3) C, D ˆhvM Kwi| C we±`yGZ CD ˆiLvsGki ˆh cvGk B D
B C E
F
we±`y AvGQ ˆmB cvGk DCA = BDC AuvwK|
(4) gGb Kwi, CA, BD ˆK A we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| gGb Kwi, ‰KwU wòfzGRi cwimxgv p = 12 ˆm.wg. ‰es f„wg
ZvnGj, ABC -B DwóÓ¡ wòfzR| msj™² `yBwU ˆKvY x = 50 I y = 60 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ|
wòfzRwU AuvKGZ nGe|
M b 5 ˆm.wg.

AâGbi weeiY:
8 ˆm.wg.
s
1. ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU iwkÄ DF ˆ^GK cwimxgv p = 12 ˆm.wg.
D
‰i mgvb KGi DE Ask ˆKGU wbB| D I E we±`yGZ DE
ˆiLvsGki ‰KB cvGk x = 50 ‰i mgvb EDL ‰es
y = 60 ‰i mgvb DEM AuvwK|
2. ˆKvY `yBwUi mgw«¼LíK DG I EH AuvwK|
A E
s C 3. gGb Kwi, DG I EH iwkÄ«¼q ciÕ·iGK A we±`yGZ ˆQ`
KGi| A we±`yGZ ADE ‰i mgvb DAB ‰es AED
‰i mgvb EAC AuvwK|
4. AB ‰es AC iwkÄ«¼q DE ˆiLvskGK h^vKÌGg B I C
B
we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
ZvnGj, ABC B DwóÓ¡ wòfzR|
weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, iÁ¼Gmi KGYÆi Š`NÆÅ s = 8 ˆm.wg. I M
 a a
evüi Š`NÆÅ b = 5 ˆm.wg. ˆ`Iqv AvGQ| iÁ¼mwU AuvKGZ nGe| a
2 2
b 8.5 cm
AâGbi weeiY: b
2 2 E
b F
(1) ˆhGKvGbv iwkÄ AE ˆ^GK KYÆ s ‰i mgvb KGi AC Ask c
4 cm 6 cm
D
C

ˆKGU wbB|
(2) AC ‰i A I C we±`yGK ˆK±`Ê KGi b ‰i mgvb eÅvmvaÆ a
2 b
O
wbGq AC ‰i ‰KB cvGk `yBwU e†îPvc AuvwK| 2
X
(3) gGb Kwi, e†îPvc«¼q ciÕ·iGK D we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| A c B
(4) Avevi, A I C we±`yGK ˆK±`Ê KGi b ‰i mgvb eÅvmvaÆ
gGb Kwi, mvgv¯¦wiGKi `yBwU KYÆ a = 8.5 ˆm. wg. I b = 6 ˆm.
wbGq AC ‰i ˆh cvGk D we±`y AvGQ Zvi wecixZ cvGk
wg. ‰es ‰KwU evü c = 4 ˆm. wg. ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, mvgv¯¦wiKwU
`yBwU e†îPvc AuvwK| gGb Kwi, ‰B e†îPvc«¼q ciÕ·iGK AuvKGZ nGe|
B we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| AâGbi weeiY:
AZ‰e, A, B; A, D; B, C I C, D ˆhvM Kwi| ABCD-B a I b KYÆ«¼qGK mgvb `yBfvGM wefÚ Kwi|
DwóÓ¡ iÁ¼m| ˆhGKvGbv iwkÄ AX ˆ^GK c ‰i mgvb AB wbB| A I B ˆK
8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb a b
ˆK±`Ê KGi h^vKÌGg 2 I 2 ‰i mgvb eÅvmvaÆ wbGq AB ‰i
K

‰KB cvGk `yBwU e†îPvc AuvwK| gGb Kwi, e†îPvc `yBwU
150 ciÕ·iGK O we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| A, O I B, O ˆhvM Kwi|
AO ˆK AE eivei ‰es BO ˆK BF eivei ewaÆZ Kwi| OE
a b
x
ˆ^GK 2 = OC ‰es OF ˆ^GK 2 = OD wbB| A, D; D, C I
B, C ˆhvM Kwi|
wPGò, x = 150 ZvnGj ABCD B DwóÓ¡ mvgv¯¦wiK|
38 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb (2) Avevi AQ ˆK M we±`yGZ mgw«¼LwíZ Kwi|
K
 C
ZvnGj AM = 4
a+s

E
(3) AM ˆiLvsGki A we±`yGZ MAX = B AuvwK| AX
a+s
iwkÄ ˆ^GK AD = AM = 4 Ask ˆKGU wbB|
a+s
45 (4) M I D ˆK ˆK±`Ê KGi AM = 4 ‰i mgvb eÅvmvaÆ
A B
wbGq MAD ‰i Afů¦Gi `yBwU e†îPvc AuvwK|
e†îPvc«¼q ciÕ·iGK C we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
‰LvGb, BAC = 90 ‰es CAE = BAE = 45
(5) M, C I D, C ˆhvM Kwi|
L

ZvnGj AMCD B wbGYÆq iÁ¼m|
F
a 3 ˆm.wg. D
10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
6 ˆm.wg.
s
K

A
s
75
x
50
y 12 ˆm.wg.
45 p
B E
a C
wPGò, x = 50, y = 75 ‰es cwimxgv, p = 12 ˆm.wg.
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ‰KwU wòfzGRi f„wg a = 3 ˆm. wg., f„wg msj™² ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
‰KwU ˆKvY x = 45 ‰es Aci `yB evüi mgwÓ¡ s = 6 ˆm. wg.|
L

wòfzRwU AuvKGZ nGe|
AâGbi weeiY:
(1) ˆhGKvGbv iwkÄ BE ˆ^GK BC = a = 3 ˆm. wg. ˆKGU wbB| 50 60
x y
BC ˆiLvsGki B we±`yGZ CBF = x = 45 AuvwK|
(2) BF ˆ^GK BD = s = 6 ˆm. wg. ˆKGU wbB|
(3) C, D ˆhvM Kwi| CD ˆiLvsGki C we±`yGZ DCA = BDC AuvwK| L M
(4) gGb Kwi, CA, BD ˆK A we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| H A G
ZvnGj, ABC -B DwóÓ¡ wòfzR|
M

D F
a+s
9 ˆm.wg. B C E
X
gGb Kwi, ‰KwU wòfzGRi cwimxgv p = 12 ˆm.wg. ‰es f„wg
msj™² `yBwU ˆKvY x = 50 I y = 60 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ|
D
C
B
45 wòfzRwU AuvKGZ nGe|
45
AâGbi weeiY:
A M Q P E 1. ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU iwkÄ DF ˆ^GK cwimxgv p = 12 ˆm.wg.
‰i mgvb KGi DE Ask ˆKGU wbB| D I E we±`yGZ DE
ˆiLvsGki ‰KB cvGk x = 50 ‰i mgvb EDL ‰es
y = 60 ‰i mgvb DEM AuvwK|
2. ˆKvY `yBwUi mgw«¼LíK DG I EH AuvwK|
gGb Kwi, ‰KwU iÁ¼Gmi cwimxgv a + s = 9 ˆm.wg. ‰es ‰KwU 3. gGb Kwi, DG I EH iwkÄ«¼q ciÕ·iGK A we±`yGZ ˆQ`
ˆKvY B = 45 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ| iÁ¼mwU AuvKGZ nGe| KGi| A we±`yGZ ADE ‰i mgvb DAB ‰es AED
AâGbi weeiY : ‰i mgvb EAC AuvwK|
(1) ˆhGKvGbv iwkÄ AE ˆ^GK cwimxgv a + s = 9 ˆm.wg. ‰i 4. AB ‰es AC iwkÄ«¼q DE ˆiLvskGK h^vKÌGg B I C
mgvb KGi AP ˆiLvsk ˆKGU wbB| AP ˆK Q we±`yGZ we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
mgw«¼LwíZ Kwi| ZvnGj, ABC B DwóÓ¡ wòfzR|
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 39
M
 L
 3 ˆm.wg.
a
12 ˆm.wg.
p

60 45
B C
X x 50
A
P Q
60 45

D
C
a

x
A B P
Q E M N
C D B
p
gGb Kwi, wòfzGRi f„wg msj™² ˆKvY `yBwU h^vKÌGg B = 60
‰es C = 45 ‰es kxlÆ ˆ^GK f„wgi Dci AwâZ jGÁ¼i Š`NÆÅ
a = 3 ˆm. wg. ˆ`Iqv AvGQ| wòfzRwU AuvKGZ nGe|
AâGbi weeiY:
(1) ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU ˆiLvsk AD = a wbB| AD ˆiLvsGki
A I D we±`yGZ h^vKÌGg PAQ ‰es MDN jÁ¼ AuvwK|
gGb Kwi, ‰KwU iÁ¼Gmi cwimxgv p = 12 ˆm.wg. ‰es ‰KwU ˆKvY (2) PQ ˆiLvi ˆh cvGk MN ˆiLv AewÕ©Z ˆmB cvGk A we±`yGZ
x = 50 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ| iÁ¼mwU AuvKGZ nGe| B = 60 = PAC ‰es C = 45 = QAB AuvwK|
AâGbi weeiY: (3) gGb Kwi, AC I AB ˆiLvsk MN ˆiLvGK C I B
(1) ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU iwkÄ AE ˆ^GK cwimxgv p ‰i mgvb KGi AP we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| ZvnGj, ACB-B DwóÓ¡ wòfzR|
ˆiLvsk ˆKGU wbB| AP ˆK Q we±`yGZ mgw«¼LwíZ Kwi|  L
1
ˆhLvGb AQ = 2 p 50 60
x y
1
(2) Avevi AQ ˆK B we±`yGZ mgw«¼LwíZ Kwi| ZvnGj AB = 4 p L M
H A G
(3) AB ˆiLvsGki A we±`yGZ BAX = x = 50 AuvwK| AX
1
iwkÄ ˆ^GK AD = AB = 4 p Ask ˆKGU wbB|
D F
(4) B I D ˆK ˆK±`Ê KGi AB ‰i mgvb eÅvmvaÆ wbGq BAD ‰i B 0 E
KÌ
Afů¦Gi `yBwU e†îPvc AuvwK| e†îPvc«¼q ciÕ·iGK C we±`yGZ gGb Kwi, ‰KwU wòfzGRi cwimxgv p = 12 ˆm.wg. ‰es f„wg
ˆQ` KGi| msj™² `yBwU ˆKvY x = 50 I y = 60 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ|
(5) B, C I D, C ˆhvM Kwi| ZvnGj ABCD-B DwóÓ¡ iÁ¼m| wòfzRwU AuvKGZ nGe|
AâGbi weeiY:
11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
3 ˆm.wg.
1. ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU iwkÄ DF ˆ^GK cwimxgv p = 12 ˆm.wg.
K
 a
‰i mgvb KGi DE Ask ˆKGU wbB| D I E we±`yGZ DE
P 12 ˆm.wg.
ˆiLvsGki ‰KB cvGk x = 50 ‰i mgvb EDL ‰es
y = 60 ‰i mgvb DEM AuvwK|
60
C
45 2. ˆKvY `yBwUi mgw«¼LíK DG I EH AuvwK|
B
3. gGb Kwi, DG I EH iwkÄ«¼q ciÕ·iGK A we±`yGZ ˆQ`
KGi| A we±`yGZ ADE ‰i mgvb DAB ‰es AED
Z^ÅàGjv wPGò DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGjv| ‰i mgvb EAC AuvwK|
4. AB ‰es AC iwkÄ«¼q DE ˆiLvskGK h^vKÌGg B I C
we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
ZvnGj, ABC B DwóÓ¡ wòfzR|
40 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ

AÓ¡g AaÅvq
e†î
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ev, MPN + LPO = 2 (MOT + TMO) ... ... ... (iii)
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ, r = 8 ˆm. wg.
 ‰Lb,  TMO-‰i TMO + MOT = 90°... ... ... (iv)
 cwiwa = 2r = 2  3.1416  8 [KviY ON  LM eGj OTM = 90°]
= 50.2656 ˆm. wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.) (3) (iv) bs ‰i gvb (iii) bs-‰ ewmGq cvB,
S MPN + LPO = 2 × 90°
L O ˆK±`ÊwewkÓ¡ SPR ‰KwU e†î ‰es Zvi
  LPO + MPN = 180 (cÉgvwYZ)
‰KB DcPvc PR ‰i Ici `ívqgvb
e†îÕ© PSR ‰es ˆK±`ÊÕ© POR| O 2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
1 R K weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, O
 R
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, PSR = 2 POR P T ˆK±`ÊwewkÓ¡ PSQR e†Gîi PQ I RS
RÅv `yBwU ciÕ·i D we±`yGZ ˆQ` O
Aâb: gGb Kwi, SR ˆiLvsk ˆK±`ÊMvgx bq| ‰GÞGò S we±`y
KGiGQ| P, S I Q, R ˆhvM Kwi| P
D
w`Gq ˆK±`ÊMvgx ˆiLvsk ST AuvwK|
ˆ`LvGZ nGe ˆh, PSD I QRD
cÉgvY : avc h^v^ÆZv Q
m`†kGKvYx| S
(1) SOP ‰i ewntÕ© ˆKvY [ewntÕ© ˆKvY A¯¦tÕ© wecixZ
cÉgvY:
POT = PSO + SPO ˆKvY«¼Gqi mgwÓ¡i mgvb]
avc-1. e†Gîi PR PvGci Ici [e†Gîi ‰KB PvGci
(2) SOP ‰ OS = OP [‰KB e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ]
`ívqgvb e†îÕ© PSR = e†îÕ© Ici `ívqgvb e†îÕ©
AZ‰e, PSO = SPO
PQR ˆKvYàGjv ciÕ·i
(3) avc (1) I (2) ˆ^GK
POT = 2 PSO
 PSD = DQR mgvb|]
(4) ‰KBfvGe SOR ˆ^GK avc-2. e†Gî QS PGci Dci `ívqgvb [H]
ROT = 2RSO e†îÕ© SPQ = e†îÕ© SRQ
(5) avc (3) I (4) ˆ^GK  SPD = DRQ
POT + ROT = 2PSO + 2RSO [ˆhvM KGi] avc-3. PSD I QRD-‰,
ev, POR = 2 PSR PDS = QDR [wecÉZxc ˆKvY]
1
A^Ævr PSR = 2POR. (cÉgvwYZ) PSD = DQR ‰es [avc-1 nGZ]
SPD = DRQ [avc-2 nGZ]
M gGb Kwi, P ˆK±`Ê wewkÓ¡ e†Gîi LM
 L  PSD I QRD m`†kGKvYx| (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
I NO RÅv `ywU e†Gîi Afů¦Gi
L

AewÕ©Z T we±`yGZ mgGKvGY wgwjZ Q

nGqGQ| O, P ‰es P, L ˆhvM Kivq P

P
O
LPO Drc®² nq| Avevi, M, P R
T
‰es P, N ˆhvM Kivq MPN O N S
Drc®² nq| M
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, LPO + weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, PQRS e†Gîi ˆK±`Ê O ‰es SQ
MPN = 180° eÅvm| SQ eÅvGmi cÉv¯¦«¼q S I Q nGZ ‰i wecixZ w`GK
Aâb: M, O ˆhvM Kwi| AwâZ SR I PQ RÅv«¼q ciÕ·i mgv¯¦ivj|
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, RS = PQ.
(1) ‰KB Pvc MN-‰i Ici `ívqgvb Aâb: S, P ‰es Q, R ˆhvM Kwi|
ˆK±`ÊÕ© MPN ‰es e†îÕ© MON. cÉgvY:
1 avc-1: QS e†Gîi eÅvm|
 MPN = MON [e†Gîi ‰KB PvGci Ici `ívqgvb
2  QRS = ‰K mgGKvY| [AaÆe†îÕ© ˆKvY eGj]
e†îÕ© ˆKvY ˆK±`ÊÕ© ˆKvGYi AGaÆK] ‰es QPS = ‰K mgGKvY| [‰KB KviY]
A^Ævr, MPN = 2MON ... ... ... (i) avc-2: ‰Lb QRS ‰es PQS mgGKvYx wòfzGR
Abyi…cfvGe ˆ`LvGbv hvq ˆh, SRQ = SPQ [mgGKvY eGj]
 LPO = 2 LMO ... ... ... (ii) QSR = PQS [‹ PQ || RS]
(2) (i) bs I (ii) bs ˆhvM KGi cvB, ‰es SQ mvaviY evü |
MPN + LPO = 2 MON + 2 LMO   QRS @ PQS
ev, MPN + LPO = 2 (MON + LMO)  RS = PQ. (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 41
M weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, PQRS
 P Q M
 D
P
e†Gî PQ || RS ‰es PQ < RS| E
F
P, S I Q, R ˆhvM Kwi| ZvnGj
M
PQRS UÇvwcwRqvg Drc®² nq| R
S
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, PS = QR. N

Aâb: Q, S ˆhvM Kwi| Q

cÉgvY:
PQRS UÇvwcwRqvGg,
weGkl wbeÆPb: DEF-‰ E I F-‰i mgw«¼LíK«¼q h^vKÌGg EP I
FP, P we±`yGZ wgwjZ nGqGQ| DE evüGK M chƯ¦ ‰es DF evüGK N
PQ SR ‰es QS ˆQ`K [ K͸bv AbymvGi ]
chƯ¦ ewaÆZ Kivq h^vKÌGg MEF ‰es NFE ewntÕ© ˆKvY«¼q
 PQS = QSR [ ‰Kv¯¦i ˆKvY ]
Drc®² nGqGQ| MEF ‰es NFE ‰i mgw«¼LíK«¼q A^Ævr E
A^Ævr, PS PvGci Ici e†îÕ© ˆKvY ‰es F ‰i ewnw«¼ÆLíK«¼q h^vKÌGg EQ ‰es FQ, Q we±`yGZ wgwjZ
= QR PvGci Ici e†îÕ© ˆKvY nGqGQ| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, E, P, F, Q we±`y PviwU mge†î|
ev, Pvc PS = Pvc QR. [e†Gî mgvb mgvb PvGci Ici cÉgvY:
`ívqgvb e†îÕ© ˆKvYàGjv ciÕ·i mgvb] avc-1. DEF + MEF = 2 mgGKvY [ ŠiwLK hyMj ˆKvY]
ev, RÅv PS = RÅv QR [e†Gî mgvb mgvb Pvc mgvb ev, 1 DEF + 1 MEF = 1 mgGKvY
2 2
mgvb RÅv wQ®² KGi]
[DfqcÞGK 2 «¼viv fvM KGi]
 PS = QR. (cÉgvwYZ)
ev, PEF + QEF = 1 mgGKvY
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 1
[ EP, DEF-‰i mgw«¼LíK  DEF = PEF ‰es
2
K mgGiL: wZb ev ZGZvwaK we±`y hw` ‰KwU mijGiLvi Ici 1
EQ, MEF ‰i mgw«¼LíK  MEF = QEF ]
AeÕ©vb KGi ZGe we±`yàGjvGK mgGiL ejv nq| 2
mge†î: wZb ev ZGZvwaK we±`y hw` ‰KwU e†Gîi Ici AeÕ©vb  PEQ = 1 mgGKvY ... ... ... (i)
KGi ZGe we±`yàGjvGK mge†î ejv nq| Z`Ëc‚ , PFQ = 1 mgGKvY ... ... ... (ii)
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, wòfzR DEF ‰i E D
avc-2. (i) bs ‰es (ii) bs ˆhvM KGi cvB,
PEQ + PFQ = 2 mgGKvY
‰es F ‰i A¯¦w«¼ÆLíK«¼q P
 PZzfzÆR EPFQ-‰ PEQ + PFQ = 2 mgGKvY
we±`yGZ wgwjZ nGqGQ| A^Ævr, P A^Ævr, PZzfzÆR EPFQ ‰i `ywU wecixZ ˆKvY PEQ ‰es
EP ‰es FP h^vKÌGg DEF PFQ ciÕ·i mÁ·ƒiK|
‰es DFE ‰i A¯¦w«¼ÆLíK| E F myZivs, E, P, F, Q we±`y PviwU mge†î| (cÉgvwYZ)
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, 4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
1
EPF = 90° + 2 D. K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ, OB = 10 ˆm. wg.
cÉgvY: Avgiv Rvwb,
e†Gîi ˆÞòdj =   (eÅvmvaÆ)2
avc 1. DEF-‰
= (3.1416  102) eMÆ ˆm. wg.
D + E + F = 180° [ wòfzGRi wZb ˆKvGYi mgwÓ¡ 180° ]
= 314.16 eMÆ ˆm. wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.)
1 1 1
ev, 2 D + 2 E + 2 F = 90° [DfqcÞGK 2 «¼viv fvM KGi cvB]  L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, AB = x, OB = 10 ˆm.wg.
x
1 1 1  AD = ;
2
ˆhGnZz D, AB ‰i gaÅwe±`y|
 E + F = 90° – D ... ... ... ... (i)
2 2 2
avc 2. EPF-‰ ‰es OD = 2  2 cm(x )
EPF + PEF + PFE = 180° mgGKvYx OBD-‰ OB2 = OD2 + BD2
1 1
ev, EPF + 2 E + 2 F = 180° [ EP ‰es FP ˆiLv
(x ) + (x2)
ev, 102 = 2  2
2 2

h^vKÌGg E I F-‰i A¯¦w«¼ÆLíK] x2 x x2

1
ev, 4  2. 2 . 2 + 4 + 4 = 100
ev, EPF + 90° – 2 D = 180° [(i) bs nGZ] x2
ev, 2. 4  2x + 4  100 = 0
1
ev, EPF = 180° – 90° + 2 D x2 O
ev, 2  2x  96 = 0
1
 EPF = 90° + D
2
(cÉgvwYZ) ev, x2  4x  192 = 0 A B
D
42 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
ev, x2  16x + 12x  192 = 0 M O ˆK±`ÊwewkÓ¡ e†Gîi ewntÕ© ˆKvGbv we±`y P ˆ^GK AwâZ `yBwU
ev, x(x  16) + 12(x  16) = 0 Õ·kÆK PA I PB e†îGK A I B we±`yGZ Õ·kÆ KGiGQ| A, B ˆhvM
ev, (x  16) (x + 12) = 0 Kivq AB Õ·kÆ-RÅv cvIqv ˆMj| P, O ˆhvM Kiv nj| OP mijGiLv
 x = 16,  12 Õ·kÆ-RÅv AB ˆK T we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ|
wK¯§ `ƒiZ½ meÆ`v abvñK weavq x   12
B
 x = 16 (Ans.)
M
 X E T
S C O P

K A
R
O
C cËgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, OP Õ·kÆ-RÅv AB ‰i jÁ¼ mgw«¼LíK|
Aâb: O, A ‰es O, B ˆhvM Kwi|
cÉgvY: avc-1: e†Gîi ewntÕ© we±`y P ˆ^GK PA ‰es PB `ywU Õ·kÆK|
Y L B
 PA = PB [ e†Gîi ewntÕ© ˆKvGbv we±`y ˆ^GK
F
Õ·kÆ we±`y«¼Gqi `ƒiZ½ mgvb]
gGb Kwi, O ˆK±`Ê ‰es 10 ˆm. wg. eÅvmvaÆ wewkÓ¡ ABC ‰KwU e†î avc-2: ‰Lb, OAP ‰es OBP-‰,
‰es XY ˆm.wg. ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mijGiLv| ABC e†Gî ‰gb ‰KwU PA = PB
Õ·kÆK AuvKGZ nGe hv, XY mijGiLvi mgv¯¦ivj nGe| OA = OB [‰KB e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ ]
AâGbi weeiY: ‰es OP Dfq wòfzGRi mvaviY evü|
(1) O we±`y ˆ^GK XY ‰i Ici RO jÁ¼ AvuwK| OR, XY ˆiLvGK ˆhLvGb AwZfzR OP = AwZfzR OP
K we±`yGZ ‰es ABC e†îGK A we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
 OAP  OBP [wòfzR«¼Gqi wZbwU Abyi…c evü ciÕ·i mgvb]
(2) RO ˆK ewaÆZ KiGj Zv e†îwUi C we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
myZivs, AOP = BOP
(3) AC ˆiLvi Ici A I C we±`yGZ h^vKÌGg SL I EF jÁ¼ Uvwb|
ZvnGj, SL ev EF-B wbGYÆq Õ·kÆK nGe| A^Ævr, AOT = BOT ... ... ... (i)
avc-3: ‰Lb, OAT ‰es OBT-‰,
5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
OA = OB, [‰KB e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ ]
K awi, e†îwUi eÅvmvaÆ, r = OB = 5 ˆm.wg.
OT Dfq wòfzGRi mvaviY evü
 e†îwUi cwiwa = 2r = 2  3.1416  5
‰es A¯¦fzÆÚ AOT = A¯¦fzÆÚ BOT [ (i) bs ˆ^GK cvB ]
= 31.416 ˆm.wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.)
 OAT  OBT [ Dfq wòfzGRi `ywU Abyi…c evü
L weGkl wbeÆPb: O ˆK±`ÊwewkÓ¡ ABC e†Gîi P ‰KwU ewntÕ©
we±`y ‰es PA I PB ˆiLvsk«¼q e†Gîi A I B we±`yGZ `yBwU ‰es ZvG`i A¯¦fyÆÚ ˆKvY«¼q mgvb]
 AT = BT ... ... ... (ii)
Õ·kÆK|
B ‰es OTA = OTB
avc-4: wK¯§, ‰iv ŠiwLK hyMj ˆKvY eGj cÉGZÅGKB mgGKvY|
P O C  OTA =  OTB = 1 mgGKvY
A^Ævr, OP  AB ... ... ... (iii)
A avc-5: (ii) bs ‰es (iii) bs ˆ^GK cvB,
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, PA = PB AT = BT A^Ævr T Õ·kÆ-RÅv AB ‰i gaÅwe±`y ‰es
Aâb: O, A; O, B ‰es O, P ˆhvM Kwi| OP  Õ·kÆ-RÅv AB.
cÉgvY:  OP Õ·kÆ-RÅv AB- ‰i jÁ¼ mgw«¼LíK| (cÉgvwYZ)
avc 1: ˆhGnZz PA Õ·kÆK ‰es OA Õ·kÆwe±`yMvgx eÅvmvaÆ,
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
ˆmGnZz PA  OA A C
 PAO = ‰K mgGKvY| K

[ Õ·kÆK Õ·kwe±`yMvgx eÅvmvGaÆi Ici jÁ¼] O
Abyi…c PBO = ‰K mgGKvY| P
Q

 PAO ‰es PBO DfqB mgGKvYx wòfzR|

avc 2: ‰Lb, PAO ‰es PBO mgGKvYx wòfzR«¼Gq AwZfzR
D
PO = AwZfzR PO B

‰es OA = OB [ ‰KB e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ]

 PAO  PBO [mgGKvYx wòfzGRi AwZfzR-evü meÆmgZv] wPGò O ˆK±`ÊwewkÓ¡ e†Gî RÅv AB = RÅv CD.
 PA = PB| (cÉgvwYZ) O ˆ^GK AB I CD ‰i Dci h^vKÌGg OP ‰es OQ jÁ¼|
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 43
L
 7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K cÉ`î ZG^Åi wfwîGZ wPòwU wbÁ²i…c:

O
M R

A P B
S

N Q

weGkl wbeÆPb: O ˆK±`ÊwewkÓ¡ e†Gî AB ‰KwU RÅv ‰es O P

OP AB. cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, P, AB ‰i gaÅwe±`y|

Aâb: O, A I O, B ˆhvM Kwi| L
 M R

cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv

(1) ‰LvGb OP  AB
 OPA = OPB = 90
(2) ‰Lb, OPA I OPB ‰,
AwZfzR OA = AwZfzR OB
D F
S
N Q
O
[‰KB e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ] E P

OPA = OPB [DfqB ‰K mgGKvY]

OP = OP [mvaviY evü] Aâb: S ˆ^GK MN, OP ‰es QR RÅv ‰i Dci h^vKÌGg SD,
 OPA  OPB SE ‰es SF jÁ¼ AuvwK| S, M; S, Q ‰es S, O ˆhvM Kwi|
 AP = BP cÉgvY:
 P, AB ‰i gaÅwe±`y| (cÉgvwYZ) avc-1. SD  MN ‰es SF  QR [ˆK±`Ê ˆ^GK eÅvm wf®²
M
 A C myZivs MD = ND ‰es RF = QF ˆhGKvGbv RÅv ‰i Dci
1
 MD = MN ‰es QF = QR
1 AwâZ jÁ¼ H RÅvGK
2 2
mgw«¼Lw´£Z KGi]
Q
P
O avc-2. wK¯¦y MN = QR [K͸bv]
1 1
 MN = QR
2 2
D
B  MD = QF
avc-3. ‰Lb SMD ‰es SQF
weGkl wbeÆPb: O ˆK±`ÊwewkÓ¡ e†Gî AB I CD `ywU mgvb RÅv
mgGKvYx wòfzR«¼Gqi gGaÅ
‰es OP  AB I OQ  CD. cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, OP = OQ AwZfzR SM = AwZfzR SQ [DfGqB ‰KB e†Gîi
Aâb: O, A I O, C ˆhvM Kwi| ‰es MD = QF eÅvmvaÆ] [avc-2]
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv myZivs SMD  SQF
(1) ‰LvGb, OP  AB  SD = SF
I OQ  CD avc-4. Abyi…cfvGe, SD = SE
myZivs AP = BP [e†Gîi ˆK±`Ê nGZ myZivs SD = SE = SF [avc-3 ˆ^GK]
avc-5. wK¯¦y SD, SE I SF ˆK±`Ê S
‰es CQ = DQ RÅvGqi Dci AswKZ
ˆ^GK h^vKÌGg MN, OP I QR
1 1 jÁ¼ RÅvGK mgw«¼LwíZ
 AP = AB, CQ = CD
2 2 RÅv ‰i `ƒiZ½
KGi] myZivs ˆK±`Ê S ˆ^GK cÉ`î RÅvòq
(2) wK¯§ AB = CD mg`ƒieZxÆ| (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
1 1
ev, 2 AB = 2 CD M
 M R

 AP = CQ
D
(3) ‰Lb, OAP I OCQ S
F

mgGKvYx wòfzR«¼Gqi gGaÅ

AwZfzR [‰B e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ] N Q
O
OA = AwZfzR OC E P

AP = CQ
OAP  OCQ Aâb: MN, OP I QR RÅvòGqi gaÅwe±`y h^vKÌGg D, E I F
mZzivs OP = OQ (cÉgvwYZ) wbYÆq Kwi| S, D; S, E ‰es S, F ˆhvM Kwi|
44 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
cÉgvY: e†Gî `yBwU Õ·kÆK UvbGj, H we±`y
avc-1. D, MN RÅv ‰i gaÅwe±`y| [e†Gîi ˆK±`Ê I ˆKvGbv ˆ^GK Õ·kÆ we±`y«¼Gqi `ƒiZ½ mgvb|]
 SD  MN RÅv ‰i gaÅwe±`yi AO = AO [mvaviY evü]
Z`Ëc
‚ SE  OP ‰es SF  QR msGhvRK ˆiLvsk H RÅv  AOP  AOQ
 AOP = AOQ
‰i Ici jÁ¼]
A^Ævr POM = QOM
avc-2. ˆK±`Ê S nGZ MN, OP I QR
(2) ‰Lb, OPM I OQM ‰
RÅvòGqi jÁ¼ `ƒiZ½ h^vKÌGg SD, [K͸bv]
OP = OQ [ ‰KB e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ]
SE I SF ‰es MN = OP = QR
 SD = SE = SF
OM = OM [mvaviY evü]
myZivs S ˆK ˆK±`Ê KGi SD ev SE ‰es A¯¦fÆyÚ POM = A¯¦fÆyÚ QOM
 OPM  OQM
ev SF ‰i mgvb eÅvmvaÆ wbGq e†î
 OMP = OMQ ‰es PM = QM
Aâb KiGj e†îwU D, E I F
wK¯§ ‰iv ŠiwLK hyMjGKvY ‰es ‰G`i cwigvc mgvb|
we±`y w`Gq hvGe|  OMP = OMQ = 90
AZ‰e, D, E I F mge†î|  OM  PQ
(cÉgvwYZ) A^Ævr AO  PQ ‰es M, PQ ‰i gaÅwe±`y
8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb  AO, PQ ‰i jÁ¼w«¼LíK| (cÉgvwYZ)

K

Q
9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K
 P
A O R

RO S
O
P

Q
wPGò O ˆK±`ÊwewkÓ¡ PQR e†Gîi A ‰KwU ewntÕ© we±`y ‰es
AP I AQ e†Gîi P I Q we±`yGZ `ywU Õ·kÆK|
L
 P P
L cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, AP = AQ.

Aâb: O, P; O, Q ‰es O, A ˆhvM Kwi| S
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv R
O
S O R

(1) ˆhGnZz AP Õ·kÆK ‰es OP Õ·kÆ

we±`yMvgx eÅvmvaÆ, Q Q
 AP  OP [Õ·kÆK Õ·kÆwe±`yMvgx wPò-1 wPò-2
myZivs APO = ‰K mgGKvY eÅvmvGaÆi Dci jÁ¼]
Abyi‚cfvGe, AQO = ‰K mgGKvY| weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, R ‰es S ˆK±`ÊwewkÓ¡ `yBwU e†î
(2) ‰Lb, APO I AQO mgGKvYx ciÕ·i O we±`yGZ Õ·kÆ KGi| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, R, O ‰es
wòfzR«¼Gq AwZfzR AO = AwZfzR AO S we±`y wZbwU mgGiL|
‰es OP = OQ [‰KB e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ] Aâb: O, R I O, S ˆhvM Kwi|
 APO  AQO [mgGKvYx wòfzGRi cÉgvY: ewntÕ·kÆGKi ˆÞGò A^Ævr wPò-1 ‰ R ˆK±`ÊwewkÓ¡ e†Gî
 AP = AQ. (cÉgvwYZ) AwZfzR-evü meÆmgZv] OR Õ·kÆwe±`yMvgx eÅvmvaÆ ‰es POQ Õ·kÆK|
M weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, P
myZivs POR = ‰K mgGKvY|
O ˆK±`ÊwewkÓ¡ PQR e†Gî Z`Ë‚c POS = ‰K mgGKvY
ewntÕ© we±`y A nGZ AP I A O R A^Ævr POR + POS = ‰K mgGKvY + ‰K mgGKvY
M
AQ e†Gîi P I Q we±`yGZ = `yB mgGKvY|
`ywU Õ·kÆK|  ROS = `yB mgGKvY|
Q
O, A ‰es P, Q ˆhvM Kwi| A^Ævr ROS ‰KwU mijGKvY| myZivs R, O ‰es S we±`yòq
PQ ˆiLv AO ˆK M we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| mgGiL|
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, OA, PQ ‰i jÁ¼w«¼LíK| Avevi A¯¦tÕ·kÆGKi ˆÞGò A^Ævr wPò-2 ‰,
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv POR = POS = ‰K mgGKvY
(1) AOP I AOQ ‰i gGaÅ A^Ævr RO ‰es SO DfqB POQ ˆiLvi O we±`yGZ jÁ¼|
OP = OQ [‰KB e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ] AZ‰e RO, SO ‰KB mijGiLvq AewÕ©Z|
AP = AQ [e†Gîi ewntÕ© ˆKvGbv we±`y ˆ^GK myZivs DfqGÞGòB R, O ‰es S we±`yòq mgGiL| (cÉgvwYZ)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 45
M R ˆK±`ÊwewkÓ¡ e†Gîi ewntÕ©

cÉgvY : avc h^v^ÆZv
ˆKvGbv we±`y D ˆ^GK AwâZ B
(1) e†Gîi ˆK±`Ê O ‰es [ˆK±`Ê ˆ^GK eÅvm wf®² ˆh
`yBwU Õ·kÆK DC I DB e†îGK
OA  RÅv PQ ˆKvb RÅv ‰i Ici AwâZ
C I B we±`yGZ Õ·kÆ KGiGQ| R
M
D  PA = QA jÁ¼ RÅvGK mgw«¼LwíZ
C, B ˆhvM Kivq CB Õ·kÆ-RÅv Z`Ëc
… RB = SB KGi|]
cvIqv ˆMj| D, R ˆhvM Kiv C
(2) wK¯§ PQ = RS [ˆ`Iqv AvGQ]
nj| RD mijGiLv Õ·kÆ-RÅv ev, 1 PQ = 1 RS
CB ˆK M we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ| 2 2
 PA = SB
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, DR  BC
Aâb: R, C ‰es R, B ˆhvM Kwi|
(3) mgGKvYx OPA ‰es
cÉgvY: mgGKvYx OSB-‰ [DfGq ‰KB e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ]
avc-1: e†Gîi ewntÕ© we±`y D ˆ^GK DC ‰es DB `ywU Õ·kÆK| AwZfzR OP = AwZfzR OS
 DC = DB [ e†Gîi ewntÕ© ˆKvGbv we±`y ˆ^GK ‰es PA = SB [mgGKvYx wòfyGRi AwZfyR
Õ·kÆ we±`y«¼Gqi `ƒiZ½ mgvb]  OPA  OSB evü meÆmgZv Dccv`Å]
avc-2: ‰Lb, RCD ‰es RBD-‰, myZivs OA = OB.
DC = DB  ˆK±`Ê O nGZ PQ I RS
RC = RB [‰KB e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ] mg`ƒieZÆx| (cÉgvwYZ)
‰es RD Dfq wòfzGRi mvaviY evü| M weGkl wbeÆPb: ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 P

 RCD  RBD [wòfzR«¼Gqi wZbwU Abyi…c evü ciÕ·i mgvb] PQRS PZzfÆyRwU O ˆK±`Ê wewkÓ¡
Q
myZivs, CRD = BRD e†Gî A¯¦wjÆwLZ ‰es PR I QS O
M
A^Ævr, CRM = BRM ... ... ... (i) KYÆ«¼q ciÕ·iGK M we±`yGZ ˆQ`
avc-3: ‰Lb, RCM ‰es RBM-‰, KGiGQ| P, O; Q, O; S, O ‰es R, S
R

RC = RB, [‰KB e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ] O ˆhvM Kiv nGjv|

RM Dfq wòfzGRi mvaviY evü

cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, POQ + ROS = 2PMQ
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv
‰es A¯¦fzÆÚ CRM = A¯¦fzÆÚ BRM [ (i) bs ˆ^GK cvB ]
(1) PQ PvGci Ici ˆK±`ÊÕ© POQ
 RCM  RBM [Dfq wòfzGRi `ywU Abyi…c evü ‰es
I e†îÕ© PSQ [ˆK±`ÊÕ© ˆKvY e†îÕ©
ZvG`i A¯¦fyÆÚ ˆKvY«¼q mgvb]  POQ = 2PSQ ˆKvGYi w«¼àY]
 CM = BM ... ... ... (ii)
(2) Avevi, SR PvGci Ici ˆK±`ÊÕ©
‰es RMC = RMB
ROS I e†îÕ© RPS
avc-4: wK¯§, ‰iv ŠiwLK hyMj ˆKvY eGj cÉGZÅGKB mgGKvY|  ROS = 2RPS [‰KB KviGY]
 RMC =  RMB = 1 mgGKvY
(3) avc-1 I avc-2 nGZ cvB,
A^Ævr, RM  BC ... ... ... (iii) POQ + ROS = 2PSQ + 2RPS
 DR  BC (cÉgvwYZ) = 2(PSQ + RPS)

10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb (4) ‰Lb, PSM ‰ ewntÕ© PMQ [wòfzGRi ewntÕ©

= wecixZ A¯¦tÕ© (PSM + MPS) ˆKvY wecixZ
K O ˆK±`Ê wewkÓ¡ e†Gî A¯¦wjÆwLZ PZzfzÆR
 P S
A¯¦tÕ© ˆKvY«¼Gqi
PQRS. ‰i KYÆ«¼q PR I QS ciÕ·i O
mgwÓ¡i mgvb]
M we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| A^Ævr PMQ = PSM + MPS
M
Q R  PMQ = PSQ + RPS
L weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, O e†Gîi ˆK±`Ê ‰es RÅv PQ = RÅv (5) avc-3 I avc-4 ˆ^GK cvB,

RS| OA ‰es OB h^vKÌGg PQ I RS RÅv ‰i Dci jÁ¼| POQ + ROS = 2PMQ (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, ˆK±`Ê O ˆ^GK PQ I SR mg`ƒieZÆx 11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
A^Ævr OA = OB K ACB AaÆe†Gîi gaÅwe±`y C nGj, AC = BC ‰es

P S
Aâb : O, P ‰es O, S ˆhvM Kwi| ACB = 90 ev 1 mgGKvY
O
 ABC ‰KwU mgGKvYx mgw«¼evü wòfzR| C
A B
wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å AbymvGi,
AB2 = AC2 + BC2 = AC2 +AC2 = 2AC2 A
B
O
Q R ev, 102 = 2AC2 [ AB = 10 ˆm. wg.]
46 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
100
ev, AC2 = 2 = 50  e†Gîi wòfzRwUi AbwaK‡Z AsGki ˆÞòdj = e†Gîi
ˆÞòdj  wòfzR ABC ‰i ˆÞòdj
 AC = 50 = 5 2 = BC
= (78.54  25) eMÆ ˆm. wg.
 ABC wòfzGRi cwimxgv = AB + BC + AC
= 53.54 eMÆ ˆm. wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.)
= (10 + 5 2 + 5 2 ) ˆm. wg.
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, e†îwUi eÅvm = 10 ˆm. wg.

= (10 + 10 2) ˆm. wg. 10
= 24.14 ˆm.wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.)
 e†îwUi eÅvmvaÆ, r = 2 = 5 ˆm. wg.
L e†îwUi eÅvm AB = 10 ˆm. wg.
  e†îwUi cwiwa = 2r = 2  3.1416  5 ˆm. wg.

10
eÅvmvaÆ = 2 = 5 ˆm. wg. = 31.42 ˆm. wg. (cÉvq)
cÉkg² GZ,
e†îwUi ˆÞòdj = r2 = 3.1416  52 eMÆ ˆm. wg.
 mgevü wòfzRwUi cwimxgv = 31.42 ˆm. wg. (cÉvq)
= 78.54 eMÆ ˆm. wg. (cÉvq) 31.42
mgGKvYx mgw«¼evü wòfzR ABC ‰i, AC = BC = 5 2  mgevü wòfzRwUi cÉwZ evüi Š`NÆÅ, a = 3 ˆm. wg.
ˆm. wg. (‘K’ nGZ) = 10.47 ˆm. wg. (cÉvq)
 ABC ‰i ˆÞòdj
1
=  f„wg  DœPZv Rvbv AvGQ,
2
3
1 aevü wewkÓ¡ mgevü wòfzGRi ˆÞòdj = 4 a2 eMÆ ‰KK
=  AC  BC
2
 wbGYÆq mgevü wòfzRwUi ˆÞòdj,
1
=  5 2  5 2 eMÆ ˆm. wg. 3
2 =  (10.47)2 eMÆ ˆm. wg.
4
= 25 eMÆ ˆm. wg.
= 47.47 eMÆ ˆm. wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 47

beg AaÅvq
wòGKvYwgwZK AbycvZ
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABC ‰ B = 90 ‰es cosA + cosB = 2cosC

K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, tan =

12 C ‰Lb, ABC ‰ A + B + C = 180
5
BC 12
ev, A + 90 + C = 180 A
ABC ‰ tan = =
AB 5 13  A + C = 90
12 5
AC = AB + BC 2 2 Avevi, cosA + cosB = 2cosC 2
= 52 + 122 = 13  ev, cosA + cos90 = 2cosC
 sin =
BC 12
= (Ans.)
A 5 B ev, cos(90  C) + 0 = 2cosC B 1 C
AC 13
ev, sinC = 2cosC
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, 2cosec (A + B) = 2 ......... (i)
 sinC
‰es 2 sec (A  B) = 2 .......... (ii) ev, cosC = 2
(i) nGZ cvB, cosec (A + B) = 2 = cosec 45  tanC = 2
AB 2
 A + B = 45 .............. (iii) ABC ‰, tanC = BC = 1
(ii) nGZ cvB, sec(A  B) = 2 = sec45
 A  B = 45 ........... (iv)
A^Ævr, AB = 2, BC = 1
 AC = AB2 + BC2 = 22 + 12 = 5
(iii) I (iv)
ˆhvM KGi cvB, 2A = 90  A = 45
evgcÞ = AC2 + BC2
A‰i gvb (iii) bs ‰ ewmGq cvB, 45 + B = 45  B = 0 2

 wbGYÆq gvb: A = 45 ‰es B = 0 (Ans.) = ( 5) + 12

=5+1
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, sin2a  cos2a = 2  5 sina
 =6
ev, 2  5sina  sin2a + cos2a = 0 = 6  12 = 6  (BC)2 = 6BC2 = WvbcÞ
ev, 2  5sina  sin2a + 1  sin2a = 0  AC + BC2 = 6BC2
2
(ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
ev,  2sin2a  5sina + 3 = 0 M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = sin ‰es y = cos

ev, 2sin2a + 5sina  3 = 0 4 2

ev, 2sin2a + 6sina  sina  3 = 0

‰es, (yx)  (yx) = 1
4 2
cos cos
ev, 2sina(sina + 3)  1(sina + 3) = 0 ev, ( sin )  ( sin ) = 1
ev, (2sina  1)(sina + 3) = 0
ev, cot4  cot2 = 1
 2sina  1 = 0 A^ev, sina + 3 = 0 1 1
ev, 2sina = 1 ev, sina =  3 ev, tan4  tan2 = 1
1 2
ev, sina = 2 [MÉnYGhvMÅ bq KviY ev, 1 tantan
4


=1

ev, sina = sin30  1 ≤ sina ≤ 1] ev, 1  tan2 = tan4

 a = 30
ev, tan4 + tan2 = 1
 wbGYÆq mgvavb: a = 30 (Ans.) sin 4
sin 2

 tana + seca = tan30 + sec30

1 2 1+2 3
ev, ( ) ( )
cos
4
+
2
cos
=1

= + = = x x
3 3 3 3  ( ) ( ) (cÉgvwYZ)
y
+
y
=1
 tana + seca = 3 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
y 3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K
 evgcÞ = x 1  y2 1 1
K
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, cotA +
cosecA
=p
cos
= 1  cos2  tanA + sinA = p ... ... ... (i)
sin
cos ‰es tanA  sinA = q ... ... ... (ii)
= sin2
sin (i) + (ii) KGi cvB, 2 tanA = p + q
cos p+q
= . sin = cos  tanA =
sin 2
WvbcÞ = x2y + y3 (i)  (ii) KGi cvB, 2 sinA = p  q
= sin2. cos + cos3 pq
 sinA =
= cos (sin2 + cos2) 2
= cos 2 2
y
(ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
 cÉ`î ivwk = sinA.tanA = p  q  p + q  = p  q (Ans.)

x
2
1y =x y+y 2 3
 2  2  4
48 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
1 1
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, cotA
 sinx
) = cos1 x = sec x
4
+
cosecA
=P ev, (cosx 2
2

ev, tanA + sinA = p ‰es tanA  sinA = q sinx

ev, (cosx
4

evgcÞ = p2  q2 = (tanA + sinA)2  (tanA  sinA)2 ) = 1 + tan x 2

sinx 4
= 4tanAsinA [‹ (a + b)2  (a  b)2 = 4ab] ev, (cosx )  tan x = 1
2

2 2
= 4 tan A sin A
sinx sinx
4 2

=4 tan2A (1  cos2A) ev, (cosx )  (cosx ) =1

4 2
=4 tan2A  tan2A. cos2A f(x) f(x)
{
f(90  x)}
{
f(90  x)}
= 1 (cÉgvwYZ)
sinA
=4 tan2A  sin2A [ tanA =
cosA ] M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, 2{f(90  )}2 + 3f()  3 = 0 ˆhLvGb  mƒßGKvY

=4 (tanA + sinA) (tanA  sinA)  2 cos2 + 3 sin  3 = 0
= 4 pq =WvbcÞ ev, 2  2sin2 + 3sin  3 = 0
 p2  q2 = 4 pq (cÉgvwYZ) ev, 2sin2  3sin + 1 = 0

M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, cotA
 +
1
=p
ev, 2sin2  2sin  sin + 1 = 0
cosecA ev, 2sin(sin  1)  1(sin  1) = 0
 tanA + sinA = p ‰es tanA  sinA = q ev, (sin  1)(2sin  1) = 0
evgcÞ = secA  sin = 1 A^ev, 2sin  1 = 0
WvbcÞ = pq. cosec2A ev,  = 90
1
ev, sin = 2 = sin30
= (tanA + sinA) (tanA  sinA) . cosec2A
  = 30
= tan2A  sin2A . cosec2A   mƒßGKvY   = 30 (Ans.)
sin2A 
= tan2A 1  .cosec2A
 tan2A 
= tanA. 1  cos2A .cosec2A
5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
= tanA. sin2A. cosec2A K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, B = 60

= tanA.sinA.cosec2A  cosec2B + cot2B = cosec260 + cot260
2 2  1 2 4 1 5
=
sinA 1
. sinA . 2 =
1
= secA = + = + = (Ans.)
cosA sin A cosA  3  3 3 3 3
 evgcÞ = WvbcÞ L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, cosA + sinA = 3 + 1
cosA  sinA
 secA = pq. cosec2A (cÉgvwYZ) 31

ev, cosA + sinA + cosA  sinA = 3+1+ 31

cosA + sinA  cosA + sinA 3 + 1 3 + 1
4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb [ˆhvRb-weGqvRb KGi]
K mgGKvYx wòfzR, POM,
 P
ev, 2cosA =
2 3
2sinA 2
MOP =  ‰KwU mƒßGKvY cosA
PM
ev, sinA = 3
 sin =
OP 
O M ev, cotA = 3
OM
cos =
OP ev, cotA = cot 30
2 2  A = 30 (Ans.)
PM   OM 
 sin2 + cos2 =  M ‘L’ nGZ cvB, A = 30

 OP  +  OP 
=
PM2 OM2
+
Avevi kZÆgGZ,
OP2 OP2
4sin2  (2 + 2 3) sin + 3 = 0
PM + OM2
2
=
OP2 ev, 4sin2  2sin  2 3 sin + 3 = 0

=
OP2
=1
ev, 2sin(2sin  1)  3 (2sin  1) = 0
OP2  (2sin  1) (2sin  3 ) = 0
 sin2 + cos2 = 1 (cÉgvwYZ) nq, 2sin  1 = 0 A^ev, 2sin  3 =0
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, f(x) = sinx
 ev, 2sin = 1 ev, 2sin = 3
 f(90  x) = sin (90  x) = cosx ev, sin = 12 ev, sin =
3
2
cÉkg² GZ, {f(x)}4 + {f(x)}2 = 1
ev, sin = sin30 ev, sin = sin60
ev, sin4x + sin2x = 1
ev,  = 30 ev,  = 60
ev, sin4x = 1  sin2x
=A ev,  = 2  30
ev, sin4x = cos2x   = 2A
sin4x cos2x
ev, cos4x = cos4x   = 2A A^ev,  = A (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 49
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = cosec  1 ‰es y = cosec + 1

K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = tan + sin, y = tan – sin
 evgcÞ = (x1 + y1) cosec
evgcÞ = x + y 1 1
= tan + sintan – sin
=
( ) +
x y
cosec

y+x
= 2tan
= 2
sin
=
( ) xy
cosec

cosec + 1 + cosec  1
cos =
(cosec  1) (cosec + 1)
 cosec [gvb ewmGq]
1
= 2. . sin
cos 2 cosec
=  cosec
= 2sec. sin cosec2  1
2
  = WvbcÞ  2
2cosec2 sin 
 x + y =sec sin (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv) =
cot2
=
cos2
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = tan + sin y = tan – sin
 sin2
evgcÞ = (x2 – y2)2 =
2
= 2sec2
cos2
= {(tan + sin)2 – (tan – sin)2}2
= WvbcÞ
= (4tan. sin)2
2
= 16tan . sin 2
 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
 (x1 + y1) cosec = 2sec2

= 16tan 2 2
 (1 – cos ) M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = cosec  1 ‰es y = cosec + 1

= 16 (tan2 – tan2. cos2) ‰Lb,
= 16 (tan2 – sin2) x(y  2) = 0
= 16 (tan + sin) (tan – sin) ev, (cosec  1) (cosec + 1  2) = 0
= 16xy ev, (cosec  1) (cosec  1) = 0
= WvbcÞ ev, (cosec  1)2 = 0
 (x2  y2)2 = 16xy (cÉgvwYZ)
ev, cosec  1 = 0
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, M =
 3cosA + sinA – 1 ‰es M = 0
ev, cosec = 1
 3cosA + sinA – 1 = 0 1
ev, 3cosA = 1 – sinA ev, sin =1

ev, ( 3cosA)2 = (1 – sinA)2 ev, sin = 1

ev, 3cos2A = 1 – 2sinA + sin2A ev, sin = sin90
ev, 3 – 3sin2A = 1 – 2sinA + sin2A   = 90 (Ans.)
ev, 4sin2A – 2sinA – 2 = 0
ev, 4sin2A – 4sinA + 2sinA – 2 = 0 8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
ev, 4sinA (sinA – 1) + 2(sinA – 1) = 0 K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,  = 30

 (sinA – 1) (4sinA + 2) = 0
 sinA – 1= 0 A^ev, 4sinA + 2 = 0 cÉ`î ivwk = (cos + sin) (cos  sin)
= cos2  sin2
ev, sinA = 1 ev, 4sinA = –2 = (cos30)2  (sin30)2
1
ev, sinA = sin90 ev, sinA = – 2 2 2

 A = 90 ev, sinA = sin210

= ( ) ()
2
3

1
2
3 1
 A = 210 = 
4 4
ˆhGnZz A mƒßGKvY, ZvB A  90 ‰es A  210 31 2 1
 A ‰i ˆKvGbv mgvavb ˆbB| (Ans.) =
4
= = (Ans.)
4 2
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = y
 3

7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ev, yx = 3

K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = cosec  1 ‰es y = cosec + 1
 ev, tanA + secA = 3
cÉkg² GZ, xy = 3 ev, secA = 3  tanA
ev,(cosec  1) (cosec + 1) = 3 ev, (secA)2 = ( 3  tanA)2 [eMÆ KGi]
ev, cosec2  1 = 3 ev, sec2A = ( 3)2  2 3 tanA + tan2A
ev, cot2 = 3 ev, 1 + tan2A + 2 3tanA  tan2A = 3
ev, tan12 = 3 ev, 2 3 tanA = 3  1 ev, tanA =
2
2 3
ev, tan2 = 13 1
ev, tanA = ev, tanA = tan 30
1 3
 tan =  (Ans.)  A = 30 (Ans.)
3
50 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 M
 ABC-‰ AB = 3, BC = 1
x BC
tanA + secA = tanA =
y AB
x 1
ev, tanA =  secA
y
 tan (x − y) =
3
[ A = x – y]

x 2
ev, tan (x − y) = tan 30
ev, 2
(tanA) =
2
( y
 secA
.
) [eMÆ KGi]
 x − y = 30 ......... (i)
AB
ev, tan A = xy2  2 . xy . secA + sec2A
2
Avevi, tanC = BC
x2
ev, sec2A  1 + 2x
y
secA  sec2A = 2 [ sec2A  1 = tan2A]
y
3
ev, tan (x + y) = 1 [ C = x + y]
2x x2 ev, tan (x + y) = tan 60
ev, y secA = y2 + 1
 x + y = 60 ......... (ii)
y(x2 + y2)
ev, secA = 2x . y2 mgxKiY (i) I (ii) ˆhvM KGi cvB,
1 x2 + y2 2x = 90  x = 45
ev, cosA =
2xy x ‰i gvb (ii) bs ‰ ewmGq cvB,
2xy 45 + y = 60  y = 15
 cosA = 2
x + y2
(cÉgvwYZ)
 x = 45 I y = 15 (Ans.)
9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K
 A
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = sin ‰es y = cos

y
3
xy evgcÞ = x 1  y2
x+y cos
= 1  cos2
B C sin
1
cos
= sin2
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABC ‰ B = 90, AB = 3, BC = 1 sin
cos
wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å AbymvGi cvB, =
sin
. sin
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = ( 3)2 + 12 = 3 + 1 = 4 = cos = y
 AC = 2 y
 1  y2 = y (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
 AC ‰i
Š`NÆÅ 2 ‰KK (Ans.) x
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABC -‰ AB =
 3, BC = 1 L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = sin ‰es

‘K’ ˆ^GK cvB, AC = 2 y = cos
BC
ABC-‰ sinA =
AC
‰Lb, x + y = 2y
1 1 ev, sin + cos = 2cos
ev, sinA = 2 ev, sinA = 2
ev, sin = 2 cos  cos
 cosecA = 2 ev, sin = ( 2  1) cos
AB
Avevi, cosA = AC ev, ( 2 + 1) sin = ( 2  1) ( 2 + 1) cos
3 ev, 2sin + sin = {( 2)2  1} cos
 cosA =
2 ev, 2 sin + sin = (2  1) cos
1 2
ev, cosA = ev, cos  sin = 2sin
3
2  y  x = 2x (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
 secA =
3 M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = sin ‰es y = cos

cÉ`î ivwk = cosec
2
A − sec2A ‰Lb, x + y = 1
cos A − sin2A
2
sin + cos = 1
2 2 ev, cos = 1  sin
=
( )
22 –
3
ev, cos2 = (1  sin)2
( ) ()
3 1 2
2

2
–
2
ev, 1  sin2 = 1  2 sin + sin2
4 12 – 4 ev, 2 sin2  2sin = 0
4–
3 3 ev, 2sin (sin  1) = 0
= =
3 1 3–1  sin (sin  1) = 0
–
4 4 4 nq, sin = 0 sin  1 = 0
8
3 8 4
ev, sin = sin0 ev, sin = 1
= = 
2 3 2   = 0 ev, sin = sin 90
4   = 90
16
= (Ans.)
wK¯§  mƒßGKvY nIqvq,  = 90 MÉnYGhvMÅ bq|
3   = 0 (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 51
11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb M
 A

K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,  = 30

 P

evgcÞ = cos 3 = cos (3  30) = cos 90 = 0

WvbcÞ = 4 cos3   3 cos  
X
= 4(cos 30)3  3cos 30 O
M Q
3

=4 ( )
3
2
3
2
3

gGb Kwi, XOA =  = 60 ‰es OA evüGZ P ‰KwU we±`y| PM

3 3 3 3
=4
8

2  OX AuvwK ‰es MX nGZ OM = MQ ˆbB| P, Q ˆhvM Kwi|
3 3 3 3 POM I PMQ ‰,
=  =0
2 2
PM = PM [mvaviY evü]
 cos 3 = 4 cos3   3 cos  (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv) OM = MQ
L wPGò,
 OPM ‰KwU mgGKvYx wòfzR| hvi AwZfzR OP ‰es ‰es A¯¦fzÆÚ PMO = A¯¦fzÆÚ PMQ
OMP = 90  POM  PMQ
OP OM
cosec =
PM
‰es cot = PM  POM = PQM = 60
 OPQ = 180  POM  PQM
wc^vGMvivGmi mƒòvbymvGi, = 180  60  60 = 60
OP2 = PM2 + OM2  POQ mgevü wòfzR|
ev, OP2  OM2 = PM2 OP = 2a nGj, OQ = 2a
2 2
OP OM
ev, PM 2
PM2
=1 ‰es OM = MQ = 12 OQ = 12  2a = a
2 2
OP OM
ev, ( ) ( )
PM

PM
=1  PM = OP2  OM2 =
PM 3a 3
4a2  a2 = 3a
OM a 1
 cosec2  cot2 = 1 (cÉgvwYZ)  sin = =
OP 2a
=
2
, cos = = =
OP 2a 2
PM 3a OP 2a 2
tan = = = 3 , cosec = = =
OM a PM 3a 3
OP 2a OM a 1
sec = = = 2 , cot = = =
OM a PM 3a 3
52 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ

`kg AaÅvq
`ƒiZ½ I DœPZv
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K D®²wZ ˆKvY: f„ZGji DcGii ˆKvb we±`y f„wgi mgv¯¦ivj ˆiLvi 
 K
mvG^ ˆh ˆKvY Drc®² KGi ZvGK D®²wZ ˆKvY eGj| P
AebwZ ˆKvY: f„ZGji mgv¯¦ivj ˆiLvi wbGPi ˆKvb we±`y f„-
ˆiLvi mvG^ ˆh ˆKvY Drc®² KGi ZvGK AebwZ ˆKvY eGj| O D®²wZ ˆKvY
A B
L
 AebwZ ˆKvY
E A
30 Q

wPGò, POB, P we±`yi D®²wZ ˆKvY ‰es QOB, Q we±`yi

45 AebwZ ˆKvY|
C
B D 10 m L gGb Kwi, AB wgbvGii cv`G`k B ˆ^GK BC = 250 wgUvi `ƒGi

ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, f„ZjÕ© ‰KwU we±`y C ˆZ wgbviwUi kxlÆ we±`y A ‰i D®²wZ
BAE = 30 ‰es EA || BC ˆKvY ACB = 60| C ˆ^GK A ‰i `ƒiZ½ AC = h wbYÆq
\ ABD = 30 KiGZ nGe|
A
ACD = 45, DC = 10 wgUvi
AD
‰Lb, D ADC ‰ tan ACD = CD
AD h
ev, tan45 = 10
AD
ev, 1 = 10 60
C 250 wg. B
\ AD = 10 wgUvi
mgGKvYx ABC ˆ^GK cvB,
AD
Avevi, DABD ‰ sin ABD = AB BC
cosACB =
AC
10
ev, sin30 = AB 250
ev, cos60 = h
1 10
ev, 2 = AB 1 250
ev, 2 = h
\ AB = 20 wgUvi| (Ans.)
ev, h = 250  2
M ‘L’ ˆ^GK cvB,
  h = 500
AB = 20 wg.,
 f„-ZGji H we±`y ˆ^GK wgbvGii kxGlÆi mivmwi `ƒiZ½ 500
AD = 10 wg.
wgUvi| (Ans)
D ABD-‰, BD = AB2  AD2
M

= (20)2  (10)2 A
= 300 = 10 3 wg.
\ BC = BD + CD
= 10 3 + 10 500 wg.
= 27.3205 wg.
Avevi,
DADC ‰ AC = AD2 + CD2 60
= (10)2 + (10)2 C 50 wg. D B
200 wg.
= 200
= 14.1421 DóxcK I ‘L’-ˆZ cÉvµ¦ Z^Å AbymvGi wPò Aâb Kwi|
\ DABC ‰i cwimxgv = AB + BC + AC wPòvbymvGi cvB,
= (20 + 27.3205 + 14.1421) wgUvi AC = 500 wgUvi, BC = 250 wgUvi, CD = 50 wgUvi
= 61.46 wgUvi (cÉvq) (Ans.) ACB = 60
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 53
ZvnGj, BD = BC  CD = 250  50 = 200 wgUvi ev, 2y + y = 72
mgGKvYx ABC ˆ^GK cvB, ev, y( 2 + 1) = 72
AB 72
tanACB =
BC ev, y =
2+1
AB
ev, tan60 = 250 ev, y =
72( 2  1)
=
72  0.4142 29.8224
=
AB ( 2 + 1)( 2  1) ( 2)2  1 21
ev, 3 = 250  y = 29.82 wgUvi (cÉvq) (Ans.)
 AB = 250  3
Avevi, mgGKvYx ABD ˆ^GK cvB, 4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
AB
tanADB =
BD K wPGò, AB ‰KwU UvIqvi hvi kxlÆwe±`y A, cv`we±`y B f„ZjÕ©

250  3 ‰KwU we±`y C ˆZ UvIqviwUi kxGlÆi D®²wZ ˆKvY 30 ‰es
ev, tanADB = 200
UvIqvGii w`GK 20 wgUvi ‰wMGq AvmGj D we±`yGZ D®²wZ
ev, tanADB = 2.165 ˆKvY nq 60.
ev, ADB = tan1 (2.165) A

 ADB = 65.21 wgbvGii D®²wZ ˆKvY (65.21  60) ev

5.21 e†w«¬ cvGe| (Ans.)
h wg.
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K gGb Kwi, MvQwUi Š`NÆÅ, AB = 72 wgUvi| awi, MvQwU f„wg

30 60
ˆ^GK x wgUvi DœPZvq ˆfGã `ívqgvb AsGki mvG^ 30 B
C 20 wg. D
ˆKvY Drc®² KGi D we±`yGZ f„wg Õ·kÆ KGi| A^Ævr BCD = 30
fvãv AsGki Š`NÆÅ AC = CD = (72  x) wg. L ‰LvGb, ACB = 30, ADB = 60, CD = 20 wgUvi

L ‘K’ nGZ cvB, BCD = 30, BC = x wg., CD = 72  x wg.
  BC = BD + CD = BD + 20 wg.
‰Lb, DBC-mgGKvYx wòfzGR, awi, UvIqviwUi DœPZv AB = h wgUvi
BC ‰Lb, ABD mgGKvYx wòfzR nGZ cvB,
cos30 = AB
CD tanADB =
BD
3 x
ev, =
2 72  x
ev, 72 3  3x = 2x ev, tan60 = BD
h

72 3
ev, 2x + 3x = 72 3 ev, x = ev, 3=
h
2+ 3 BD
72 3(2  3) 144 3  72.3  h = BD. 3 ............... (i)
ev, x = ev, x= 2
h
(2 + 3)(2  3) 2  ( 3)2 BD = ........................... (ii)
249.41531629  216 3
ev, x = 43 Avevi, ABC mgGKvYx wòfzR nGZ cvB,
 x = 33.41531629 AB
tanACB =
 MvQwU 33.42 wgUvi (cÉvq) DœPZvq ˆfGOwQj| (Ans.) BC
h
M gGb Kwi,
 y DœPZvq fvãGj f„wgi mvG^ 45 ˆKvY Drc®² ev, tan30 = BD + 20
KiGe| ev,
1 h
=
A 3 BD + 20
72  y
ev, BD + 20 = h 3 [Avo àY KGi]
C
h h
72  y ev, + 20 = h 3 ‹ BD = 
y 3  3 
h + 20 3
D
45
B ev, =h 3
3
wPò nGZ, AC = CD = 72  y
y
ev, h + 20 3 = 3h [cybivq AvoàY KGi]
‰Lb DBC mgGKvYx wòfzGR, sinBDC = 72  y ev, 2h = 20 3
y 20 3
ev, sin45 = 72  y ev, h = 2

ev,
1
=
y ev, h = 10 3
2 72  y  wgUvi (cÉvq)
h = 17.32
ev, 2y = 72  y  UvIqviwUi DœPZv 17.32 wgUvi (cÉvq) (Ans.)
54 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
M ‰LvGb, UvIqviwUi kxlÆwe±`y A I f„ZjÕ© cÉ^g we±`y C ‰i
  ACB = 60
A
gaÅKvi `ƒiZ½ AC.
‘L’ nGZ cvB, UvIqvGii DœPZv AB = h = 17.32 wgUvi (cÉvq) 40 dzU
h
‰Lb, ABC mgGKvYx wòfzR nGZ cvB,
60
AB C B
sinACB =
AC
h ABC ˆ^GK,
ev, sin30 = AC AB
sinACB =
1 17.32 AC
ev, 2 = AC [‹ h = 17.32] h
ev, sin60 =
40
ev, AC = 17.32  2
3 h
 AC = 34.64 ev, 2 = 40
 `ƒiZ½, AC = 34.64 wgUvi (cÉvq) (Ans.)
ev, 2h = 40  3
5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 40  3
ev, h =
K
 2
A  h = 34.64 dzU (cÉvq) (Ans.)
x 6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
C K

120 dzU

C
30 16 wg.
D B
x
45
gGb Kwi, LyuwUi DœPZv AB = 120 dzU P
B y wg. D 10 wg.
LyuwUwU C we±`yGZ ˆfGã wMGq mÁ·ƒYÆ wewœQ®² bv nGq f„wgi mvG^
D we±`yGZ CDB = 30 ˆKvY Drc®² KGi|
wPòvbymvGi,
gGb Kwi, ˆQvU LuywUi DœPZv, CD = x
L ‘K’ nGZ cvB,

cÉkg² GZ, P = 45
AB = 120 dzU
 DCP = 45
awi, fvãv AsGki Š`NÆÅ AC = CD = x dzU |
[ D = 90 ‰es wòfzGRi wZb ˆKvGYi mgwÓ¡ 180
 `´£vqgvb AsGki Š`NÆÅ BC = AB  AC = (120  x) dzU  C = 180  90  45 = 45]
‰es CDB = 30 myZivs CD = DP = x = 10 wg.
BCD nGZ, [mgvb mgvb ˆKvGYi wecixZ evüàGjv mgvb]
BC
sinCDB =
CD  wbGYÆq gvb x = 10 wg. (Ans.)
120  x L awi, LuywU `ywUi Avbyf„wgK `ƒiZ½ BD = y wg.

ev, sin 30 = x ‰es eo Luwy Ui DœPZv, AB = 16 wg.
1 120 x
ev, 2 =  BP = BD + DP = (y + 10) wg.
x
ABP-‰
ev, x = 240  2x
AB
ev, 3x = 240 tanAPB =
BP
240
ev, x = 3 ev, tan 45 =
16
y + 10
 x = 80 16
ev, 1 = y + 10
 LyuwUwUi fvãv AsGki Š`NÆÅ 80 dzU (Ans.)
M ‘L’ ˆ^GK,
 ev, y + 10 = 16
LyuwUwUi `ívqgvb AsGki Š`NÆÅ = (120  80) dzU = 40 dzU ev, y = 16  10
 gBGqi Š`NÆÅ AC = 40 dzU [cvGki wPò nGZ]  y = 6 wg.
awi ˆ`qvGji DœPZv AB = h dzU  LuywU«¼Gqi Avbyf„wgK `ƒiZ½ = 6 wg. (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 55
M CDP-‰
 8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
CD = 10 wg. [K nGZ] K
 P T
60
DP = 10 wg.
40 wg.
 CP2 = CD2 + DP2 [wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å AbymvGi] 30
Q R
= 102 + 102 = 100 + 100 = 200 S

ev, CP = 200 ‰LvGb, TPR = 60

 RPS = 90  TPR = 90  60 = 30
 CP = 10 2 wg.
Avevi, QPS = 180  PSQ + PQS
Avevi, ABP-‰
= 180  (90 + 30) = 60
AB = 16 wg.  QPR = QPS + RPS = 60 + 30 = 90 (Ans.)
BP = 16 wg.
L ‘K’ ˆ^GK cvB, RPS = 30 ‰es PR = 40 wg.

 AP2 = AB2 + BP2 [wc^vGMvivGmi mƒòvbymvGi] SR
= 162 + 162 = 2  162 ‰Lb, PRS ˆ^GK sinRPS = PR
ev, AP = 2  162 ev, sin30 = 40
SR
 AP = 16 2 wg.
1 SR
 LuywU `yBwUi kxlÆ we±`y«¼Gqi `ƒiZ½ = (16 2  10 2 ) wg. ev, 2 = 40
= 6 2 wg.  SR = 20 wg. (Ans.)
= 8.49 wg. (cÉvq)
M ‘L’ ˆ^GK cvB, RPS = 30 ‰es PR = 40 wg.

 wbGYÆq `ƒiZ½ 8.49 wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.) PS
‰Lb, RPS ‰i gGaÅ cosRPS = PR
7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
PS
K
 ev, cos30 = 40
B 3 PS
45
E
ev, 2 = 40
ev, PS = 20 3
 PS = 20 3 wg.
PS
60
45 ‰Lb, PQS ‰i gGaÅ, tanPQS = QS
C D
215 m A
20 3
gGb Kwi, AB wgbviwUi Qvqv f„wgi Dci C we±`yGZ ev, tan30 = QS
ACB = 60 ˆKvY Drc®² KGi| AC = 215 wgUvi| 1 20 3
ev, =
Avevi, f„wgGZ D we±`yGZ AewÕ©Z ‰KwU MvGQi mvG^ 3 QS
wgbviwUi kxGlÆi AebwZ ˆKvY DBE = 45|  QS = 60 wg.
PS
L awi, wgbviwUi DœPZv AB = h wg.
 Avevi, sin PQS =
PQ
AB
 ABC ‰, tan60 = 20 3
ev, sin30 = PQ ev, 2 = PQ
1 20 3
AC
h
ev, 3 = 215 [AC = 215 wg.]  PQ = 40 3 wg.
‰Lb, PQS ‰i cwimxgv = PS + QS + PQ
ev, h = 215 3 wg.
= (20 3 + 60 + 40 3 ) wg.
 h = 372.39 wg. (cÉvq)
= (60 3 + 60) wg. = 60( 3 + 1) wg.
A^Ævr wgbviwUi DœPZv 372.39 wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.)
= 60  2.7321 wg.
M ‰LvGb, AebwZ ˆKvY, EBD = 45
 = 163.93 wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.)
 BDA = 45 [‰Kv¯¦i ˆKvY] 9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
AB
ABD ‰, tanBDA = AD K ‰LvGb, B = 30 ‰es ACD = 90  CAD

AB = 90  30 = 60 = C
ev, tan45 = AD tan C  tan B tan 60  tan 30
cÉ`î ivwk, 1 + tan B tan C = 1 + tan30 tan60
ev, AD = AB
1 ( 3)2  1
ev, AD = 215 3 wg. [(L) nGZ AB ‰i gvb ewmGq] 3
3 3 31 2 1
 AD = 372.39 wg. (cÉvq) =
1
=
2
= = = (Ans.)
1+ . 3 2 3 2 3 3
 wbGYÆq `ƒiZ½ 372.39 wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.) 3
56 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
L ABD -‰ BD = 10 3 wg., B = 30
 L

BD A
‰Lb, cos B =
AB
BD 10 3
ev, AB = cos B = cos 30
C
10 3 10 3 × 2
= =
3 3 30
2
myZivs AB = 20 wg. (Ans.)
AD
Avevi, tan B = BD
ev, AD = BD tan B B D

AD DóxcK AbymvGi, AB MvQwU C we±`yGZ ˆfGãhvq ‰es fvãv

 ACD -‰ sin C =
AC
Ask
AD BD tan B
 AC =
sin C
=
sin C AC = CD `ívqgvb Ask BC ‰i mvG^ 30 ˆKvY Drc®² KGi|
1 BC 3
10 3 × ZvnGj, CD = cos30 = 2
10 3 tan 30 3
= =
sin 60 3 BC
= cot 30 = 3
2 BD
1 1 1 1
10 3 2 20  + = +
= × = = 11.547 BC 2 BC 2
2 + ( 3)2
3 3 3 2
CD( ) 2+
BD ( ) 3
2 
2
2

myZivs AC = 11.55 wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.) 1 1 1 1

AD = + = +
3 2+3 5 5
M
 ABD -‰ tan B =
BD 2
4 4
AD 4 1 4+1
ev, tan 30 = = + =
5 5 5
10 3
1 5
ev, AD = 10 3 tan 30 = 10 3. = 10 = = 1 (cÉgvwYZ)
5
3
myZivs AD = 10 wg. (Ans.) M

A
AD
‰Lb, ADC-‰ DC = tan C
10
ev, DC = tan 60 C

10 10
ev, DC = tan 60 = = 5.773 30
3
myZivs DC = 5.77 wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.)
B D
10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 31

wPòvbymvGi, AB = BC + AC = BC + CD ‰es ˆfGã hvIqvi

K DóxcK AbymvGi, C = 30
 cGi MvGQi ˆMvov B nGZ MvGQi kxGlÆi `ƒiZ½ BD = 31 wgUvi
‰Lb, tan 2C = tan(2  30) = tan 60 = 3 ‰Lb, mgGKvYx BCD-‰
1 2 CD
2 = cosec 30
2tanC 2tan 30 3 3 BD
‰es =
1  tan2C 1  tan230
=
1 2
=
1
1   1  CD
 3 3 ev, 31 = 2  CD = 62
2 BC
Avevi, BD = cot 30
3 2 3
= =  = 3 BC
31 3 2 ev, 31 = 3
3
2tanC  BC = 31 3 = 53.69
 tan2C =
1  tan2C
(cÉgvwYZ)
 AB = BC + CD = 53.69 + 30 = 83.69 wgUvi (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 57
11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ev, 1 = 9
3 BD
K

 ev, BD = 9 3
 BD = 15.588 wg. (cÉvq)
 MvQwUi Qvqvi Š`GNÆÅi cv^ÆKÅ = BD  BC
A
= (15.588  5.196) wg.
= 10.392 wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.)
9 wg.
M

60°
C T
B
gGb Kwi, ABC ‰ B = ‰K mgGKvY
21x
MvQwUi DœPZv AB = 9 wg.
‰es weKvj 3.00 NwUKvq MvQwUi Qvqvi Š`NÆÅ BC ‰i kxlÆwe±`y P
C ˆZ mƒGhÆi D®²wZ ˆKvY 60|
 ACB = 60
‰Lb, sin ACB = AB
AC
9 21x
ev, sin 60 = x
AC

ev, 3 = 9
2 AC 45
92 R
ev, AC = Q
3
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, MvQwU cÉwZ gvGm e†w«¬ cvq 0.5 wg.
 AC = 10.39 wg.
(cÉvq)
 3 NwUKvq MvQwUi kxlÆ nGZ Qvqvi kxGlÆi `ƒiZ½ 10.39 wg.
 MvQwU 2 eQGi = (2  12) gvGm
= 24 gvGm e†w«¬ cvq 24  0.5 wg.
(cÉvq) (Ans.)
= 12 wg.
L awi, ABC-‰ MvQwUi DœPZv AB = 9 wg.
  `yB eQi ci MvQwUi DœPZv (12 + 9) wg. = 21 wg.
A
MvQwUi DœPZv TQ = 21 wg.
awi, MvQwU PQ = x DœPZvq ˆfGã f„wgi
9 mvG^ R we±`yGZ PRQ = 45 ˆKvY Drc®² KGi|
 TP = PR = TQ  PQ = 21  x
30 60
‰Lb, sin PRQ = PQ
D C B
PR
x
ev, sin 45 =
weKvj 3.00 NwUKvq MvQwUi Qvqvi Š`NÆÅ BC ‰es mƒGhÆi D®²wZ 21  x
1 x
ˆKvY ACB = 60| ev, =
2 21  x
‰es ABD-‰ weKvj 4.00 NwUKvq MvQwUi Qvqvi Š`NÆÅ BD
‰es mƒGhÆi D®²wZ ˆKvY ADB = 30 ev, 21  x = 2x
ev, 21 = 2x + x
‰Lb, tan ACB = AB
BC ev, 21 = x( 2 + 1)
ev, tan 60 = 9 ev, ( 2 + 1)x = 21
BC
9 9 ev, x = 21 = 21( 2  1)
ev, 3 =  BC = = 5.196 wg. (cÉvq) 2+1 ( 2 + 1)( 2  1)
BC 3
= 21( 2  1)
Avevi, tan ADB = AB  x = 8.698 wg.
(cÉvq)
BC
ev, tan 30 = 9  `ívqgvb AsGki Š`NÆÅ 8.698 wgUvi (cÉvq) (Ans.)
BD
58 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ

‰Kv`k AaÅvq
exRMvwYwZK AbycvZ I mgvbycvZ
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb Avevi, (i) bs nGZ cvB,
x 2a
K awi, msLÅv `ywU 3x I 4x
 =
8b a + b
 M.mv.à = x ‰es j.mv.à = 12x x + 8b 2a + a + b
ev, x  8b = 2a  a  b
cÉkv² bymvGi, x = 3
 j.mv.à = 12x = 12  3 = 36 (Ans.) x + 8b 3a + b
ev, x  8b = a  b
L cvVÅeBGqi Abykxjbx-11.1 ‰i D`vniY-11(L) `ËÓ¡eÅ| c†Ó¤v- 214
 x + 8b 3a + b
y + 5a y + 5b  = ... ... ... ... (iii)
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, y  5a + y  5b = 2
 x  8b ba
(ii) I (iii) bs ˆhvM KGi cvB,
y + 5a y + 5b
ev, y  5a = 2  y  5b x + 8a x + 8b a + 3b 3a + b
+ = 
x  8a x  8b ba ba
y + 5a 2y  10b  y  5b
ev, y  5a = y  5b
a + 3b  3a  b
=
ba
y + 5a y  15b
ev, y  5a
=
y  5b
2b  2a
=
ba
y + 5a + y  5a y  15b + y  5b
ev, =
y + 5a  y + 5a y  15b  y + 5b
[ˆhvRb-weGqvRb KGi] 2(b  a)
=
(b  a)
2y 2(y  10b)
ev, 2.5a
=
2.( 5b) 
x + 8a x + 8b
+ = 2 (Ans.)
x  8a x  8b
y y  10b
ev, 5a
=
 5b M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

ev, 5ay  50ab =  5by 1  px 1 + qx
m= ,n=
ev, 5ay + 5by = 50 ab 1 + px 1  qx
ev, 5y(a + b) = 50ab ‰es m n = 1
a + b 50 1  px 1 + qx
ev, ab
=
5y ev, 1 + px =1
1  qx
a b 10
ev, +
ab ab
=
y ev,
1 + qx 1 + px
=
1  qx 1 px
1 1 10 1 + qx (1 + px)2
ev, b a
+ =
y ev, = [eMÆ KGi]
1  qx (1  px)2
ev, b1 + a1 = 10y1 1 + qx 1 + 2px + p2x2
 10y1 = a1 + b1 (cÉgvwYZ)
ev, =
1  qx 1  2px + p2x2
2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 1 + qx + 1  qx
ev, 1 + qx  1 + qx
16 1 1 1 + 2px + p2x2 + 1  2px + p2x2
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = a + b
 =
1 + 2px + p2x2  1 + 2px  p2x2
[ˆhvRb-weGqvRb KGi]
2 2(1 + p2x2)
16
ev, x = ab
b+a ev, 2qx
=
2.2px
1 1 + p2x2
ev, x(a + b) = 16ab ev, qx
=
2px
16ab
 x=
a+b
(ˆ`LvGbv nGjv) ev, 2px = qx(1 + p2x2)
ev, 2px  qx (1 + p2x2) = 0
L ‘K’ ˆ^GK cvB,
 ev, x{2p  q (1 + p2x2)} = 0

x=
16ab
... ... ... ... (i)
nq, x=0 A^ev, 2p  q(1 + p2x2) = 0
a+b ev, q(1 + p2x2) = 2p
x 2b
ev, =
8a a + b ev, 1 + p2x2 = q
2p
x + 8a 2b + a + b
ev, = [ˆhvRb-weGqvRb KGi] 2p
x  8a 2b  a  b ev, p2x2 = q  1
x + 8a a + 3b
 = ... ... ... ... (ii) 2p  q
x  8a ba ev, p2x2 = q
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 59
2p  q
ev, x2 = p2q M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

ax + b + ax  b
=c
2p  q ax + b  ax  b
ev, x =  p 2q
ax + b + ax  b + ax + b  ax  b c+1
ev, =
c1
1 2p  q ax + b + ax  b  ax + b + ax  b
 x=
p q
[ˆhvRb-weGqvRb KGi]
1 2p  q 2 ax + b c + 1
 wbGYÆq mgvavb : x = 0 A^ev 
p q ev, =
2 ax  b c  1
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ax + b c2 + 2c + 1
ev, ax  b = c2  2c + 1
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 ax + b + ax  b c2 + 2c + 1 + c2  2c + 1
ev, ax + b  ax + b = c2 + 2c + 1  c2 + 2c  1
t2 + u 2 t2  u 2
ev, u2 + v2 = u2  v2
[ˆhvRb-weGqvRb KGi]
t2 + u2 u2 + v2 2ax 2c2 + 2
ev, = ev, =
t2  u2 u2  v2 2b 4c
t2 + u 2 + t2  u 2 u2 + v2 + u2  v2 ax c2 + 1
ev, t2 + u2  t2 + u2 = u2 + v2  u2 + v2 [ˆhvRb-weGqvRb ev, b
=
2c
b c2 + 1
KGi]
2t2 2u2
ev, x=
2a ( ) c
ev, 2u2 = 2v2 b
x=
2a (c + 1c) (cÉgvwYZ)
ev, (u2)2 = (tv)2
4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
ev, u2 = tv
K
 25, y, 81 KÌwgK mgvbycvZx nGj,
myZivs t, u, v KÌwgK mgvbycvZx (cÉgvwYZ)
y2 = 25  81
L ‘K’ ˆ^GK cvB, x = a + b

10ab ev, y2 = 2025
 y = 45 (Ans.)
x
ev, 5a = a + b
2b L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x, y, z KÌwgK mgvbycvwZ
x y
A^Ævr y = z
x + 5a 2b + a + b
ev, x  5a = 2b  a  b [ˆhvRb-weGqvRb] ev, xz = y2
x2 + y2 x2 + xz x(x + z) x
ev,
x + 5a a + 3b
= ............ (i) ‰Lb, evgcÞ = y2 + z2 = xz + z2 = z(x + z) = z
x  5a b  a
(x + y)2
10ab ‰es WvbcÞ = (y + z)2
Avevi, x=
a+b x2 + 2xy + y2
=
x 2a y2 + 2yz + z2
ev, 5b = a + b
x2 + 2x xz + xz
=
x + 5b 2a + a + b xz + 2 xz . z + z2
ev, x  5b = 2a  a  b [ˆhvRb-weGqvRb]
x(x + 2 xz + z) x
= =
x + 5b 3a + b z(x + 2 xz + z) z
ev, =
x  5b a  b
................. (ii) 2 2 2
x +y (x + y)
 =
y2 + z2 (y + z)2
(cÉgvwYZ)
(i)bs I (ii)bs ˆhvM Kwi,
x + 5a x + 5b a + 3b 3a + b M gGb Kwi,

+ = + qz  ry rx  pz py  qx
x  5a x  5b b  a ab = = =k
a + 3b 3a + b p q r
=   qz  ry = pk ........... (i)
ba ba
rx  pz = qk ............... (ii)
a + 3b  3a  b
= py  qx = rk .................... (iii)
ba
2b  2a
‰Lb, (i), (ii) I (iii) bs mgxKiYGK h^vKÌGg p, q ‰es r «¼viv
=
ba àY KGi cvB,
2(b  a) pqz  pry = p2k
=
ba
=2 qx  pqz = q2k
pry  qrx = r2k
x + 5a x + 5b
 + = 2 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv) 0 = p2k + q2k + r2h [ˆhvM KGi]
x  5a x  5b
60 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
 k = 0 [ p, q, r aË‚eK nIqvq p2 + q2 + r2  0] a+b p2 + 1
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, 2ab = p

qz  ry rx  pz
ZvnGj, p = 0 Avevi, q = 0
2(a + b) p2 + 1
ev, =
ev, qz  ry = 0 ev, rx  pz = 0 4ab p
ev, qz = ry ev, rx = pz 2 p2 + 1 a+b
ev, x = p [‘K’ nGZ 4ab ‰i gvb ewmGq]
z y x z
 = ............ (iv) ev, = .......... (v)
r q p r 1 p2 + 1
x y z ev, x = 2p
(iv) I (v) bs nGZ, = =
p q r
1+x p2 + 2p + 1
xp yq zr
ev, p = q = r [weGqvRb KGi] ev, 1  x = p2  2p + 1 [ˆhvRb-weGqvRb]
p q r 1+x (p + 1)2
 = = (cÉgvwYZ) ev, 1  x = (p  1)2
x p y  q z  r
5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 1+x p+1
ev, =
1x p1
1 1 1
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x = 4a + 4b

1+x+ 1x p+1+p1
1 b+a ev, = [ˆhvRb-weGqvRb]
ev, = 1+x 1x p+1p+1
x 4ab
4ab 1 + x + 1  x 2p
ev, x=
a+b
ev, =
2
1+x 1x
1 1 4
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, a + b = x
 
1+x+ 1x
= p (cÉgvwYZ)
1+x 1x
a+b 4
ev, ab = x
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
ev, x(a + b) = 4ab
4ab K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, K : L = 5 : 6

ev, x = a + b ... ... ... (i)
‰es L : M = 4 : 7
x 2b
ev,  ‰LvGb, 6 ‰es 4 ‰i j.mv.à = 12
2a a  b
5 52 10
ev, x  2a 2b  a  b
 [ˆhvRb-weGqvRb KGi] K : L = 6 = 6  2 = 12 = 10 : 12
x  2a 2b  a  b
4 43 12

x  2a a  3b
 ... ... ... (ii) L : M = 7 = 7  3 = 21 = 12 : 21
x  2a ba
x 2a K : L : M = 10 : 12 : 21 (Ans.)
(i) bs nGZ cvB, 
2b a  b
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

x  2b 2a  a  b
ev,  [†hvRb-we‡qvRb K‡i] K‡lGKi RwgGZ Drcvw`Z gmyGii cwigvY 95 ˆKwR
x  2b 2a  a  b


x  2b 3a  b
 ... ... ... (iii)
mwilvi cwigvY 125 ˆKwR
x  2b ab
‰es avGbi cwigvY 405 ˆKwR
(ii) bs Ges (iii) bs mgxKiY †hvM K‡i cvB,
Avevi,
x  2a x  2b a  3b 3a  b
  
x  2a x  2b ba ab gmyGii ˆKwR cÉwZ weKÌqgƒjÅ 75 UvKv
= a  3b

3a  b mwilvi ˆKwR cÉwZ weKÌqgƒjÅ 115 UvKv
b  a  (b  a )
a  3b 3a  b
‰es avGbi ˆKwR cÉwZ weKÌqgƒjÅ 25 UvKv
= 
ba ba gmyGii ˆgvU weKÌqgƒjÅ (95  75) UvKv
= a  3b  (3a  b) = 7125 UvKv
ba

= a  3b  3a  b mwilvi ˆgvU weKÌqgƒjÅ (125  115) UvKv

ba
= 14375 UvKv
2b  2a
=
ba ‰es avGbi ˆgvU weKÌqgƒjÅ (405  25) UvKv
= 2( b  a ) = 2 = 10,125 UvKv
(b  a )
x  2a x  2b
cÉvµ¦ AvGqi AbycvZ 7125 : 14375 : 10125
  =2 (cÉgvwYZ) = 57 : 115 : 81 (Ans.)
x  2a x  2b
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 61
M ‘L’ nGZ cvB,
 M ‘K’ nGZ cvB, x(x + 10) = 3000

gmyGii ˆgvU weKÌqgƒjÅ = 7500 UvKv ev, x2 + 10x  3000 = 0
mwilvi ˆgvU weKÌqgƒjÅ = 12000 UvKv ev, x2 + 60x  50x  3000 = 0
avGbi ˆgvU weKÌqgƒjÅ = 15750 UvKv ev, x(x + 60)  50(x + 60) = 0
 ˆgvU Avq = (7500 + 12000 + 15750) UvKv ev, (x + 60)(x  50) = 0
= 35250 UvKv nq, x + 60 = 0 A^ev, x  50 = 0
 x =  60  x = 50
35250 UvKv wZb ˆQGji gGaÅ 3 : 5 : 7 AbycvGZ fvM KGi
ˆhGnZz QvòmsLÅv FYvñK nGZ cvGi bv ZvB x =  60
w`GZ nGe|
MÉnYGhvMÅ bq|
AbycvGZi ivwkàGjvi ˆhvMdj = 3 + 5 + 7 = 15
 wkÞv^Æxi msLÅv 50 Rb
3
(
 cÉ^g ˆQGj cvGe = 35250 ‰i
15
UvKv ) ‰es cÉGZÅGKi Puv`vi cwigvY = (50 + 10) UvKv = 60 UvKv
(Ans.)
= 7050 UvKv (Ans.)
8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
5
(
w«¼Zxq ˆQGj cvGe = 35250 ‰i 15 UvKv ) K awi,

= 11750 UvKv (Ans.) 5 eQi cƒGeÆ gvZvi eqm wQj 7x eQi
7 ‰es KbÅvi eqm wQj 3x eQi|
(
Z‡Zxq ˆQGj cvGe = 35250 ‰i 15 UvKv )  eZÆgvGb gvZvi eqm (7x + 5) eQi
= 16450 UvKv (Ans.) ‰es KbÅvi eqm (3x + 5) eQi|
7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb L 5 eQi cƒGeÆ gvZv I KbÅvi eqGmi mgwÓ¡ wQj = (60  5  5)

= 50 eQi
K gGb Kwi,
 7
Qvò msLÅv x 5 eQi cƒGeÆ gvZvi eqm wQj = 7 + 3  50 eQi = 35 eQi
cÉGZÅGK Puv`v w`j (x + 10) UvKv 3
eQi cƒGeÆ KbÅvi eqm wQj = 7 + 3  50 eQi = 15 eQi
5
 ˆgvU Puv`vi cwigvY = x(x + 10) UvKv
 gvZvi eZÆgvb eqm = (35 + 5) eQi = 40 eQi
 x(x + 10) = 3000
1 KbÅvi eZÆgvb eqm = (15 + 5) eQi = 20 eQi (Ans.)
L cÉvµ¦ Puv`v Dcnvi I ˆWGKvGikGb 1:12 AbycvGZ eÅq nGe
 M 10 eQi ci gvZv I KbÅvi eqGmi AbycvZ nGe

1 40 + 10 50 5
 DcnvGi eÅq nGe = 1
 3000 UvKv = =
20 + 10 30 3
=
1+1 2
2 a 5
cÉkg² GZ, b2 = 3
1
=  3000 UvKv
3 a 5
1+
2 ev, b =
3
1
=  3000 UvKv a+b
ev, a  b =
5+ 3
5
5 3
2
(a + b)2 5 + 2 15 + 3
2
=  3000 UvKv ev, (a  b)2 =
5 5  2 15 + 3
= 1200 UvKv (Ans.) (a + b)2 8 + 2 15
ev, (a  b)2 =
1 8  2 15
1
2 (a + b)2 + (a  b)2 8 + 2 15 + 8  2 15
ˆWGKvGikGb eÅq nGe = 1
 3000 UvKv ev, (a + b)2  (a  b)2 =
1+1 8 + 2 15  8 + 2 15
2 (a + b)2 + (a  b)2 16
3 ev, (a + b)2  (a  b)2 =
4 15
2
=  3000 UvKv (a + b)2 + (a  b)2 4
3 
(a + b)2  (a  b)2
= (cÉgvwYZ)
1+ 15
2
3 9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
2
=  3000 UvKv
5
K cvwb I wmivGci AbycvZ = 2 : 3

2
2 wgkÉGY cvwbi cwigvY = 2 + 3  100%
3
=  3000 UvKv 2
5 =  100% = 40%
5
= 1800 UvKv (Ans.)  wgkÉGY kZKiv 40 fvM cvwb AvGQ| (Ans.)
62 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
3 M AvqZGÞGòi wfZi ˆgvU NGii msLÅv = 10  5 = 50wU

4
L iwnGgi UvKvi cwigvY
 =  1740  AvqZGÞGòi ˆgvU ˆÞòdj = 5000 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
3 5 7
+ + [‘L’ nGZ cÉvµ¦]
4 8 16
3 ‰LvGb fivU NGii msLÅv = 18wU
4
=  1740  fivU NGii ˆgvU ˆÞòdj = 18  100 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
29
16 = 1800 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
3 16  fivU NGii ˆÞòdj t AvqZvKvi NGii ˆÞòdj
=   1740
4 29 = 1800 t 5000 = 9 t 25 (Ans.)
= 720 UvKv (Ans.)
5 11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
8 K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

KwiGgi UvKvi cwigvY =
3 5 7
 1740
+ +
4 8 16 QvGòi RbÅ Pvj I WvGji AbycvZ = 3 t 1 = 15 t 5
5 ‰es Qvòxi RbÅ Pvj I WvGji AbycvZ = 5 t 2
8  a t b t c = 15 t 5 t 2 (Ans.)
=  1740
29
16
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ˆkÉwYGZ Qvò msLÅv 35 Rb I Qvòx msLÅv 25

5 16 Rb|
=   1740
8 29 dvwng 7 t 5 AbycvGZ Rqx nGq KÅvG¶Ÿb wbeÆvwPZ nj|
= 600 UvKv (Ans.) AbycvZ ivwkàGjvi ˆhvMdj = 7 + 5 = 12
7
ˆgvU Qvò-Qvòxi msLÅv = (35 + 25) Rb = 60 Rb
16
ZvGnGii UvKvi cwigvY =  1740 7
3 5 7
+ +
4 8 16
( )
 dvwnGgi ˆfvU msLÅv = 60 ‰i 12 wU = 35wU
7 5
‰es wbKUZg cÉwZ«¼±«¼xi ˆfvU msLÅv = (60 ‰i 12) wU
16
=  1740
29 = 25 wU
16
7
dvwng ˆfvU ˆewk ˆcGqwQj = (35  25) wU = 10wU (Ans.)

=  1740 = 420 UvKv (Ans.)
M cÉGZÅK QvGòi ˆÞGò,

29
Kwig I iwnGgi UvKvi cv^ÆKÅ = (720  600) UvKv = 120 Pvj I WvGji AbycvZ 3 : 1
UvKv (Ans.)  AbycvZ ivwkàGjvi ˆhvMdj = (3 + 1) = 4
M ˆgvU gƒjab, P = 1740 UvKv
 3
 PvGji cwigvY = Ask ‰es WvGji cwigvY = Ask
1
10 4 4
(
10% nvi gybvdvq 2 eQGi mij gybvdv = 1740 
100
2 ) UvKv Avevi, cÉGZÅK Qvòxi ˆÞGò,
= 348 UvKv Pvj I WvGji AbycvZ 5 : 2
 10 2  AbycvZ ivwkàGjvi ˆhvMdj = (5 + 2) = 7
‰es PKÌe†w«¬ gybvdv (
= 1740  1 +
 100 )
 1740 UvKv
 5
= (2105.4  1740) UvKv = 365.4 UvKv
 PvGji cwigvY = 7 Ask
cv^ÆKÅ = (365.4  348) UvKv = 17.4 UvKv (Ans.)

‰es WvGji cwigvY = 7 Ask
2
10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
3 5
K AvqZvKvi ˆÞGòi Š`NÆÅ 1 wgUvi = 100 ˆm.wg.
  PvGji ˆgvU cwigvY = 35  4 + 25  7
   
,, ,, cÉÕ© 50 ˆm.wg.
105 125
 Š`NÆÅ t cÉÕ© = 100 t 50 = 2 t 1 (Ans.) =
4
+
7
L AvqZvKvi ˆÞGòi ˆÞòdj = (100  50) = 5000 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
 735 + 500 1235
= =
Š`NÆÅ eivei Ni msLÅv = 10 28 28
AvqZvKvi ˆÞGòi Š`NÆÅ ‰es ˆgvU WvGji
1 2
cwigvY = 35  4 + 25  7
 cÉwZwU Þz`ËvKvi eGMÆi Š`NÆÅ =    
Ni msLÅv
35 50 245 + 200 445
100 = + = =
=
10
ˆm.wg. = 10 ˆm.wg. 4 7 28 28
1235 445
 Þz`ËvKvi eGMÆi ˆÞòdj = 102 = 100 eMÆ ˆm.wg.  ˆgvU Pvj I WvGji AbycvZ = 28 : 28
 AvqZvKvi ˆÞGòi ˆÞòdj t Þz`ËvKvi eGMÆi ˆÞòdj = 1235 : 445
= 5000 t 100 = 50 t 1 (Ans.) = 247 : 89 (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 63

«¼v`k AaÅvq
`yB PjKwewkÓ¡ mij mnmgxKiY
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb L cÉvµ¦ mgxKiYGRvU, 2x  4y = 5

x + 2y = 3
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
K mgxKiY ˆRvUwUGK
 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 }ˆRvGUi mvG^ Zzjbv x ‰i mnM«¼Gqi AbycvZ 2
4
KGi cvB, y ” ” ” 
2
=2
a1 = 1, b1 =  3 22
a2 = 1, b2 = 1  mgxKiYGRvUwU mgém| (Ans.)
L cÉ`î mgxKiY ˆRvU : x  3y + 1 = 0
 M ˆhGnZz, mgxKiYGRvUwUi ‰KwU mgxKiYGK AbÅwUi gvaÅGg

x+y3=0 cÉKvk Kiv hvq bv|
x  3y =  1 ... ... (i)
A^Ævr { x + y = 3 ... ... (ii)
ˆmGnZz, mgxKiYGRvUwU ciÕ·i AwbfÆikxj
1 ‘L’ nGZ cvB,
x ‰i mnM«¼Gqi AbycvZ = 1 = 1 mgxKiYGRvUwU Amgém
y ‰i mnM«¼Gqi AbycvZ = 13 =  3  mgxKiYGRvUwU Amgém I ciÕ·i AwbfÆikxj|
mgxKiYGRvUwUi ‰KwUgvò (AbbÅ) mgvavb AvGQ| (Ans.)
 Avgiv cvB, 1   3
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
 mgxKiY ˆRvUwU mgém I ciÕ·i AwbfÆikxj ‰es
K cÉ`î mgxKiY ˆRvU :  7x + 8y = 9

mgxKiY ˆRvUwUi ‰KwU gvò (AbbÅ) mgvavb AvGQ|
5x  4y =  3
M x  3y + 1 = 0 mgxKiYwU ˆ^GK wbGPi QKwU cƒiY Kwi :
 7
x ‰i mnM«¼Gqi AbycvZ
x ‰i gvb y ‰i gvb evgcÞ (x  3y + 1) WvbcÞ 5
‰i gvb 8
y ‰i mnM«¼Gqi AbycvZ  =  2
4
2 1 2  3.1 + 1 = 0 0
7
4 1  4  3( 1) + 1 = 0 0  2
5
8 3 8  3.3 + 1 = 0 0  mgxKiYGRvUwU mgém I ciÕ·i AwbfÆikxj|
5 2 5  3.2 + 1 = 0 0
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

7 2  7  3.(2) + 1 = 0 0  7x + 8y = 9 ev,  7x + 8y  9 = 0
cÉ`î mgxKiYwUi AmsLÅ mgvavb AvGQ| Zvi gGaÅ cuvPwU 5x  4y =  3 5x  4y + 3 = 0
mgvavb wbÁ²i…c : AvoàYb c«¬wZGZ cvB,
(2, 1), ( 4,  1), (8, 3), (5, 2), ( 7,  2) x y 1
= =
8.3  (9)(4) 9.5  3(7) 7(4)  8.5
Aci mgxKiY x + y  3 = 0 wbGq wbGPi QKwU cƒiY Kwi :
x y 1
x ‰i gvb y ‰i gvb evgcÞ (x + y  3) WvbcÞ ev, 24  36 = 45 + 21 = 28  40
‰i gvb x y 1
ev, 12 = 24 = 12
1 2 1+23=0 0
2 1 0 x y 1
2+13=0 ev, 1 = 2 = 1
2 5 2+53=0 0
y
4 1 413=0 0  x=1 ‰es 2 = 1
0 3 0+33=0 0
y=2
cÉ`î mgxKiYwUi AmsLÅ mgvavb AvGQ| Zvi gGaÅ cuvPwU  wbGYÆq mgvavb: (x, y) = (1, 2)
mgvavb wbÁ²i…c : M

x  a x  b a2 + b2
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, x  b + x  a = ab
(1, 2), (2, 1), ( 2, 5), (4,  1), (0, 3)
xa xb a2 + b2
2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ev, x  b  1 + x  a 1 = ab  2
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, cÉ^g PjK x ‰es w«¼Zxq PjK y
 ev,
x  a  x + b x  b  x + a a2 + b2  2ab
+ =
xb xa ab
cÉkg² GZ, 1g mgxKiY, 2x  4y = 5 2
a + b a  b (a  b)
‰es 2q mgxKiY, x + 2y = 3 ev, x  b + x  a = ab
 cÉvµ¦ mgxKiYGRvU {2xx +2y4y==35 (Ans.) (a  b) (a  b) (a  b)2
ev, x  b + x  a = ab
64 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
1 1
ev, x  b + x  a = ab
ab
[(a  b) «¼viv fvM KGi] ev, y =  1
 wbGYÆq mgvavb (x, y) = (1, 1)
x + a + x  b ab ÷w«¬ cixÞv:
ev, (x  b) (x  a) = ab
evgcÞ = 6x  5y = 6.1  5(1) = 6 + 5 = 11 = WvbcÞ
(a  b) (a  b)
ev, (x  b) (x  a) = ab  evgcÞ = WvbcÞ
1 1
ev, x2  (a + b)x + ab = ab [(a  b) «¼viv fvM KGi] 5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K cÉ`î mgxKiY, x  4y + 1 = 0

ev, x2  (a + b)x + ab = ab [AvoàYb KGi] x 1
ev, x{(x  (a + b)} + ab  ab = 0 ev, 4y = x + 1 ev, y = 4 + 4
 x{x  (a + b)} = 0  y = mx + c mgxKiGYi mvG^ Zzjbv KGi cvB,
nq x = 0 A^ev, x  (a + b) = 0 1
mgxKiYwUi Xvj 4 (Ans.)
 x = (a + b)
 wbGYÆq mgvavb ˆmU = {0, (a + b)} (Ans.) L cÉ`î mgxKiYwU x  4y + 1 = 0 .........(i)

4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb (i) bs mgxKiY ˆ^GK cvB,
K cÉ`î mgxKiY ˆRvU
 4y = x + 1
x+1
6x  5y = 11 y=
4
8x + 3y = 5
6 3 ‰Lb mgxKiY (ii) bs ‰ x ‰i KGqKwU gvb wbGq y ‰i
x ‰i mnM«¼Gqi AbycvZ = Abyi…c gvb ˆei Kwi I wbGPi QKwU ŠZwi Kwi:
8 4
5 x 5 3 7 11 15
y ‰i mnM«¼Gqi AbycvZ 
3 y 1 1 2 3 4
3 5  wbGYÆq mgxKiYwUi ˆjGLi Dci cuvPwU we±`y h^vKÌGg
‰LvGb, 4   3
(5, 1), (3, 1), (7, 2), (11, 3), (15, 4)
 mgxKiYGRvUwU mgém I ciÕ·i AwbfÆikxj Y x I y AGÞ Þz`Ë 2 eMÆ
mgxKiYGRvUwUi ‰KwUgvò mgvavb AvGQ| = 1 ‰KK (15,4)
L 6x  5y = 11......................... (i)
 (11,3)
8x + 3y = 5........................... (ii) (7,2)
(3,1)
(i) bs mgxKiYGK 3 «¼viv ‰es (ii) bs mgxKiYGK 5 «¼viv àY KGi X X
cvB, 0(0,0)
18x  15y = 33................... (iii) (-5,-1)
40x + 15y = 25................... (iv)
(iii) I (iv) bs mgxKiY ˆhvM KGi cvB,
58x = 58 Y
x=1
x ‰i gvb (i) bs mgxKiGY ewmGq cvB, gGb Kwi, QK KvMGRi XOX eivei x-AÞ ‰es YOY
6.1  5y = 11
eivei y-AÞ ‰es O gƒjwe±`y|
ev, 5y = 6  11 =  5
QK KvMGRi Dfq AÞ eivei Þz`ËZg eGMÆi cÉwZ evüi
y=1
Š`NÆÅGK ‰KK aGi QK KvMGR mgxKiY (ii) bs ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦
 wbGYÆq mgvavb (x, y) = (1, 1)
cuvPwU we±`y h^vKÌGg (5, 1), (3, 1), (7, 2), (11, 3), (15, 4)
M

we±`yàGjv Õ©vcb Kwi I we±`yàGjv ciÕ·i mshyÚ Kwi ‰es
6x  5y = 11 6x  5y  11 = 0
8x + 3y = 5 ev, 8x + 3y  5 = 0 Dfq w`GK ewaÆZ Kwi| ˆ`Lv hvGœQ, ˆjLwU ‰KwU mijGiLv|
6  3y
AvoàYb c«¬wZGZ cvB, M cÉ`î w«¼Zxq mgxKiYwU x =
 2
x y 1
= =
(5)(5)  3(11) 11.8  6.(5) 6.3  8(5) ev, 2x = 6  3y
x y 1 ev, 3y = 6  2x
ev, 25 + 33 = 88 + 30 = 18 + 40 6  2x
ev, y = 3
... ... (i)
x y 1
ev, 58 = 58 = 58 mgxKiY (i) ‰ x ‰i wewf®² gvb ewmGq y ‰i Abyi…c gvb

x
=
1 wbYÆq Kwi I wbGPi QKwU ŠZwi Kwi|
58 58 x 3 0 3 6
ev, x = 1 y 4 2 0 2
y 1 DÚ we±`yàGjv QK KvMGR ewmGq (i) bs mijGiLvi ˆjL Aâb Kwi|
Avevi,  58 = 58
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 65

(3, 4)
Y
5 eMÆ Ni = 1 ‰KK aGi M hLb a = 2 ‰es b =  1 ZLb mgxKiYGRvUwU nq,

x
 y = 2 ... ... ... ... (i)
2
2x + y = 3 ... ... ... (ii)
B(0, 2)
x
(i) bs nGZ cvB,  y = 2
2
x
A(3, 0) X ev, y = 2  2
X O x4
ev, y = 2
‰Lb, x ‰i wf®² wf®² gvGbi RbÅ y ‰i wewf®² gvb ˆei Kwi :
(6, 2)
Y x 4 0 2 8
y 4 2 1 2
wPò nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq ˆiLvwU x AÞGK (3, 0) we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi Avevi, (ii) bs nGZ cvB,
‰es y AÞGK (0, 2) we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| y = 3  2x
myZivs A we±`yi Õ©vbvâ (3, 0) ‰es B we±`yi Õ©vbvâ (0, 2) ‰Lb, x ‰i wf®² wf®² gvGbi RbÅ y ‰i wewf®² gvb ˆei Kwi :
OAB ‰ OA = 3 ‰KK ‰es OB = 2 ‰KK| x 0 2 5
4
 AB2 = OA2 + OB2 [‹ OAB mgGKvYx] y 11 3 1 7
 AB = 32 + 22 = 13 ‰KK
 A I B we±`yi gaÅeZÆx `ƒiZ½ 13 ‰KK| (Ans.)
‰Lb, QK KvMGRi XOX ˆK x-AÞ I YOY ˆK y-AÞ
‰es O ˆK gƒjwe±`y aGi Dfq AÞ eivei Þz`ËZg eGMÆi cÉwZ
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb evüi Š`NÆÅGK 1 ‰KK aGi QK `ywU ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ we±`yàGjv
Õ©vcb KGi ˆhvM Kwi| ZvnGj Dfq QGKi RbÅ `ywU mijGiLv
K gGb Kwi, eMÆGÞGòi cÉGZÅK evüi Š`NÆÅ a wgUvi|

cvB|
myZivs eMÆGÞòwUi ˆÞòdj a2 eMÆwgUvi| 10% e†w«¬ ˆcGj Y

cÉGZÅK evüi Š`NÆÅ nq (a + a ‰i 10%) wgUvi ev 1.10a

( 4, 11)
wgUvi|
ZLb, eMÆGÞòwUi ˆÞòdj (1.10a)2 eMÆwgUvi ev 1.21a2 eMÆwgUvi
ˆÞòdj e†w«¬ cvq (1.21a2  a2) = 0.21a2 eMÆwgUvi (0, 3)

0.21a2 (8, 2)
 ˆÞòdj kZKiv e†w«¬ cvGe a2
 100% = 21%
X A(2, 1) X
x y
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, a + b = 2
 (4, 4) (0, 2)

bx + ay
ev, ab
=2 (5, 7)

ev, bx + ay = 2ab ... ... ... ... (iii)

‰es ax  by = a2  b2 ... ... ... (iv)
(iii) ˆK b «¼viv ‰es (iv) ˆK a «¼viv àY KGi cvB, Y

b2x + aby = 2ab2

a2x  aby = a3  ab2 gGb Kwi, mijGiLv `ywU ciÕ·iGK A we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
ˆhvM KGi, x(b + a ) = ab + a
2 2 2 3 A we±`yi Õ©vbvâ (2, 1)
a(b2 + a2)  wbGYÆq mgvavb : (x, y) = (2,  1)
ev, x = (b2 + a2)
 x=a 7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
x ‰i gvb (iv) bs ‰ ewmGq cvB,
K gGb Kwi, AvqZvKvi evMvbwUi Š`NÆÅ x wgUvi I cÉÕ© y wgUvi

a.a  by = a2  b2
ev, by = b2  1g kZÆvbymvGi, 2y = x + 10 … … (i)
ev, y = b ‰es 2q kZÆvbymvGi, 2(x + y) = 100
 wbGYÆq mgvavb : (x, y) = (a, b) ev, x + y = 50 … … (ii)
66 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
L (i) I (ii) bs mgxKiY nGZ cvB,
 M 7x + 2y – 20 = 0 .................. (i)

x  2y + 10 = 0 3x – 4y + 6 = 0 .................. (ii)
x + y  50 = 0 mgxKiY (i) I (ii) ˆK AvoàYb KGi cvB,
 AvoàYb c«¬wZGZ cÉvµ¦ mgvavb, x
=
y
=
1
x y 1 2  6 – (–4) . (–20) 3 . (–20) – 7 . 6 7 . (–4) – 3 . 2
= =
100  10 10 + 50 1 + 2 x y 1
ev, 12 – 80 = –60 – 42 = –28 – 6
x y 1
ev, 90 = 60 = 3 x y 1
ev, –68 = –102 = –34
90 60
x= = 30 ‰es y = = 20
3 3 x y 1
ev, 68 = 102 = 34
 evMvGbi Š`NÆÅ 30 wgUvi ‰es cÉÕ© 20 wgUvi| (Ans.)
x 1 y 1
M ivÕ¦vevG` evMvGbi Š`NÆÅ = 30  2  2 = 26 wgUvi
  =
68 34
‰es 102 = 34
‰es ivÕ¦vevG` evMvGbi cÉÕ© = 20  2  2 = 16 wgUvi 68 102
ev, x = 34 ev, y = 34
 ivÕ¦vi ˆÞòdj = evMvGbi ˆÞòdj  ivÕ¦vevG` evMvGbi
 x=2 y=3
ˆÞòdj
 wbGYÆq mgvavb: (x, y) = (2, 3)
= (30  20  26  16) eMÆwgUvi
= (600  416) eMÆwgUvi
= 184 eMÆwgUvi 9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
 BU w`Gq ivÕ¦v ŠZwiGZ LiP = 184  120 = 22080 UvKv| K ‰KwU LvZvi gƒjÅ x UvKv ‰es ‰KwU KjGgi gƒjÅ y UvKv nGj,

(Ans.) 2x + 5y = 65
8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb x  3y = 5
K A = {3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {0, 1, 2}
 L
 2x + 5y = 65
AB= ev, 2x + 5y  65 = 0
 A I B ciÕ·i wbGù` ˆmU| x  3y = 5
L awi, f™²vskwUi je x ‰es ni y
 ev, x  3y  5 = 0
 f™²vskwU = y
x AvoàYb c«¬wZGZ cvB,
x y 1
1g kZÆgGZ, = =
5(5)  (3)(65) 65.1  2(5) 2(3)  5.1
x−1 1 x y 1
=
y+2 3 ev, 25  195 = 65 + 10 =  6  5
ev, 3x − 3 = y + 2 x y 1
ev, 220 = 55 = 11
ev, 3x − y = 2 + 3
 3x − y = 5 ................ (i) 220
x= ev, x = 20
2q kZÆgGZ, 11
x−2 55
=1 y=
11
ev, y = 5
y−3
ev, x − 2 = y − 3  wbGYÆq mgvavb (x, y) = (20, 5)
 x − y = − 1 ............... (ii) M 2x + 5y = 65 .....................(i)

(i) bs mgxKiY ˆ^GK cvB, x  3y = 5 ........................(ii)
3x − y = 5 mgxKiY (i) ˆ^GK cvB,
ev, 3x − 5 = y 2x + 5y = 65
 y = 3x − 5 .................. (iii) ev, 5y = 65  2x
(iii) bs nGZ y ‰i gvb (ii) bs ‰ ewmGq cvB, 65  2x
x − (3x − 5) = − 1 ev, y = 5
ev, x − 3x + 5 = − 1 mgxKiYwUGZ x ‰i KGqKwU gvb wbGq y ‰i Abi…c gvb ˆei
ev, −2x = −1 − 5 Kwi I wbGÁ²i QKwU ŠZwi Kwi:
ev, −2x = − 6 x 5 5 10
−6 y 15 11 9
ev, x = −2
 mgxKiYwUi ˆjGLi Dci wZbwU we±`y (5, 15), (5, 11),
x=3 (10, 9)
x ‰i gvb (iii) bs ‰ ewmGq cvB, Avevi, mgxKiY (ii) ˆ^GK cvB,
y=33−5=9−5=4
x  3y = 5
3
 f™²vskwU = (Ans.) ev, 3y = x  5
4
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 67
x5 1 A
ev, y = 3 
2
 d1  d2 = 12 D
1.5
mgxKiYwUGZ x ‰i KGqKwU gvb wbGq y ‰i Abyi…c gvb ˆei ev, d2 =
12  2 O
4
Kwi I wbGÁ²i QKwU ŠZwi Kwi: 3
x  10 148 ev, d2 = 8 B C
y 5 31  iÁ¼Gmi Aci KGYÆi Š`NÆÅ 8 wgUvi| (Ans.)
 mgKiYwUi ˆjGLi Dci wZbwU we±`y (10, 5), (8, 1), (14, 3) 1 1 1
‰LvGb, AO = 2 AC = 2 d1 = 2  3 = 1.5
Y x AÞ I y AÞ eivei
cÉwZ 1 1 1
BO = BD = d2 =  8 = 4
Þz`ËZg eMÆ = 1 ‰KK 2 2 2
(5, 15)
 AB2 = AO2 + BO2
= (1.5)2 + (4)2
(5, 11) P(20, 5) = 18.25
(10, 9)
 AB = 4.27 wgUvi
(14, 3)  iÁ¼Gmi evüi Š`NÆÅ 4.27 wgUvi
O
X (8, 1) X
 ,, ,, cwimxgv = (4  4.27) wgUvi
= 17.08 wgUvi (Ans.)

(10, 5) 11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb

K gGb Kwi,

cixÞv^Æx xwU mwVK Dîi w`GqGQ ‰es ywU fzj Dîi w`GqGQ|
 x + y = 120
y
Y ‰es x  4 = 65
gGb Kwi, XOX I YOY h^vKÌGg x-AÞ I y-AÞ ‰es O  L x + y = 120
gƒjwe±`y| QK KvMGRi Dfq AÞ eivei Þz`ËZg eGMÆi cÉwZ ev, x + y  120 = 0
evüi Š`NÆÅGK ‰KK awi| ‰Lb QK KvMGR mgxKiY (i) nGZ y
x  = 65
cÉvµ¦ (5, 15), (5, 11) I (10, 9) we±`yàGjv Õ©vcb Kwi I 4
‰G`i ciÕ·i mshyÚ Kwi| ev, 4x  y  260 = 0
‰KBfvGe mgxKiY (ii) nGZ cÉvµ¦ (10, 5), (8, 1) I (14, 3) AvoàYb c«¬wZGZ cvB,
we±`yàGjv Õ©vcb Kwi I ‰G`i ciÕ·i mshyÚ Kwi| x
=
y
=
1
gGb Kwi, mijGiLv«¼q ciÕ·i P we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ| wPò 260  (120) (1) 120.4 + 260 1 4
ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq P we±`yi Õ©vbvâ (20, 5) x y 1
ev, 380 = 220 = 5
 wbGYÆq mgvavb (x, y) = (20, 5)
380
10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb x =
5
= 76

K awi, cÉ^g eMÆGÞGòi evüi Š`NÆÅ x wgUvi

 y=
220
= 44
‰es 2q ,, ,, ,, y wgUvi 5
DóxcK AbymvGi, x2 + y2 = 25 wbGYÆq mgvavb (x, y) = (76, 44)
‰es xy = 12  cixÞv^Æx 76wU mwVK Dîi 44wU fzj Dîi w`GqGQ| (Ans.)
L ‘K’ ˆ^GK cvB, x2 + y2 = 25 ... ... ... ... (i)
 M awi,

xy = 12 ... ... ... ... (ii) x wU mwVK Dîi I y wU fzj Dîi w`Gj ˆm 80 bÁ¼i ARÆb
Avgiv Rvwb, (x + y)2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy KiZ
= 25 + 2.12 = 49  x + y = 120
 x + y = 7 ... ... ... ... (iii)
ev, x + y  120 = 0
Avevi, (x  y)2 = x2 + y2  2xy y
= 25  2.12 = 1 ‰es x  4 = 80
 x  y = 1 ... ... ... ... (iv)
(iii) + (iv) bs nGZ cvB, 2x = 8  x = 4
ev, 4x  y  320 = 0
Avevi, (iii)  (iv) bs nGZ cvB, 2y = 6 AvoàYb c«¬wZGZ cvB,
x y 1
 y=3 = =
320  120  480 + 320 1  4
 cÉ^g eMÆGÞGòi evüi Š`NÆÅ 4 wgUvi x y 1
‰es w«¼Zxq ,, ,, ,, 3 wgUvi (Ans.) ev, 440 = 160 = 5
M ‘L’ ˆ^GK cvB,
 440
w«¼Zxq eMÆGÞGòi evü 3 wgUvi  x=
5
= 88
cÉkv² bymvGi, iÁ¼Gmi ‰KwU KGYÆi Š`NÆÅ, d1 = 3 wgUvi 160
‰es ˆÞòdj = 12 eMÆ wgUvi y= = 32
5
awi, iÁ¼Gmi Aci KGYÆi Š`NÆÅ = d2 wgUvi  88wU mwVK I 32wU fzj Dîi KiGj 80 bÁ¼i ˆcZ| (Ans.)
68 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ

òGqv`k AaÅvq
mmxg aviv
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
n(n + 1) (2n + 1) 1
K
 Avgiv Rvwb, 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + n =
2 2 2 2
6
K
 cÉ`î aviv,  1 + 2  
2
20(20 + 1) (2  20 + 1) 1
2 2 2
 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 20 = 2
6
hvi cÉ^g c`, a =
2
20  21  41 1 2
=
6 mvaviY AbycvZ, r = 1 =  1  1 =  2 < 1.
= 2870 (Ans.) 2
L
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, evgcÞ = A  ‰wU ‰KwU àGYvîi aviv|
= (a  b) log (xa.xb) + (b  c) log(xb.xc) + (c  a) log(xc . xa)
gGb Kwi, avivwUi n Zg c` = 8 2 .
= (a  b) log (xa + b) + (b  c) log (xb + c) + (c  a) log (xc + a)
= (a  b) (a + b) logx + (b  c) (b + c) logx
Avgiv Rvwb, ‰KwU àGYvîi avivi n Zg c` = arn1.
+ (c  a) (c + a) logx ev, arn1 = 8 2
1
= (a2  b2) logx + (b2  c2) logx + (c2  a2) logx ev, ( 2 )n1 = 8 2 [gvb ewmGq]
= (a2  b2 + b2  c2 + c2  a2) logx 2
8
= 0. logx = 0 ev, ( 2 )n1 = (– 2)
WvbcÞ = B ev, n 1 = 8  n = 9
= log( a1b b1c c1a) AZ‰e, cÉ`î avivwUi beg c` 8 2 (Ans.)
= log( a1b. b1c. c1a) L awi, mgv¯¦i avivwUi 1g c` = a ‰es mvaviY A¯¦i = d

= log( a1 b1 c1 abc) Avgiv Rvwb, n Zg c` = a + (n – 1)d
abc  p Zg c` = a + (p – 1)d
= log = log( 1)
 abc ‰es q Zg c` = a + (q – 1)d
= log 1 = 0  a + (p – 1)d = p2 (i)
 A = B (cÉgvwYZ) a + (q – 1)d = q2 (ii)
M awi, mgv¯¦i avivi cÉ^g c` x ‰es mvaviY A¯¦i d
 (i)  (ii) KGi cvB,
a + (p  1)d  a  (q  1)d = p2  q2
cÉkg² GZ, x + (7  1)d = 15 ev, x + 6d = 15 ........ (i)
12 ev, pd – qd = p2 – q2
‰es, 2 {2x + (12  1)d} = 168 ev, 2x + 11d = 28 .... (ii) ev, d(p – q) = p2 – q2
(i) bs mgxKiYGK 2 «¼viv àY KGi Zv nGZ (ii) bs mgxKiY d=p+q
 (p + q + 1) Zg c` = a + (p + q + 1 – 1)d
weGqvM KGi cvB, d = 2
= a + (p  1)d + (q + 1)d
d ‰i gvb (i) bs ‰ ewmGq cvB, x + 6  2 = 15  x = 3 = p2 + (q + 1) (p + q)
 mgv¯¦i avivi w«¼Zxq c`, x + d = 3 + 2 = 5 = p2 + pq + p + q2 + q
‰Lb àGYvîi avivwUi cÉ^g c`, a = mgv¯¦i avivi w«¼Zxq c` = 5 = p2 + q2 + pq + p + q (Ans.)
àGYvîi avivi mvaviY AbycvZ, r = mgv¯¦i avivi mvaviY M
 gGb Kwi, avivwUi cË^g c` = a ‰es mvaviY AbycvZ = r.
A¯¦i = 2 (>1) Avgiv Rvwb, n Zg c` = arn –1
cçg c` = ar5 –1 = ar4
 MyGYvîi avivwU = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + .......
= 5 + 5.2 + 5.22 + 5.23 + ..........
‰es `kg c` = ar10 –1 = ar9
= 5 + 10 + 20 + 40 + ........ (Ans.) 2 3
cÉkg² GZ, ar4 = 9 ... ... ... (i)
avivwUi cÉ^g n cG`i mgwÓ¡ 5115
a(rn  1) 8 2
 = 5115 [ r > 1] ‰es ar9 = 81 ... ... ... (ii)
r1
n
5(2  1) (ii) bs ˆK (i) bs «¼viv fvM KGi cvB,
ev, 2  1 = 5115 8 2
ar9 81 8 2 9 4 2  2 5
ev, 5(2  1) = 5115
n
=
ar4 2 3
ev, r5 = 81  ev, r5 = =
2 3 9 3  3
ev, 2n  1 = 1023 9
ev, 2n = 1024 = 210 2
 n = 10 (Ans.) r= <1
3
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 69
‰Lb, (i) bs ‰ r ‰i gvb ewmGq cvB,  avivwUi 1g 10wU cG`i ˆhvMdj,
4
2 2 3 a(1  r10)
a
S10 = ;r<1
= 1r
 3 9
1 1
4a 2 3 3 {1  ( 2)10} (1  32)
ev, 9 = 9  a = 2 2 2
= =
a.(1 – r15) 1  ( 2) 1+ 2
cÉ^g 15wU cG`i mgwÓ¡, S15 = 1–r
[‹ r < 1]
31 31  ( 2  1)
15 = =
2
1–
2( 2 + 1) 2( 2 + 1) ( 2  1)
3  3 31 ( 2  1) 31 2 + 31
= . = =
2 2
1– 2 (2  1) 2
3 1
= (31 2  62) (Ans.)
2187 3 – 128 2 2

=
3
.
2187 3 4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
2 3– 2 K cÉ^g n msLÅK Õ¼vfvweK ˆRvo msLÅvi mgwÓ¡

3 = 2 + 4 + 6 + ............. + 2n
3(2187 3 – 128 2) = 2(1 + 2 + 3 + ............. + n)
= n(n + 1)
4374( 3 – 2) =2
2
(2187 3 – 128 2)(3 + 6)
= = n(n + 1) (Ans.)
4374
1
6561 3  384 2 + 6561 2  256 3 L
  1 + 5 + ........
= 5
4374
1
6305 3 + 6177 2 cÉ`î avivi cÉ^g c`, a =
= (Ans.) 5
4374
1
mvaviY AbycvZ, r = 1 =  5
5
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, avivwUi 1g c` = a
 awi, avivwUi n Zg c` = 625 5
mvaviY AbycvZ = r cÉkg² GZ, arn1 = 625 5
1
avivwUi PZz^Æ c` =  2 ev, ( 5)n1 = 625 5
5
‰es beg c` = 8 2
ev, ( 5)n1 = 3125
 avivwUi PZz^Æ c` = ar41
ev, ( 5)n1 = ( 5)10
ev, ar3 =  2  (i)
ev, n  1 = 10  n = 11
‰es avivwUi beg c` = ar91
 àGYvîi avivwUi 11 Zg c` 625 5 (Ans.)
ev, ar8 = 8 2  (ii) (Ans.) 1
L ‘K’ ˆ^GK cvB, ar8 = 8 2 ‰es ar3 =  2
 M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, àGYvîi avivwUi cÉ^g c` a =

5
ar8 8 2 ‰es mvaviY AbycvZ r =  5 < 1
 =
ar3  2
 avivwUi 10Zg c` = ar101
ev, r5 = – 4 2 1
= ar9 = ( 5)9
ev, r5 = ( 2)5 5
8
r= 2
=
1  2
( 5)8 ( 5) =  5
AZ‰e, a ( 2 )3 =  2 [r-‰i gvb ewmGq] 5  
2 1 =  54 =  625 (Ans.)
ev, a = a=
( 2 )3
2 ‰es cÉ^g 10 wU cG`i mgwÓ¡
AZ‰e, avivwUi 8 Zg c` = ar 81 a(1  rn)
= [ r < 1]
1 1r
= .( 2 )7 [gvb ewmGq] 1
2 {1  ( 5)10}
1 5
= {– ( 2 ).( 2 )6} =
2 1  ( 5)
=  8 (Ans.) 1  3125  3124 5 (1  5)
= =
M ‘L’ nGZ cvB, avivwUi 1g
 c`, a = 1 5(1 + 5) 5(1 + 5) (1  5)
2  3124( 5  5) 781( 5  5)
‰es mvaviY AbycvZ, r =  2 < 1 =
 20
=
5
(Ans.)
70 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ‰es r Zg c` = x + (r – 1)d = c  (iii)
K S1 = 215 + 213 + 211 + . . . . . . + 175
 ‰Lb, evgcÞ = a(q – r) + b(r – p) + c(p – q)
avivwUi cÉ^g c`, a = 215 = {x + (p – 1)d} (q – r) + {x + (q – 1)d} (r – p) +
mvaviY A¯¦i, d = 213  215 = 2 {x + (r – 1)d} (p – q) [a, b, c ‰i gvb ewmGq]
= x(q – r) + d(p – 1)(q – r) + x(r – p) + d(q – 1) (r – p) +
 `kg c` = a + (10  1) d
x(p – q) + d(r – 1)(p – q)
= 215 + 9(2)
= x(q – r + r – p + p – q) + d(pq – pr – q + r + qr – pq – r
= 215  18
+ p + pr – qr – p + q)
= 197 (Ans.)
=x0+d0
L cÉ^g
 c`, a = 215
= 0 + 0 = 0 = WvbcÞ
mvaviY A¯¦i, d = 2
 a(q – r) + b(r – p) + c(p – q) = 0 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
gGb Kwi, n Zg c` = 175
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

ev, a + (n  1)d = 175 13 + 23 + 33 + . . . . . + n 3
ev, 215 + (n  1) (2) = 175 m=
1+2+3+.....+n
ev, (n  1) ( 2) = 40 cÉkg² GZ, M = 210
ev, n  1 = 20 13 + 23 + 33  + n3
= 210
 n = 21 1 + 2 + 3 +  + n
 avivwUi cÉ^g 21wU cG`i mgwÓ¡, 2
n(n + 1)
S1 =
21
{2a + (21  1)d}
{ 2 }
ev, n(n + 1) = 210 [mƒò cÉGqvM KGi]
2
21 2
= {2  215 + 20 (2)}
2 n(n + 1)
21 ev, 2 = 210
= {430  40}
2
ev, n2 + n = 420
21
=
2
 390 ev, n2 + n – 420 = 0
= 21  195 ev, n2 + 21n – 20n – 420 = 0
= 4095 (Ans.) ev, n(n + 21) – 20(n + 21) = 0
M 24 + 96 + 384 + . . . . .
  (n + 21) (n – 20) = 0
MyGYvîi avivwUi 1g c`, a = 24, nq, n + 21 = 0 A^ev, n – 20 = 0
96
mvaviY AbycvZ, r = 24 = 4 ev, n = –21 ev, n = 20
 n = – 21  n = 20
a(r5  1)
 cÉ^g cuvPwU cG`i mgwÓ¡ = S2 = r  1 ‰wU MÉnYGhvMÅ bq|
24(45  1) [KviY, c`msLÅv FYvñK nGZ cvGi bv|]
=  n = 20 (Ans.)
41
24(1024  1)
=
3
= 8  1023
7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
1  n
= 8184 K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, àGYvîi avivwUi mvaviY c` = 8 2 

‘L’ nGZ cvB, S1 = 4095  2
1  2
 S1 : S2 = 4095 : 8184 = 1365 : 2728 (Ans.)  avivwUi w«¼Zxq (n = 2) c` = 8 2 
 2
1
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb = 8 2  = 4 2 (Ans.)
2
K 5 + x + 20 avivwU àGYvîi nIqvq mvaviY AbycvZ ‰KB ^vKGe|
 1 1
x 20 L àGYvîi avivwUi cÉ^g
 (n = 1) c`, a = 8 2  
 avivwUi mvaviY AbycvZ, 5 = x  2
1
ev, x2 = 100 = 8 2   = 8
 2
ev, x =  100 ‘K’ nGZ cvB, w«¼Zxq c` = 4 2
 x =  10 (Ans.)
4 2 1
L gGb Kwi,
  mvaviY AbycvZ, r = 8 =  < 1
2
mgv¯¦i avivi cÉ^g c` = x I mvaviY A¯¦i = d 1
Avgiv Rvwb, mgv¯¦i avivi n Zg c` = a + (n – 1)d awi, avivwUi n-Zg c` = 8
 mgv¯¦i avivi p Zg c` = x + (p – 1)d = a (i) 1
ev, arn  1 = 8
I q Zg c` = x + (q – 1)d = b  (ii)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 71
x+1 3 x+1 3x+3
1  n  1 1 125 (5 ) 5
ev, (8)  =
8
‰es, S = 5x+2 = 5x+2 = 5x+2
 2
= 53x+3–x–2 = 52x+1
 1  = 1 = 1
n  1 6
ev, 64  2  cË`î ivwk = (N  S)  53x+2
 2
1  n1 1  12 = (5–(x+1)  52x+1)  53x+2
ev,  = = 5 x – 1 – 2x – 1 + 3x + 2
 2  2
= 50 = 1 (Ans)
ev, n  1 = 12 1
 n = 12 + 1 = 13 (Ans.) log 27 – log – log 512
8
weK͸ mgvavb: M
 ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, T = 3
log
1 2
awi, avivwUi n Zg c` – 8 1 1 3 9
1 n 1 log(33)2 + log8  log (29)2 log3 2 + log23  log2 2
A^Ævr, 8 2   = 8 =
log3  log2
=
log3  log2
 2
3 9 3 3
1 n 1 1 log3 + 3log2  log2 log3  log2
ev,   = = 6 2 2 2 2
 2 64 2 2 . 2 =
log3  log2
=
log3  log2
1 n 1 13
ev,   =   3
(log3  log2)
 2  2 2 3
= =
 n = 13 (Ans.) log3  log2 2
M Avgiv Rvwb, àGYvîi avivi cÉ^g n-msLÅK cG`i mgwÓ¡,
  2T = 3 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
a(1  rn)
Sn =
1r
9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
a(1  rn) 16 2 + 1
cÉkg² GZ, 1  r =  1 2 3
2( 2 + 1) K
 cÉ`î AbyKÌgwU: 3, 5, 7 , ...................
 1 n
81     1
AbyKÌgwUi 1g c` = 3 = (– 1)1 + 1 2  1 + 1
1
  2  16 2 + 1
ev, 1
=
  2( 2 +1) 2 2
1
 2 2q c` = – 5 = (– 1)2 + 1 2  2 + 1
1 n 3 3
8 + 8  3q c` = 7 = (– 1)3 + 1 2  3 + 1
 2 16 2 + 1
ev, = n
2+1 2( 2 +1)  AbyKÌgwUi n Zg c` ev mvaviY c` = (– 1)n + 1 (Ans.)
2n + 1
2
1 n L (ii) bs avivwU: 1 + 2  2 + .............

8 2 + 8 2   àGYvîi avivwUi cÉ^g c`, a =  1
 2 16 2 + 1
ev, =
2+1 2( 2 +1) mvaviY AbycvZ, r = 2 =  2 < 1
1 n 1
ev, 16 2 + 16 2   =  16 2  1 gGb Kwi, n msLÅK cG`i mgwÓ¡ 31( 2  1)
 2 n
1
ev, 16 2   = 1
n
ZvnGj, a(1  r ) = 31( 2  1)
1r
 2 n
1
ev,   =
n 1
= 4
1 ev, (1) {1  ( 2) } = 31( 2  1)
 2 16 2 2 . 2 1  ( 2)
1 n 1 9 ev, {1  ( 2)n} =  31( 2  1) ( 2 + 1)
ev,   =  
 2  2 ev, 1  ( 2)n =  31
 n = 9 (Ans.) ev, ( 2)n = 32 = ( 2)10
8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb  n = 10
 c` msLÅv 10 wU (Ans.)
K cÉ`î mgv¯¦i aviv, M = 2 + 7 + 12 + 17 +.......................

1
hvi cÉ^g c`, a = 2 M
 (i) bs aviv:  1 + 2 – ... ... ...
2
mvaviY A¯¦i, d = 7 – 2 = 5
 mgv¯¦i avivwUi 15 Zg c` = a + (15 – 1)d
àGYvîi avivwUi cÉ^g c`, a = 1
2
= 2 + 14  5 = 72 (Ans) 1
2
(5x–1)x+1 5x –1
mvaviY AbycvZ, r = =  2 < 1
1
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 N=
(5x)x+1
= 2
5x +x 2
2–1–x2–x
= 5x = 5– (x + 1) avivwUi n Zg c` 8 2 nGj, arn1 = 8 2
72 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ

ev, 1 . ( 2)n1 = 8 2 ev, ( 2)n1 = 8 2  2 a = 5 ‰es r = 2

2  àGYvîi avivwU nGjv: a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ... ... ...
ev, ( 2) n1
= 16 = ( 2) 8
ev, n  1 = 8  n = 9 = 5 + 5  2 + 5  22 + 5  23 + ... ... ...
9
= 5 + 10 + 20 + 40 + ... ... ... (Ans.)
‰Lb, avivwUi cÉ^g 9wU cG`i mgwÓ¡ = a(1  r )
1r awi, àGYvîi avivwUi n msLÅK cG`i mgwÓ¡ = 2555
1 a(rn  1)
{1  ( 2)9}  = 2555 [r > 1]
2 1 + 16 2 r1
= = n n
1  ( 2) 2 ( 2 + 1) ev, 5(2  1) = 2555 ev, 5(2  1) = 2555 ev, 5(2n  1) = 2555
16 2 + 1 (16 2 + 1) (2  2) 21 1
= =
2+ 2 (2 + 2) (2  2) ev, 2n  1 = 511 ev, 2n = 512
32 2 + 2  32  2 31 2  30 ev, 2n = 29  n = 9
= = (Ans.)
42 2  avivwUi cÉ^g 9wU cG`i mgwÓ¡ 2555 (Ans.)

10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb

K gGb Kwi, ‰KwU mgv¯¦i avivi cÉ^g c` = a ‰es
 K

1
 1 + 5  ...........
mvaviY A¯¦i = d 5
1
avivwUi lÓ¤ c` = a + (6  1)d = a + 5d avivwUi 1g c`, a =
5
‰es avivwUi cÉ^g 15wU cG`i mgwÓ¡ = 15 {2a + (15  1)d} 1
2 ‰es mvaviY AbycvZ, r = 1 =  5 < 1
15 15
= {2a + 14d} = {2(a + 7d)} = 15 (a + 7d)
2 2 5
1g kZÆgGZ, a + 5d = 13 Avgiv Rvwb, àGYvîi avivi n-Zg c` = arn1
2q kZÆgGZ, 15(a + 7d) = 255 (Ans.)  6 Zg c` = a.r61
L kZÆgGZ, a + 5d = 13 ... ... ... (i)
 =
1
.( 5)5 =
1
(25 5) =  25. (Ans.)
15(a + 7d) = 255 ... ... ... (ii) 5 5
ev, a + 7d = 17 L cÉ^g c`,
 a=
1
ev, (a + 5d) + 2d = 17 5
ev, 13 + 2d = 17 [ a + 5d = 13] mvaviY AbycvZ, r =  5
ev, 2d = 17  13 gGb Kwi, avivwUi n Zg c` =  625
ev, 2d = 4  d = 2  arn1 =  625
1
d ‰i gvb (i) bs ‰ ewmGq cvB, ev, . ( 5)n  1 =  625 ev, ( 5)n1 = 625 5
5
a + 5  2 = 13 ev, a + 10 = 13
ev, ( 5)n1 = ( 5)9 ev, n  1 = 9
ev, a = 13  10  a = 3
 n = 10  avivwUi 10 Zg c`  625 (Ans.)
Avevi, mgv¯¦i avivwUi cÉ^g n msLÅK cG`i mgwÓ¡ = 528 1
n M cÉ^g c`, a =

 {2  3 + (n  1)2} = 528 5
2
ev, n(3 + n  1) = 528 mvaviY AbycvZ, r =  5
ev, n(n + 2)  528 = 0 Avgiv Rvwb,
a(1  rn)
ev, n2 + 2n  528 = 0 àGYvîi avivi cÉ^g n msLÅK cG`i mgwÓ¡, Sn = 1  r
ev, n2 + 24n  22n  528 = 0 hLb r < 1
ev, n(n + 24)  22(n + 24) = 0 a(1  rn) 624
ev, (n + 24) (n  22) = 0 kZÆgGZ, 1  r =
5+ 5
wK¯§ n + 24  0 KviY c`msLÅv FYvñK nGZ cvGi bv 1
{1  ( 5)n}
 n  22 = 0 ev, n = 22 (Ans.) 5 624
ev, =
M mgv¯¦i avivwUi cÉ^g c`, a = 3
 1  ( 5) 5( 5 + 1)
‰es mvaviY A¯¦i, d = 2 {1  ( 5)n} 624
ev, =
kZÆgGZ, àGYvîi avivi cÉ^g c` = mgv¯¦i avivwUi w«¼Zxq c` 5(1 + 5) 5(1 + 5)
=a+d=3+2=5 ev, 1  (– 5)n =  624 ev, ( 5)n = 625
‰es àGYvîi avivi mvaviY AbycvZ = mgv¯¦i avivwUi mvaviY ev, ( 5)n = ( 5)8  n = 8
A¯¦i = d = 2  624
 avivwUi cÉ^g 8 wU cG`i mgwÓ¡ (Ans.)
‰Lb, àGYvîi avivi cÉ^g c` a ‰es mvaviY AbycvZ r nGj 5+ 5
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 73

PZz`Æk AaÅvq
AbycvZ, m`†kZv I cÉwZmgZv
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb cÉgvY:
avc-1. PQN-‰
K
 A C
N M
EO ||PQ [Aâb]
NO NE
E F 
OQ PE
= ... ...(i) [wòfzGRi ˆhGKvGbv evüi mgv¯¦ivj
O mijGiLv H wòfzGRi Aci evü«¼qGK
P Q mgvb AbycvGZ wefÚ KGi|]
avc-2. MNP-‰
B D EO ||NM [Aâb]
wPGò PQ, EF I NM mijGiLv wZbwU ciÕ·i mgv¯¦ivj| AB 
MO NE
= ... ...(ii) [wòfzGRi ˆhGKvGbv evüi mgv¯¦ivj
OP PE
I CD mijGiLv `yBwU PQ, EF I NM mijGiLv wZbwUGK
h^vKÌGg N, E, P ‰es M, F, Q we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ| PE ˆiLv mijGiLv H wòfzGRi Aci evü«¼qGK
mgvb AbycvGZ wefÚ KGi|]
EF ˆK O we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ|
avc-3. (i) I (ii) bs ˆ^GK cvB,
L ‘K’ ‰i wPò ˆ^GK

NO MO
weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, PQ, EF I NM mijGiLv wZbwU =
OQ OP
(cÉgvwYZ)
ciÕ·i mgv¯¦ivj| AB I CD mijGiLv `yBwU PQ, EF I NM
mijGiLv wZbwUGK h^vKÌGg N, E, P ‰es M, F, Q we±`yGZ 2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
ˆQ` KGiGQ| PE ˆiLv EF ˆK E we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ| K
 wPGò ABC ‰i mgw«¼LíK AD, BC ˆK D we±`yGZ ˆQ`
NE MF KGiGQ| DA ‰i mgv¯¦ivj CE ˆiLvsk ewaÆZ BA evüGK E
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, =
PE QF we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ|
cÉgvY: E

avc-1. MPQ-‰ OF || PQ
A
MO MF
 =
OP FQ
.............. (i) [wòfzGRi ˆhGKvGbv evüi mgv¯¦ivj
mijGiLv H wòfzGRi Aci evü«¼qGK mgvb AbycvGZ wefÚ
B
KGi|] D C

avc-2. Avevi, NMP-‰ EO || NM

MO NE
L ‘K’ ‰i wPò ˆ^GK,
 =
OP EP
............... (ii) [‰KB KviGY] weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, ABC-‰i A-‰i mgw«¼LíK AD,
avc-3. (i) I (ii) bs mgxKiY nGZ cvB@ BC evüGK D we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ| C we±`y w`Gq AwâZ DA
MF NE ‰i mgv¯¦ivj ˆiLvsk CE, ewaÆZ BA evüGK E we±`yGZ ˆQ`
 =
FQ EP KGiGQ| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, BD : DC = BA : AC.
NE MF
 = (cÉgvwYZ) cÉgvY : avc h^v^ÆZv
EP FQ
(1) ‰LvGb, DA || CE [Aâb]
M

N M  BAD = AEC [Abyi…c ˆKvY]
‰es CAD =ACE [‰Kv¯¦i ˆKvY]
EA
O
(2) wK¯¦y BAD = CAD; [Õ¼xKvi]
 AEC = ACE
Q  AC = AE
P
(3) Avevi ˆhGnZy BCE-‰ DA || CE
weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, PQMN ‰KwU UÇvwcwRqvg hvi PM I BD BA
QN KYÆ«¼q ciÕ·i O we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|  =
DC AE
NO MO BD BA
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, OQ = OP  =
DC AC
; [ AE = AC]

Aâb: OE || PQ || MN AuvwK hv PN ˆK E we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|  BD : DC = BA : AC. (cÉgvwYZ)

74 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
M
  AewkÓ¡ QNR = MNT
E
 wòfzR«¼q m`†k|
MN QN
A  =
MT QR
MN QN
P Q
ev, 1 =
QR
QR
4
B C
D
1
 MN = QN (cÉgvwYZ)
weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, ABC-‰i A-‰i mgw«¼LíK AD, 4
BC evüGK D we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ| C we±`y w`Gq AwâZ DA  M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, PQR ‰i P
‰i mgv¯¦ivj CE ˆiLvsk ewaÆZ BA ˆK E we±`yGZ ˆQ` gaÅgv PS ˆiLvÕ© ˆh ˆKvb
KGiGQ| BC-‰i mgv¯¦ivj PQ ˆiLvsk AB I AC ˆK h^vKÌGg we±`y O | O, Q ‰es O, R
P I Q we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ| ˆhvM Kwi| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, BD : DC = BP : CQ. ˆh, O
cÉgvY : avc h^v^ÆZv POQ : POR = QS : SR
(1) ABC-‰i A-‰i mgw«¼LíK AD. Q S
R
BD AB
 = ; [‘L’ ˆ^GK] cÉgvY: OQS I OSR ‰i [ ‰KB kxlÆ we±`y O ‰es
DC AC
DœPZv mgvb| f„wg ‰KB ˆiLvq AewÕ©Z|]
(2) Avevi, PQ || BC
[wòfzGRi ˆhGKvb ‰K evüi mgv¯¦ivj ˆiLv 
OQS QS
= ...................
[`yBwU wòfzGRi DœPZv mgvb
AP AQ OSR SR
 =
BP CQ Aci `yB evüGK mgvb AbycvGZ wefÚ KGi] nGj, ZvG`i ˆÞòdGji
(i)
AP AQ AbycvZ f„wg«¼Gqi AbycvGZi
ev, BP + 1 = CQ + 1 mgvb]
AP + BP AQ + CQ
ev, BP = CQ
 OQS = OSR [ S gaÅwe±`y]
Avevi, POQ I OQS ‰i [ ‰KB kxlÆwe±`y Q ‰es f„wg
AB AC
ev, BP = CQ DœPZv mgvb| ‰KB ˆiLvq AewÕ©Z]
AB BP 
POQ OP [‰KB KviGY]
ev, AC = CQ . =
OQS OS
..............(ii)

BD BP POR OP
ev, DC = CQ [avc (1) nGZ] Abyi…cfvGe, ORS = OS ............................ (iii)
 BD : DC = BP : CQ. (cÉgvwYZ) (ii)bs mgxKiYGK (iii) bs
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb mgxKiY «¼viv fvM KGi cvB,
POQ POR
K wPGò PQR ‰i f„wg QR ‰es PS
 P  =1
OQS ORS
‰i gaÅgv| M, PS ‰i gaÅwe±`y ‰es POQ QS [ gaÅwe±`y]
ev, POR = SR
ewaÆZ QM ˆiLvsk PR ˆK N we±`yGZ N
M  POQ : POR = QS : SR (cÉgvwYZ)
ˆQ` KGiGQ|

Q S R 4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, PS f„wg QR ‰i gaÅgv
 P
K

‰es M, PS ‰i gaÅwe±`y| ewaÆZ
X
QM ˆiLvsk PR ˆK N we±`yGZ ˆQ` N
C
KGiGQ| M
T
2
E
Aâb: PR ‰i gaÅwe±`y T ˆbB ‰es 3
M, T hyÚ Kwi| Q S R
G
cÉgvY: PSR ‰ M, PS ‰es T, PR A D B
‰i gaÅwe±`y|
1 ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU iwkÄ AG AuvwK ‰es AG ˆ^GK 7 ˆm. wg.
 MT = SR ‰es MT | | SR.
2 mgvb ˆiLvsk AB wbB| A we±`yGZ ˆhGKvGbv ˆKvY BAX
Avevi, S, QR ‰i gaÅwe±`y nIqvq Aâb Kwi| AX iwkÄ ˆ^GK AE = 3 ˆm. wg. ˆKGU wbB ‰es
1 1
MT =   QR = QR
1 EX ˆ^GK EC = 2 ˆm. wg. ˆKGU wbB| B, C ˆhvM Kwi| E
2 2 4
we±`GZ ACB ‰i mgvb AED Aâb Kwi hvi ED ˆiLv
‰LvGb, MNT I QNR ‰, AB ˆK D we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| ZvnGj AB ˆiLvsk D we±`yGZ
MTN = QRN [Abyi…c ˆKvY]
3 : 2 AbycvGZ A¯¦weÆfÚ nGjv|
‰es NMT = NQR [Abyi…c ˆKvY]
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 75
L
 ev, PB = 3BC
1
P avc-2. PB = 2 PR [ B, PR ‰i gaÅwe±`y]
1
ev, 2 PR = 3BC [avc (1) nGZ]
BC 1
ev, PR = 6
Q R
A
 BC : PR = 1 : 6 (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K
 wPGò ABC ‰ AB = 15 ˆm. A
B
wg., BC = 20 ˆm. wg. ‰es AC D
gGb Kwi, PQR ‰i PA gaÅgv| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh,
= 25 ˆm. wg.| 15 25
1
PA < (PQ + PR)| ‰LvGb, B = 1 mgGKvY|
2
Aâb: PA ˆK B chƯ¦ ewaÆZ Kwi ˆhb PA = AB nq| B, R ˆhvM mgGKŒwYK kxlÆ B nGZ AwZfzR B 20 C
Kwi| AC ‰i Dci jÁ¼ AuvKGj `yBwU
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv mgGKvYx wòfzR ABD I
(1) PQA I ABR ‰ BDC Drc®² nq|
QA = RA [ˆ`Iqv AvGQ] L

A
PA = AB [AâbvbymvGi]
D
‰es A¯¦fzÆÚ PAQ = A¯¦fzÆÚ BAR [wecÉZxc ˆKvY]
 PQA  ABR
 PQ = BR
(2) PBR ‰ B
C
PR + BR > PB [wòfzGRi `yB evüi mgwÓ¡ Z‡Zxq evü AGcÞv mgvavb: weGkl wbeÆPb: ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABC mgGKvYx wòfzGR
e†nîi]
B mgGKvY|
ev, PR + PQ > PA + AB
BD, AwZfzR AC ‰i Dci jÁ¼|
ev, PQ + PR > PA + PA
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, ABD, BDC I ABC ciÕ·i
ev, 2PA < PQ + PR
m`†k|
1
 PA <
2
(PQ + PR) (cÉgvwYZ) cÉgvY:
P avc-1. ABC I ABD-‰
M

C
ABC = ADB [cÉGZÅGK mgGKvY]
B ‰es A mvaviY
G
 ACB = ABD; [AewkÓ¡ ˆKvY]
 ABC I ABD m`†kGKvYx I m`†k|
Q A R
avc-2. Avevi, ABC I BDC-‰
weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, PQR wòfzGRi PA I QB gaÅgv«¼q ABC = BDC [cÉGZÅGK mgGKvY]
ciÕ·i G we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ| A, B ˆhvM Kwi| G we±`y w`Gq C mvaviY ‰es
GC || AB AuvwK| GC, PR ˆK C we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| BAC = DBC [AewkÓ¡ ˆKvY]
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, BC : PR = 1 : 6  ABC I BDC m`†kGKvYx I m`†k| [avc (1) I avc (2) nGZ]
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv  ABD, BDC I ABC-ciÕ·i m`†k| (cÉgvwYZ)
avc-1. PAB-‰ GC || AB, M

PC PG A
 =
BC AG
[wòfzGRi ˆKvGbv ‰K evüi mgv¯¦ivj mijGiLv x
D
Aci `yB evüGK mgvb AbycvGZ wefÚ KGi] 15
PC 2 25  x
ev, BC = 1 [ wòfzGRi gaÅgvòq ˆQ` we±`yGZ 2 : 1
AbycvGZ wefÚ nq  PG : GA = 2 : 1] B
20
C
PC
ev, BC
+ 1= 2 + 1 [Dfq cGÞ 1 ˆhvM KGi] ABD ‰, AB2 =AD2 + BD2
PC + BC ev, BD2 = AB2  AD2
ev, =3
BC ev, BD = (15)2  x2
76 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
 BD = 225  x2 ...................... (i) L

fuvR
Avevi, BDC ‰, BC = BD + CD 2 2 2

KGi
ev, BD2 = BC2  CD2

ev, BD = (20)2  (25  x)2
ev, BD = 400  625 + 50x  x2
 BD = 50x  x2  225 .......................... (ii)
(i) I (ii) nGZ cvB,
50x  x2  225 = 225  x2 fuvR
ev, 50x  x  225 = 225  x2
2
KGi
ev, 50x = 450 
x=9
 AD = 9 ˆm. wg.
A^Ævr, cÉwZmvgÅ ˆiLv 2wU|
ˆm. wg.
CD = 25  9 = 16
M

‰es BD = 225  9 [(i) bs nGZ]
2

225  81 = 144 = 12 ˆm.

= wg.
1
 AD  BD
ABD 2 AD 9 cvGki wPGòi cÉwZmvgÅ ˆiLvi msLÅv 2
 = = =
BDC 1 CD 16 mÁ·ƒYÆ wPò:
 BD  CD
2
 ABD : BDC = 9 : 16 (Ans.) fuvR
KGi
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 
K

C (NƒYÆb ˆK±`Ê)

L
 P
P
P

P P
fuvR
45 45 45 45 45 KGi
P 
P P
45 45 P 45

360
cÉwZmvgÅ ˆiLvi mvGcGÞ Aci dzUKxàGjvi DcGii gZ AeÕ©vb nGe|
 NƒYÆb ˆKvY = 8 = 45 (Ans.)
8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
M
 K
 A A

cÉ`î WÅvm wPwn×Z ˆiLvi mvGcGÞ cÉwZweÁ¼ wbYq KiGZ ˆMGj E F

B
DcGii bÅvq djvdj cvIqv hvq| C

mÁ·ƒYÆ wPò: (cÉwZdjb mn)

E F
B C

L
 A A

7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K
 E F
B
C

B C E F
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 77
EF ˆiLvsk ABC wòfzGRi AB I AC evü«¼qGK A^ev Aâb : F we±`y w`Gq AB ‰i mgv¯¦ivj FF ˆiLv AuvwK, hv
‰G`i ewaÆZvsk«¼qGK mgvb AbycvGZ wefÚ KGiGQ| BC ˆK F we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
A^Ævr AE : EB = AF : FC A

cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, EF ‰es BC mgv¯¦ivj|

Aâb: B, F ‰es C, E ˆhvM Kwi| D E
cÉgvY:
AEF AE
avc-1. BEF = EB [wòfzR `yBwU ‰KB B C
DœPZvwewkÓ¡] F

AEF AF [wòfzR `yBwU ‰KB cÉgvY:

‰es EFC = FC
DœPZvwewkÓ¡] avc-1. EF || BC ‰es FF || EB.
AE AF [Õ¼xKvi]  BEFF ‰KwU mvgv¯¦wiK|
avc-2. wK¯§ =
EB FC avc-2. BE = FF = AE [ E, AB evüi gaÅwe±`y]
avc-3. [(1) ‰es (2) ˆ^GK] avc-3. ‰Lb, AEF I FFC-‰ AE = FF
AEF AEF AFE = Abyi…c FCF
AZ‰e, BEF = EFC [ EF || BC]
‰es EAF = Abyi…c FFC [ FF || AB]
 BEF = EFC
 AEF  FFC [ˆKvY-evü ˆKvY
avc-4.wK¯§ BEF ‰es EFC ‰KB f„wg EF ‰i ‰KB
Dccv`Å]
cvGk AewÕ©Z| myZivs Zviv ‰KB mgv¯¦ivj hyMGji gGaÅ
 AF = FC A^Ævr F, AC evüi gaÅwe±`y| (cÉgvwYZ)
AeÕ©wZ|
 BC I EF mgv¯¦ivj|
A^Ævr EF | | BC (cÉgvwYZ) 9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
M weGkl wbeÆPb: ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABC-‰i AB evüi gaÅwe±`y
 1
E| E we±`y w`Gq BC ‰i mgv¯¦ivj EF ˆiLv AC evüGK F  K ABC ‰i ˆÞòdj = 2  BC  AH
we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, F we±`y AC evüi 1
=  4  2 = 4 cm2
2
gaÅwe±`y|
1
A ‰es DEF ‰i ˆÞòdj = 2  EF  DG
1
=  2  1= 1 cm2
2
E F
 ABC I DEF ‰i ˆÞòdj AbycvZ 4 t 1 (Ans.)
L
 A D

B C x

cÉgvY: P Q
E F
avc-1. ABC ‰i ˆÞGò,  

AE AF B C
= ... (i)
EB FC ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABC I DEF wòfzR«¼Gqi A = D, B =
[wòfzGRi ˆhGKvGbv evüi mgv¯¦ivj mijGiLv H wòfzGRi Aci E ‰es C = F|
evü«¼qGK mgvb AbycvGZ wefÚ KGi] AB
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, DE = DF = EF
AC BC
avc-2. Avevi E, AB ‰i gaÅwe±`y nIqvq,
AE = EB Aâb: ABC I DEF wòfzR«¼Gqi cÉGZÅK Abyi…c evühyMj
AE AF Amgvb weGePbv Kwi| AB evüGZ P we±`y ‰es AC evüGZ Q
ev, EB = 1  FC = 1 [ (i) bs ˆ^GK]
we±`y wbB ˆhb AP = DE ‰es AQ = DF nq| P I Q ˆhvM
ev, AF = FC KGi Aâb mÁ·®² Kwi|
 F we±`y AC ‰i gaÅwe±`y| (cÉgvwYZ) cÉgvY:
‰ AâwU Zzwg DcGii wbqg QvovI wbGPi avc-1. APQ I DEF ‰i AP = DE, AQ = DF, A =
weK͸ wbqGgI KiGZ cvGiv|
D
weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, ABC-‰i AB evüi gaÅwe±`y E| E AZ‰e, APQ  DEF [evü-ˆKvY-evüi meÆmgZv]
we±`y w`Gq BC evüi mgv¯¦ivj EF ˆiLv AC evüGK F we±`yGZ myZivs APQ = DEF = ABC ‰es AQP = DEF =
ˆQ` KGi| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, F, AC evüi gaÅwe±`y| ACB.
78 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
A^Ævr, PQ ˆiLvsk I BC evüGK AB evü I AC ˆiLv ˆQ` 
L A A

Kivq Abyi…c ˆKvYhyMj mgvb nGqGQ|

myZivs PQ | | BC D E
AB AC AB AC B
 =
AP AQ
ev, =
DE DF
C

avc-2. ‰KBfvGe BA evü I BC evü ˆ^GK h^vKÌGg ED

D E B C
ˆiLvsk I EF ˆiLvsGki mgvb ˆiLvsk ˆKGU wbGq ˆ`LvGbv hvq weGkl wbeÆPb: ABC wòfzGRi BC evüi mgv¯¦ivj DE
BA BC
ˆh, ED = EF ˆiLvsk AB I AC evü«¼qGK (wPò-1) A^ev ‰G`i
[wòfzGRi ˆhGKvGbv evüi mgv¯¦ivj mijGiLv H wòfzGRi Aci ewaÆZvsk«¼qGK (wPò-2) h^vKÌGg D I E we±`yGZ ˆQ`
evü«¼qGK ev ‰G`i ewaÆZvsk«¼qGK mgvb AbycvGZ KGiGQ| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, AD : DB = AE : EC.
wefÚ KGi] Aâb: B, E ‰es C, D ˆhvM Kwi|
AB BC cÉgvY:
A^Ævr, DE = EF
avc-1. ADE ‰es BDE ‰KB
AB AC BC DœPZvwewkÓ¡
 = =
DE DF EF
(cÉgvwYZ)
ADE AD [‰KB DœPZvwewkÓ¡
M
 A
D 
BDE DB
=
wòfzRmgƒGni ˆÞòdj
h
p f„wgi mgvbycvwZK]
E H F avc-2. ADE ‰es DEC ‰KB
B G C
DœPZvwewkÓ¡
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABC I DEF wòfzR«¼q m`†k ‰es ‰G`i

ADE AE
=
[‰KB DœPZvwewkÓ¡
Abyi…c evü BC I EF| cÉgvY KiGZ ˆh, ABC : DEF = DEC EC
wòfzRmgƒGni ˆÞòdj
BC2 : EF2.
f„wgi mgvbycvwZK]
Aâb: BC I EF ‰i Dci h^vKÌGg AG I DH jÁ¼ AuvwK|
avc-3. wK¯§ BDE = DEC [‰KB f„wg DE I ‰KB
gGb Kwi, AG = h, DH = p.
mgv¯¦ivj ˆiLvhyMGji
cÉgvY:
1 1
gGaÅ AewÕ©Z]
avc-1: ABC = 2  BC  h ‰es DEF = 2  EF  p ADE ADE
 =
1 BDE DEC
 BC  h AD AE
ABC 2 h BC avc-4. AZ‰e, DB = EC
= = 
DEF 1 p EF
 EF  p
2 A^Ævr, AD : DB = AE : EC (cÉgvwYZ)
avc-2: ABG I DEH wòfzR«¼Gqi B = E, AGB = 
M ‰LvGb, AD = 5 ˆm. wg.
DHE [‰K mgGKvY] BD = 3 ˆm. wg.
 BAG = EDH ‰es AC = 10 ˆm. wg.
 ABC I DEF wòfzR«¼q m`†kGKvYx, ZvB m`†k| ‘L’ nGZ cvB,
h AB BC AD AE
 = =
p DE EF
[ KviY ABC I DEF m`†k] =
DB EC
ABC h BC BC BC BC2 AD AC + CE
avc-3. DEF = p  EF = EF  EF = EF2 ev, BD = CE
 ABC : DEF = BC2 : EF2 (cÉgvwYZ) AD AC CE
ev, BD = CE + CE
10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
5 10
K
 A A ev, 3 = CE + 1
5 10
ev, 3  1 = CE
D E
2 10
B C ev, 3 = CE
ev, 2CE = 30
B C D E  CE = 15
wPò-2 wPò-2  AE = AC + CE = 10 + 15 = 25 ˆm. wg. (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 79
11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb AK AD
ev, KM = AB
K wPGò ABCD mvg¯¦wiGKi
 A
D
AK BC
BAD ‰i mgw«¼L´£K AK, ev. KM = BA [AD = BC]
K
BD ˆK K we±`yGZ ‰es BC  AK : KM = BC : BA (cÉgvwYZ)
ˆK M we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGiGQ| B M
C M weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, ABCD mvgv¯¦wiGKi A kxlÆ ˆ^GK

L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABCD
 A
D ‰KwU ˆiLvsk BC evüGK M we±`yGZ ‰es DC ‰i ewaÆZvskGK
mvgv¯¦wiGKi BAD ‰i N we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, BM  DN = aË‚eK|
K
D
mgw«¼L´£K AMBD ˆK K A

we±`yGZ ‰es BC ˆK M B M
C

we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|

B M C
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh,
AK : KM = BC : BA N

cÉgvY: cÉgvY:
wòfzGRi ˆhGKvGbv ˆKvGbi A¯¦mgw«¼L´£K wecixZ evüGK DÚ avc-1. ABM I ADN-‰,
ˆKvY msj™² evü«¼Gqi AbycvGZ A¯¦weÆfÚ KGi| BAM = AND [‰Kv¯¦i ˆKvY]
BK AB ABM = ADN [mvgv¯¦wiGKi wecixZ ˆKvY]
 ABD ‰ DK = AD .
‰es AMB = DAN [AewkÓ¡ ˆKvY]
AKD I BKM ‰, ADK = KBM [‰Kv¯¦i ˆKvY]
 ABM I ADN m`†k
AKD = BKM ; [wecÉZxc ˆKvY] BM AB
‰es AewkÓ¡ KAD = AewkÓ¡ KMB avc-2. AZ‰e, AD = DN
 AKD I BKM m`†k| ev, BM  DN = AB  AD

AK KM
= avc-3. wK¯¦y AB I AD mvgv¯¦wiGKi `yBwU mw®²wnZ evü weavq
DK BK
AK DK
‰G`i àYdj aË‚eK|
ev, KM = BK  BM  DN = aË‚eK| (cÉgvwYZ)
80 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ

cç`k AaÅvq
ˆÞòdj mÁ·wKÆZ Dccv`Å I mÁ·v`Å
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb  -ˆÞò DBE = -ˆÞò CDE; [‰KB KviGY]
K ‰LvGb, 3 + 4 = 5
 2 2 2  DBC = EBC ‰es DBE = CDE. (cÉgvwYZ)
 ‰wU ‰KwU mgGKvYx wòfzR 2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
1 K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, BC = 5 ˆm.wg.
 ˆÞòdj = ( 2
34 ) eMÆ ˆm. wg. = 6 eMÆ ˆm.wg. (Ans.) 
AB = 3 ˆm.wg.
L
  AC = 3 ˆm.wg. [‹ AC = AB]
D N
A
 ABC mgw«¼evü wòfzR|
awi, BC = f„wg = b
45
x ‰es AB = AC = a = mgvb mgvb evüi Š`NÆÅ
b
x x  ABC ‰i ˆÞòdj = 4 4a2  b2
B M C
5 2 2
weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, ABC ‰KwU wòfzRGÞò ‰es x =
4
43 5
‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvY| ‰i…c ‰KwU mvgv¯¦wiK AuvKGZ nGe hvi =
5
36  25
‰KwU ˆKvY x = 45 ‰i mgvb ‰es hv «¼viv mxgve«¬ ˆÞGòi 4
ˆÞòdj ABC ‰i ˆÞòdGji mgvb| =
5 11
eMÆ ˆm.wg. (Ans.)
4
AâGbi weeiY:
L gGb Kwi, mgw«¼evü mgGKvYx ACB-‰i AC = AB ‰es

(1) BC evüGK M we±`yGZ mgw«¼LwíZ Kwi|
AwZfzR CB|
(2) MC ˆiLvsGki M we±`yGZx = 45 ‰i mgvb CMD
X, CB ‰i Ici ˆhGKvGbv we±`y| X, A ˆhvM Kwi|
AuvwK|
1
(3) A we±`y w`Gq BC evüi mgv¯¦ivj AN iwkÄ Uvwb ‰es gGb cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, XA2 = 2 (BX2 + CX2)
Kwi Zv MD iwkÄGK D we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| C
(4) C we±`y w`Gq MD ˆiLvsGki mgv¯¦ivj CN iwkÄ Uvwb ‰es
gGb Kwi Zv AN ˆK N we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| ZvnGj F X

MCND B DwóÓ¡ mvgv¯¦wiK|

M
 A

A E B
D E
Aâb: X we±`y ˆ^GK AC ‰es AB evüi Ici h^vKÌGg XF
B C
‰es XE jÁ¼ Uvwb|
weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, ABC ‰i BC f„wgi mgv¯¦ivj cÉgvY : avc h^v^ÆZv
ˆhGKvGbv mijGiLv AB I AC ˆK h^vKÌGg D I E we±`yGZ (1) ACB-‰i, A = 90° [ˆ`Iqv AvGQ]
ˆQ` KGi| D, C I B, E ˆhvM Kwi| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, ‰es C = B = 45° [ AB = AC]

-ˆÞò DBC = -ˆÞò EBC ‰es -ˆÞò DBE = - ‰Lb, XEB-‰i, E = 90° [ XE  AB]
ˆÞò CDE. myZivs, EXB = EBX = 45°
cÉgvY:  BE = XE
avc-1. -ˆÞò DBC I -ˆÞò EBC ‰KB f„wg BC ‰i Dci Abyi…cfvGe cÉgvY Kiv hvq, XCF mgGKvYx wòfzGR, XF = CF
‰es ‰KB mgv¯¦ivj hyMj BC I DE ‰i gGaÅ AewÕ©Z| (2) XEB mgGKvYx wòfzGR XB AwZfzR nIqvq
 -ˆÞò DBC = -ˆÞò EBC [‰B f„wgi Dci ‰es XB = XE2 + BE2
2
[wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å]
= XE2 + XE2 [ XE = BE]
‰KB mgv¯¦ivj ˆiLvhyMGji gGaÅ AewÕ©Z mKj
 XB2 = 2XE2 ... ... ... (i)
wòfzRGÞGòi ˆÞòdj mgvb]
(3) XCF mgGKvYx wòfzGR XC AwZfzR nIqvq,
avc-2. -ˆÞò DBE I -ˆÞò CDE ‰KB f„wg DE ‰i XC2 = CF2 + XF2
Dci ‰es ‰KB mgv¯¦ivj hyMj BC I DE ‰i gGaÅ = XF2 + XF2 [ CF = XF]
AewÕ©Z|  XC2 = 2XF2 ... ... ... (ii)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 81
(4) (i) ‰es (ii) bs ˆhvM KGi cvB, L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, MNO ‰KwU mgevü
 M
2 2 2 2
XB + XC = 2XE + 2XF = 2(XE + XF ) 2 2
wòfzR hvi gaÅgv wZbwU h^vKÌGg
Avevi, AEXF ‰KwU AvqZ| MD, NE I OF. F E
[F = A = E = ‰K mgGKvY] cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, MD = NE =
 XF = AE [ AvqZGÞGòi wecixZ OF N O
evü«¼q ciÕ·i mgvb] cÉ gvY: D
2 2 2 2
 XB + XC = 2(XE + AE ) ... ... ... (iii) NOF I NOE ‰i
(5) AEX mgGKvYx wòfzGR XA AwZfzR nIqvq, NO = NO [mvaviY evü]
2 2
XA = XE + AE 2
[wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å] 1 1
NF = AB = AC = OE.
2 2
(6) (iii) bs nGZ cvB, ONE = EON = 60
XB2 + XC2 = 2XA2  NOE  NOF.
1
 XA2 = (BX2 + CX2)
2
(cÉgvwYZ)  NE = OF.
Abyi…cfvGe cÉKvk Kiv hvq ˆh,
M
 MDO  MOF.
A  MD = OF.
 MD = NO = OF. (cÉgvwYZ)
M weGkl wbeÆPb: ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, NM = MO = NO A^Ævr NMO-

B C
X mgevü ‰es MD, NO ‰i Ici ‰KwU gaÅgv|
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh 4MD2 = 3NM2
E M

weGkl wbeÆPb: ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABC-‰i BC evüi gaÅwe±`y

1
X. A, X ˆhvM Kwi| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, 2 (AB + AC) >
N D O
AX
Aâb: AX ˆK E chƯ¦ ‰gbfvGe ewaÆZ Kwi ˆhb, XE = AX
cÉgvYt
nq| E, C ˆhvM Kwi|
avc-1. NMO mgevü ‰es MD gaÅgv| ZvB MD gaÅgv, f„wg
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv
NO ‰i Ici jÁ¼|
avc 1. ABX ‰es ECX-‰ A^Ævr, MD  NO
BX = CX [ X, BC ‰i gaÅwe±`y ˆ`Iqv AvGQ ] ‰es ND = OD ev, NO = 2ND = NM
AX = XE [ Aâb AbymvGi ] avc-2. Avevi, mgGKvYx MND-‰
‰es A¯¦fzÆÚ AXB = A¯¦fzÆÚ EXC [wecÉZxc ˆKvY mgvb ] MDN = 90 ‰es AwZfzR = NM
  ABX  ECX avc-3. wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å AbymvGi,
[ `yBwU evü ‰es ZvG`i A¯¦fzÆÚ ˆKvY mgvb] NM2 = MD2 + ND2
myZivs AB = CE ... ... ... (i) ev, MD2 = NM2 – ND2
avc 2. ‰Lb,  AEC-‰, ev, 4MD2 = 4NM2 – 4ND2
AC + CE  AE ev, 4MD2 = 4NM2 – (2ND)2
[ wòfzGRi ˆhGKvGbv `yB evüi mgwÓ¡ Z‡Zxq evü AGcÞv e†nîi ] ev, 4MD2 = 4NM2 – NO2 [‹ NO = 2ND]
ev, AC + AB  AX + XE [ (i) bs ˆ^GK AB = CE ] ev, 4MD2 = 4NM2 – NM2 [‹ NM = NO]
ev, 4MD2 = 3NM2
ev, AB + AC  AX + AX [ AâbvbymvGi, XE = AX ]  4MD2 = 3NM2
ev, AB + AC  2AX A^Ævr, 4MD2 ‰es 3NM2 ‰i gvb mgvb nGe| (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
1
 (AB + AC) > AX (cÉgvwYZ)
2
4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K
 wPGò, XYZ mgGKvYx wòfzR X
K wPGò, MNO ˆZ MN = OM = ON.
 M
hvi Y = 90 ‰es D
D, F I F h^vKÌGg ON, OM I AwZfzGRi gaÅwe±`y| D
MN ‰i gaÅwe±`y ‰es MD  NO. F E

N O Y
D Z
82 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
L
 DZ = DF + ZF2
2 2

X = DF2 + DF2 [ DF = ZF]

 DZ2 = 2DF2 ... ... ... (i)
D
E avc-3. DXE mgGKvYx wòfzGR DX AwZfzR nIqvq,
DX2 = XE2 + DE2
Y Z = DE2 + DE2 [ XE = DE]
2 2
 DX = 2DE ... ... ... (ii)
weGkl wbeÆvPb: gGb Kwi, XYZ-‰ Y = ‰K mgGKvY ‰es
D, AwZfzR XZ-‰i gaÅwe±`y| Y, D ˆhvM Kwi| cÉgvY KiGZ avc-4. (i) ‰es (ii) bs ˆhvM KGi cvB,
DZ2 + DX2 = 2DF2 + 2DE2 = 2(DF2 + DE2)
nGe ˆh, ZX = 2YD.
Avevi, YFDE ‰KwU AvqZ|
Aâb: XY-‰i gaÅwe±`y E wbB ‰es D, E ˆhvM Kwi|
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv [E = Y = F = ‰K mgGKvY]
 DE = YF
avc 1. XYZ-‰i E ‰es D h^vKÌGg
[ AvqZGÞGòi wecixZ evü«¼q ciÕ·i mgvb]
[Aâb ‰es K͸bvbymvGi]
 DZ2 + DX2 = 2(DF2 + YF2) ... ... ... (iii)
XY ‰es XZ -‰i gaÅwe±`y|
avc-5. YFD mgGKvYx wòfzGR DY AwZfzR nIqvq,
 DE || YZ [ wòfzGRi ˆhGKvGbv `yB
DY2 = DF2 + YF2 [wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å]
evüi gaÅwe±`yi msGhvRK ˆiLvsk Z‡Zxq evüi mgv¯¦ivj]
avc-6. (iii) bs nGZ cvB,
 XED = Abyi…c EYZ = ‰K mgGKvY [K͸bv]
DZ2 + DX2 = 2DY2
avc 2. ‰Lb, XED ‰es YED-‰i gGaÅ  DX2 + DZ2 = 2DY2. (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
XE = YE, [E, XY-‰i gaÅwe±`y]
DE = DE [mvaviY evü] 5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
‰es A¯¦f„ÆÚ XED = A¯¦fƒÆÚ YED K
 wPGò ABC ‰ D, E I F A

[ cÉGZÅGK ‰K mgGKvY] h^vKÌGg BC, AC I AB ‰i

 XED  YED gaÅwe±`y ‰es AD, BE I CF F E
 XD = YD gaÅgv|
1
avc 3. wK¯§ XD = 2 XZ. B C
D
1
 YD = XZ
2
[avc (2) nGZ] L

A A
  ZX = 2YD (cÉgvwYZ)
M weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, mgw«¼evü mgGKvYx YXZ-‰i

YX = YZ ‰es AwZfzR XZ| D, XZ ‰i Dci ˆhGKvGbv
we±`y| D, Y ˆhvM Kwi|
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, DX2 + DZ2 = 2DY2. C M
B D M B D C
X

E D
Y F
Aâb: D we±`y ˆ^GK YX ‰es YZ evüi Ici h^vKÌGg DE cÉgvYt
‰es DF jÁ¼ Uvwb|
cÉgvY:
avc-1. YXZ-‰i, Y = 90°
‰es X = Z = 45°
‰Lb, DFZ-‰i, F = 90°
myZivs, FDZ = FZD = 45°
 ZF = DF
Abyi…cfvGe cÉgvY Kiv hvq, DXE mgGKvYx wòfzGR, DE = XE
wPò: 1 wPò: 2
weGkl wbeÆPb: ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, BAC ‰i gaÅgv AD. cÉgvY KiGZ
nGe ˆh, BA2 + AC2 = 2(BD2 + AD2).
Aâb: A we±`y ˆ^GK BC ‰i ev Zvi ewaÆZvsGki (wPò-2) Dci
Z AM jÁ¼ Uvwb|
avc-1. ADM-‰, AMD = 90 ‰es
AwZfzR AD.
AD 2
= AM2 + DM2 ... ... (i) [wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å]
[ YZ = YX] avc-2. ABM- ‰ AMB = 90
[ DF  YZ] ‰es AwZfzR AB.
2
BA = AM2 + BM2 [wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å]
= AM2 + (BD + DM)2
[ BM = BD + DM]
= AM2 + BD2 + DM2 + 2BD.DM
= (AM2 + DM2) + BD2 + 2BD.DM [(i) bs nGZ AD =
2

avc-2. DFZ mgGKvYx wòfzGR DZ AwZfzR nIqvq = AD2 + BD2 + 2BD.DM AM2 + DM2]
[wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å] 2 2 2
BA = AD + BD + 2BD.DM ... (ii)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 83
avc-3. ACM ‰ AMC = 90 myZivs (iv) bs mgxKiY ˆ^GK cvB,
‰es AwZfzR AC. 3 (AB2 + BC2 + AC2) = 9 AP2 + 9BP2 + 9CP2
AC2 = AM2 + CM2 [wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å] ev, 3 (AB2 + BC2 + AC2) = 9 (PA2 + PB2 + PC2)
AC2 = AM2 + (CD – DM)2  AB2 + BC2 + AC2 = 3 (PA2 + PB2 + PC2) (cÉgvwYZ)
[‹ 1bs wPGò CM = CD –
AC2 = AM2 + CD2 + DM2 – 2CD.DM
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
= (AM + DM ) + BD – 2BD.DM DM ‰es 2 bs wPGò CM
2 2 2

= AD2 + BD2 – 2BD.DM = DM – CD] K QOR-‰


AC = AD2 + BD2 – 2BD.DM ... ... (iii) [AD, BC evüi gaÅgv 
2
QOR + OQR + ORQ = 180
CD = BD] 1 1
ev, 120 + 2 Q + 2 R = 180
[ (i) bs ˆ^GK AD2 =
1
AM2 + DM2] ev, 2 (Q + R) = 60
avc-4. (ii) I (iii) bs ˆhvM KGi cvB,  Q + R = 120
BA2 + AC2 = AD2 + BD2 + 2BD.DM +
PQR-‰
AD2 + BD2 – 2BD.DM
PQR + PRQ + QPR = 180
= 2AD2 + 2BD2
= 2(AD2 + BD2) ev, Q + R + QPR = 180
 BA + AC2 = 2(BD2 + AD2). (cÉgvwYZ)
2 ev, 120 + QPR = 180
 QPR = 60 (Ans.)
M weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, ABC ‰i AD, BE I CF gaÅgvòq

L

ciÕ·i P we±`yGZ wgwjZ nGqGQ| A
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh,
AB2 + BC2 + AC2 = 3 (PA2 + PB2 + PC2)
A

F E
P
B P C
D
B
D C weGkl wbeÆPb: ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABC-‰i gaÅgv AD| cÉgvY
cÉgvY: ABC ‰i AD, BE I CF wZbwU gaÅgv| KiGZ nGe ˆh, AB2 + AC2 = 2 (BD2 + AD2)
‰ÅvGcvGjvwbqvGmi Dccv`Å AbymvGi Aâb: A we±`y ˆ^GK BC-‰i Ici AP jÁ¼ Uvwb|
AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2) ….......…. (i) cÉgvY: mgGKvYx ADP-‰, APD = 90° ‰es AwZfzR AD.
AB2 + BC2 = 2(BE2 + CE2) …........…. (ii)  wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å AbymvGi,
‰es BC2 + AC2 = 2(CF2 + BF2) ……......... (iii) AD2 = AP2 + DP2 ... ... ... (i)
‰Lb, mgxKiY (i), (ii) I (iii) ˆhvM KGi cvB, Avevi, mgGKvYx ABP- ‰, APB = 90° ‰es AwZfzR AB.
2AB2 + 2BC2 + 2AC2 = 2AD2 + 2BD2 + 2BE2 + 2CE2 +  AB2 = AP2 + BP2
2CF2 + 2BF2 = AP2 + (BD + DP)2 [ BP = BD + DP ]
ev, 2(AB2 + BC2 + AC2) = 2(AD2 + BE2 + CF2) + 2(BD2 = AP2 + BD2 + DP2 + 2BD· DP
+ CE2 + BF2) = (AP2 + DP2) + BD2 + 2BD·DP
ev, 4(AB2 + BC2 + AC2) = 4(AD2 + BE2 + CF2) + 4(BD2 = AD2 + BD2 + 2BD·DP
[(i) bs ˆ^GK, AD2 = AP2 + DP2 ]
+ CE2 + BF2) [ Dfq cÞGK 2 «¼viv àY KGi ] 2 2 2
 AB = AD + BD + 2BD·DP ... ... ... (ii)
ev, 4(AB + BC + AC ) = 4 (AD + BE2 + CF2) + (2BD)2
2 2 2 2
mgGKvYx ACP-‰, APC = 90° ‰es AwZfzR AC.
+ (2CE)2 + (2BF)2
 wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å AbymvGi,
ev, 4(AB2 + BC2 + AC2) = 4 (AD2 + BE2 + CF2) + BC2 + AC2 = AP2 + CP2
AC2 + AB2
ev, AC2 = AP2 + (CD – DP)2 [ CP = CD – DP]
[D, E, F h^vKÌGg BC, AC I AB evüi gaÅ we±`y eGj, 2BD =  AC2 = AP2 + CD2 + DP2 – 2CD·DP
BC, 2CE = AC, 2BF = AB]
= (AP2 + DP2) + BD2 – 2BD·DP [ AD, BC evüi
ev, 3 (AB2 + BC2 + AC2) = 4 (AD2 + BE2 + CF2) … ...
(iv)
gaÅgv  CD = BD]
= AD2 + BD2 – 2BD·DP
 3(AB2 + BC2 + AC2) = 4AD2 + 4BE2 + 4CF2
[ (i) bs ˆ^GK AD2 = AP2 + DP2]
Avgiv Rvwb, wòfzGRi gaÅgvàGjv mgcvZ we±`yGZ 2 : 1 2 2 2
 AC = AD + BD – 2BD·DP ... ... ... (iii)
AbycvGZ wefÚ nq| (ii) bs I (iii) bs ˆhvM KGi cvB,
AP 2 PD 1 PD + AP 1 + 2 AB2 + AC2 = AD2 + BD2 + 2BD·DP + AD2 + BD2 –
 = ev, = ev, = [ˆhvRb KGi]
PD 1 AP 2 AP 2 2BD·DP
AD 3 = 2AD2 + 2BD2
ev, AP = 2 ev, 2AD = 3AP ev, 4AD2 = 9AP2 [ eMÆ KGi ]
= 2 (AD2 + BD2)
Abyi…Gc, 4BE = 9BP ‰es 4CF = 9 CP
2 2 2 2
 AB2 + AC2 = 2 (AD2 + BD2) (cÉgvwYZ)
84 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
M
 cÉgvY :
A
avc-1: PQT + QPT = 1 mgGKvY
Avevi, PQR + PRQ = 1 mgGKvY
ev, PQT + PRQ = 1 mgGKvY
B C  QPT = PRQ
D

ABC-‰,
Z`Ëc
‚ TPR = PQR
AB = BC = CA avc-2: QPT I QPR mgGKvYx wòfzR«¼Gq, QPT = PRQ
‰es AD gaÅgv QTP = QPR = 1 mgGKvY
1  QPT I QPR m`†kGKvYx
 BD = CD = 2 BC.
Abi…cfvGe, PRT I QPR m`†kGKvYx
ABD I ADC ‰,
AB = AC avc-3: QPT I QPR m`†kGKvYx eGj
AD mvaviY evü QP QT
=  QR . QT = QP2 ... ... ... (i)
QR QP
‰es ABC = ACD [mgvb mgvb evüi wecixZ ˆKvY mgvb]
Avevi, PRT I QPR m`†kGKvYx eGj,
ABD  ADC.
PR RT
ADB = ADC =  QR . RT = PR2 ... ... ... (ii)
QR PR
wK¯§ ADB I ADC ŠiwLK hyMj ˆKvY
avc-4: (i) I (ii) bs ˆhvM KGi, QR.QT + QR.RT = QP2 + PR2
 AD  BC
ev, QR(QT + RT) = QP2 + PR2 ev, QR . QR = QP2 + PR2
ABD ‰,
 QR2 = PQ2 + PR2 (cÉgvwYZ)
AB2 = AD2 + BD2
M
ev, AB2 = AD2 + 2 BC (1 )2 [‹ BD = 12 BC] R
1
ev, AB2 = AD2 + AB2 [ BC = AB]
4
3
ev, AD2 = AB2
4 S
3
 AD = AB
2
1
 ABC ‰i ˆÞòdj = 2  BC  AD
P Q
1 3
=
2
 AB 
2
AB PQR ‰i P = ‰K mgGKvY ‰es S, PR ‰i DciÕ© ‰KwU
3 we±`y| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, QR2 + PS2 = QS2 + PR2
= AB2 (cÉgvwYZ)
4 cÉgvY:
7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb PQR mgGKvYx wòfzR hvi AwZfzR QR

K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, PQ = 10 cm
  QR2 = PR2 + PQ2 ...................... (i)

‰es PR = 12 cm. Avevi, PQS mgGKvYx wòfzR hvi AwZfzR QS

1 1  QS2 = PQ2 + PS2
 PQR ‰i ˆÞòdj =  PQ  PR =
2 ( 2 )
 10  12
2
cm2
ev, PS2 = QS2  PQ2 ................ (ii)
= 60 cm (Ans.) (i) I (ii) bs ˆhvM KGi cvB,
L weGkl wbeÆPb: ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 QPR ‰i P = ‰K mgGKvY| QR2 + PS2 = PR2 + PQ2 + QS2  PQ2
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, QR2 = QP2 + PR2  QR2 + PS2 = QS2 + PR2 (cÉgvwYZ)
P
8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K
 C
1
Q R ABC ˆÞòdj =  AB  AC
T 2 4

1
Aâb: PT  QR AuvwK, hv QR ˆK = 43 A
2 3 B
T we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
=6 eMÆ ‰KK (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 85
L
 weGkl wbeÆPb: ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ABD ‰i D = ‰K mgGKvY|
A
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, AB2 = AD2 + BD2
Aâb: DE  AB AuvwK, hv AB ˆK E we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
cÉgvY :
avc-1: DAE + ADE = 1 mgGKvY
B D E C Avevi, DAB + DBA = 1 mgGKvY
weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, ABC-‰i gaÅgv AD. cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ev, DAE + DBA = 1 mgGKvY
 ADE = DBA
ˆh, -ˆÞò ABD = -ˆÞò ACD.
Z`Ëc
‚ EDB = DAB
Aâb: A ˆ^GK BC ‰i Dci AE jÁ¼ AuvwK| ZvnGj AE, ABC-
avc-2: ADE I ADB mgGKvYx wòfzR«¼Gq, ADE = DBA
‰i DœPZv|
AED = ADB = 1 mgGKvY
cÉgvY:
 ADE I ADB m`†kGKvYx
1
avc-1. ABD = 2  BD  AE ... ... (i) Abi…cfvGe, BDE I ADB m`†kGKvYx
1 avc-3: ADE I ADB m`†kGKvYx eGj
[wòfzGRi ˆÞòdj = 2  f„wg  DœPZv] AD AE
=  AB . AE = AD2 ... ... ... (i)
1 1 AB AD
avc-2. ACD = 2 CD  AE = 2 BD  AE ... ... (ii) [‹ CD = BD] Avevi, BDE I ADB m`†kGKvYx eGj,
avc-3. -ˆÞò ABD = -ˆÞò ACD. (cÉgvwYZ) [(i) I (ii) bs ˆ^GK] BD BE
=  AB . BE = BD2 ... ... ... (ii)
AB BD
M weGkl wbeÆPb: ABC-‰i A = ‰K
 B avc-4: (i) I (ii) bs ˆhvM KGi,
mgGKvY ‰es D, AC ‰i DciÕ© AB.AE + AB.BE = AD2 + BD2
‰KwU we±`y| B, D ˆhvM Kwi| ev, AB(AE + BE) = AD2 + BD2
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, ev, AB . AB = AD2 + BD2
C
BC2 + AD2 = BD2 + AC2. A D  AB2 = AD2 + BD2 (cÉgvwYZ)
cÉgvY: M weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, ABC wòfzGR C Õ©ƒjGKvY| AD,

avc-1. ABC mgGKvYx hvi AwZfzR BC BC ‰i ewaÆZvsGki Ici jÁ¼ A^Ævr ADB = 90°| cÉgvY
 BC2 = AB2 + AC2 ... ... (i) [wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å] KiGZ nGe ˆh, AB2 = AC2 + BC2 + 2BC.CD
avc-2. ABD mgGKvYx hvi AwZfzR BD A
 BD2 = AB2 + AD2 [wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å]
ev, AD2 = BD2 – AB2 ... ... (ii)
avc-3. (i) bs I (ii) bs ˆhvM KGi cvB,
 BC2 + AD2 = AB2 + AC2 + BD2 – AB2 D
C B
ev, BC2 + AD2 = AC2 + BD2
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv
 BC2 + AD2 = BD2 + AC2 (cÉgvwYZ)
avc-1. ACD ‰ ADC = ‰K mgGKvY
9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ‰es AwZfzR = AC.
K
 myZivs, AC2 = AD2 + CD2 ... ... ... (i) [wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å]
avc-2. ABD ‰ ADB = ‰K mgGKvY ‰es AwZfzR = AB.
D C
myZivs, AB2 = AD2 + BD2 [wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å]
= AD2 + (BC + CD)2 [ BD = BC + CD ]
= AD2 + BC2 + 2BC.CD + CD2
A B E = AD2 + CD2 + BC2 + 2BC.CD
‰LvGb ADE B nGœQ AwâZ wòfzR| hv «¼viv mxgve«¬ = AC2 + BC2 + 2BC.CD [(i) bs ˆ^GK]
ˆÞGòi ˆÞòdj ABCD PZzfzÆRGÞGòi ˆÞòdGji mgvb| myZivs AB = AC + BC + 2BC.CD. (ˆ`LvGbv nGjv)
2 2 2

10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
L

D K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
 P
PR = 13 ˆm.wg., RQ = 12 ˆm.wg.
 PR2 = PQ2 + QR2
 PQ = PR2  QR2
= 132  122 Q R
A B
E = 5 ˆm.wg. (Ans.)
86 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
L weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, PRQ
 (3) Avevi, mgGKvYx DEG-‰ DGE = 90°
H
mgGKvYx wòfzGRi PQR ‰es AwZfzR = DE.
G
mgGKvY ‰es PR AwZfzR| Q K
(4) wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å AbymvGi,
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, DE2 = DG2 + EG2
F
PR = RQ + PQ |
2 2 2 ev, DG2 = DE2 – EG2
R ev, 4DG2 = 4DE2 – 4EG2 [ DfqcÞGK 4 «¼viv àY KGi ]
Aâb: PR, PQ ‰es RQ evüi P P
Dci h^vKÌGg PRED, PQGF ev, 4DG2 = 4DE2 – (2EG)2
‰es RQHK eMÆGÞò Aâb ev, 4DG2 = 4DE2 – EF2 [ EF = 2EG ]
D E ev, 2 2 2
Kwi| Q we±`y w`Gq PD ev RE Q 4DG = 4DE – DE [ DE = EF]
ˆiLvi mgv¯¦ivj QQ ˆiLv AuvwK|  4DG 2
= 3DE 2
. (cÉ g vwYZ)
gGb Kwi, Zv PR ˆK P we±`yGZ 11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
‰es DE ˆK Q we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi|
K

Q I D ‰es R I F ˆhvM Kwi| A
cÉgvY:
avc 1: QPD I RPF ˆZ QP = PF, PD = PR ‰es A¯¦fzÆÚ
QPD = QPR + RPD = QPR + QPF = A¯¦fzÆÚ
RPF [RPD = QPF = 1 mgGKvY]
AZ‰e, QPD  RPF
avc 2: QPD ‰es AvqZGÞò PDQP ‰KB f„wg PD ‰i 90
Dci ‰es PD I QQ mgv¯¦ivj ˆiLv«¼Gqi gGaÅ AewÕ©Z| B C

myZivs AvqZGÞò PDQP = 2 QPD cÉ`î Dcvî Abyhvqx ABC AvuKv nGjv hvi B = ‰K
avc 3: RPF ‰es eMÆGÞò PQGF ‰KB f„wg PF ‰i Ici mgGKvY|
‰es PF I RG mgv¯¦ivj ˆiLv«¼Gqi gGaÅ AewÕ©Z| L

myZivs eMÆGÞò PQGF = 2 FPR = 2 QPD H
avc 4: AvqZGÞò PDQP = eMÆGÞò PQGF G
avc 5: Abyi…cfvGe Q, E I P, K ˆhvM KGi cÉgvY Kiv hvq B K
ˆh, AvqZGÞò REQP = eMÆGÞò RQHK F
avc 6: AvqZGÞò (PDQP + REQP) = eMÆGÞò PQGF + C
A P
eMÆGÞò RQHK
ev, eMÆGÞò PRED = eMÆGÞò PQGF + eMÆGÞò RQHK
A^Ævr, PR2 = RQ2 + PQ2 (cÉgvwYZ) D E
Q
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, DEF mgevü A^Ævr DE = EF = FD

‰es DG  EF weGkl wbeÆPb: gGb Kwi, ACB mgGKvYx wòfzGRi ABC
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, 4DG = 3DE
2 2 mgGKvY ‰es AC AwZfzR| cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, AC2 = CB2
D + AB2|
Aâb: AC, AB ‰es CB evüi Dci h^vKÌGg ACED,
ABGF ‰es CBHK eMÆGÞò Aâb Kwi| B we±`y w`Gq AD
ev CE ˆiLvi mgv¯¦ivj BQ ˆiLv AuvwK| gGb Kwi, Zv AC ˆK
P we±`yGZ ‰es DE ˆK Q we±`yGZ ˆQ` KGi| B I D ‰es C
E G F
I F ˆhvM Kwi|
cÉgvY:
cÉgvY: avc h^v^ÆZv
avc 1: BAD I CAF ˆZ BA = AF, AD = AC ‰es
(1) DG  EF [ˆ`Iqv AvGQ]
 DGE = DGF = 90°. A¯¦fzÆÚ BAD = BAC + CAD = BAC +
(2) ‰Lb, mgGKvYx DEG ‰es mgGKvYx DFG-‰ BAF = A¯¦fzÆÚ CAF [CAD = BAF = 1
AwZfzR DE = AwZfzR DF [ DEF mgevü wòfzR] mgGKvY]
‰es DG = DG [ mvaviY evü ] AZ‰e, BAD  CAF
 DEG  DFG avc 2: BAD ‰es AvqZGÞò ADQP ‰KB f„wg AD ‰i
[ mgGKvYx wòfzR«¼Gqi AwZfyR ‰es Aci ‰KwU evü mgvb] Dci ‰es AD I BQ mgv¯¦ivj ˆiLv«¼Gqi gGaÅ
myZivs, EG = FG AewÕ©Z|
 EF = 2EG myZivs AvqZGÞò ADQP = 2 BAD
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 87
avc 3: CAF ‰es eMÆGÞò ABGF ‰KB f„wg AF ‰i Ici cÉgvY : avc h^v^ÆZv
‰es AF I CG mgv¯¦ivj ˆiLv«¼Gqi gGaÅ AewÕ©Z| (1) BAC- ‰i, B = 90° [ˆ`Iqv AvGQ]
myZivs eMÆGÞò ABGF = 2 FAC = 2 BAD ‰es A = C = 45° [ BC = BA]
avc 4: AvqZGÞò ADQP = eMÆGÞò ABGF ‰Lb, PDC-‰i, D = 90° [ PD  BC]
avc 5: Abyi…cfvGe B, E I A, K ˆhvM KGi cÉgvY Kiv hvq myZivs,  DPC = DCP = 45°
ˆh, AvqZGÞò CEQP = eMÆGÞò CBHK  CD = PD
avc 6: AvqZGÞò (ADQP + CEQP) = eMÆGÞò ABGF Abyi…cfvGe cÉgvY Kiv hvq, PAE mgGKvYx wòfzGR, PE = AE
+ eMÆGÞò CBHK (2) PDC mgGKvYx wòfzGR PC
ev, eMÆGÞò ACED = eMÆGÞò ABGF + eMÆGÞò CBHK AwZfzR nIqvq [wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å]
2 2 2
A^Ævr, AC = CB + AB (cÉgvwYZ)
2 2 2 PC = PD + CD
2 2
= PD + PD [ PD = CD]
M
  PC2 = 2PD2 ... ... ... (i)
A
(3) PAE mgGKvYx wòfzGR PA
E P AwZfzR nIqvq, [wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å]
PA2 = AE2 + PE2
= PE2 + PE2 [ AE = PE]
 PA2 = 2PE2 ... ... ... (ii)
B D C (4) (i) ‰es (ii) bs ˆhvM KGi cvB,
PC2 + PA2 = 2PD2 + 2PE2
= 2(PD2 + PE2)
gGb Kwi, mgw«¼evü mgGKvYx BAC-‰i BA = BC ‰es
Avevi, BDPE ‰KwU AvqZ| [E = B = D = ‰K mgGKvY]
AwZfzR AC| P, AC ‰i Ici ˆhGKvGbv we±`y| P, B ˆhvM
 PE = BD [ AvqZGÞGòi wecixZ evü«¼q ciÕ·i mgvb]
Kwi|
 PC2 + PA2 = 2(PD2 + BD2) ... ... ... (iii)
cÉgvY KiGZ nGe ˆh, PA2 + PC2 = 2PB2.
(5) BDP mgGKvYx wòfzGR PB AwZfzR nIqvq,
Aâb: P we±`y ˆ^GK BA ‰es BC evüi Ici h^vKÌGg PE
PB2 = PD2 + BD2 [wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å]
‰es PD jÁ¼ Uvwb|
(6) (iii) bs nGZ cvB, PC2 + PA2 = 2PB2
 PA2 + PC2 = 2PB2 (cÉgvwYZ)
88 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ

ˆlvok AaÅvq
cwiwgwZ
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, gvGVi Š`NÆÅ = 80 wgUvi
 K

‰es cÉÕ© = 48 wgUvi
 gvGVi cwimxgv = 2(Š`NÆÅ + cÉÕ©)
5wg.
= 2(80 + 48) wgUvi
= 2  128 wgUvi 300 wg.

= 256 wgUvi (Ans.)

L Š`NÆÅ eivei ivÕ¦vi ˆÞòdj = 80  2 eMÆwgUvi

= 160 eMÆwgUvi
‰LvGb, evMvGbi eÅvm = 300 wg.
cÉÕ© eivei `ywU ivÕ¦vi ˆÞòdj = 2  48  2 eMÆwgUvi 300
 evMvGbi eÅvmvaÆ, r = 2 wg. = 150 wg. (Ans.)
= 192 eMÆwgUvi
wK¯§ cÉÕ© eivei wnGme Kivi mgq gvGS 2  2 = 4 eMÆwgUvi L ‘K’ ˆ^GK cvB,

e†îvKvi evMvGbi eÅvmvaÆ, r = 150 wg.
Ask `yBevi AwZwiÚ aiv nGqGQ| ‰B Ask `ywU Š`NÆÅ eivei
 e†îvKvi evMvGbi ˆÞòdj = r2 eMÆ ‰KK
wnGme Kivi mgq BwZgGaÅ aiv nGq ˆMGQ| = 3.1416  (150)2 eMÆ wg.
 ivÕ¦vi ˆgvU ˆÞòdj = (160 + 192 – 2  4) eMÆwgUvi = 3.1416  22500 eMÆ wg.
= 344 eMÆwgUvi (Ans.) = 70686 eMÆ wg. (Ans.)
weK͸ mgvavb: ‰LvGb, e†îvKvi evMvGbi evBGi ‰KwU ivÕ¦v AvGQ hvi PIov = 5 wgUvi|
 ivÕ¦vmn e†îvKvi evMvGbi eÅvmvaÆ, R = (150 + 5) wg. = 155 wg.
2 wg. 2 wg. C  ivÕ¦vmn e†îvKvi evMvGbi ˆÞòdj = R2 eMÆ wg.
D
= 3.1416  (155)2 eMÆ wg.
2 wg. 48 wgUvi
= 3.1416  24025 eMÆ wg.
= 75476.94 eMÆ wg.
A myZivs ivÕ¦vi ˆÞòdj
80 wgUvi B
= ivÕ¦vmn evMvGbi ˆÞòdj @ evMvGbi ˆÞòdj
= (75476.94 – 70686) eMÆ wg.
= 4790.94 eMÆ wg. (Ans.)
ivÕ¦vevG` ˆÞòwUi Š`NÆÅ = (80 – 2  2) wgUvi M ‘L’ ˆ^GK cvB,

= 76 wgUvi ivÕ¦vi ˆÞòdj = 4790.94 eMÆwgUvi
ivÕ¦vevG` ˆÞòwUi cÉÕ© = (48 – 2) wgUvi ‰LvGb,
cÉwZ eMÆ wg. ivÕ¦v euvavB KiGZ LiP nq 120 UvKv
= 46 wgUvi
 4790.94 cÉwZ eMÆ wg. ivÕ¦v euvavB KiGZ LiP nq
 ivÕ¦vevG` ˆÞòwUi ˆÞòdj = 76  46 eMÆwgUvi (4790.94  120) UvKv
= 3496 eMÆwgUvi = 574912.8 UvKv (Ans.)
Avevi, ABCD ˆÞGòi ˆÞòdj = 80  48 eMÆwgUvi cÉkv² bymvGi,
= 3840 eMÆwgUvi eMÆvKvi gvGVi ˆÞòdj = ivÕ¦vi ˆÞòdj = 4790.94 eMÆ wg.
 eMÆvKvi gvGVi evüi Š`NÆÅ = 4790.94 wg. = 69.22 wg.
 ivÕ¦vi ˆÞòdj = (3840 – 3496) eMÆwgUvi
eMÆvKvi gvGVi cwimxgv = (4  69.22) wg. = 276.88 wgUvi
= 344 eMÆwgUvi (Ans.)
‰LvGb,
M ‘L’ nGZ ivÕ¦v evG` gvGVi ˆÞòdj = 3496 eÆMÆwgUvi
 cÉwZ wgUvi ˆeov w`GZ LiP nq 7.50 UvKv
cÉwZeMÆwgUvi 45 UvKv wnGmGe 3496 eMÆwgUvi AsGk Nvm  276.88 wgUvi ˆeov w`GZ LiP nq (276.88  7.50) UvKv
= 2076.6 UvKv (Ans.)
jvMvGZ LiP nGe (3496  45) UvKv = 157320 UvKv (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 89
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 1
ˆÞò AOC = 2  AC  OE
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, mgevü wòfzGRi ‰K evüi Š`NÆÅ, a = 2 ˆm. wg.
 1
=  a  8 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
Avgiv Rvwb, 2
3 3
mgevü wòfzGRi ˆÞòdj = 4 a2 eMÆ ˆm. wg. ˆÞò ABC = 4 a2 eMÆ ˆm.wg.

3 ‰Lb, ˆÞò ABC = ˆÞò AOB + ˆÞò BOC + ˆÞò AOC

=  22 eMÆ ˆm. wg. 3 1 1 1
4 ev, 4 a2 = 2  a  7 + 2  a  6 + 2  a  8
eMÆ ˆm. wg.
= 3
3 a
eMÆ ˆm. wg. (Ans.)
= 1.73 ev, 4 a2 = 2 (7 + 6 + 8)
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, mgevü wòfzRwUi evüi Š`NÆÅ, a ‰KK
 3 2
ev, 2 a = 7 + 6 + 8 [DfqcÞGK a «¼viv àY KGi]
 wòfzRwUi cwimxgv = 3a ‰KK
Avevi, r ˆm. wg. eÅvmvaÆ wewkÓ¡ e†Gîi cwiwa = 2r ‰KK 21  2 42 42 3
ev, a = = =
3
= 14 3
3 3
kZÆgGZ, 2r = 3a
 a = 24.2487 (Ans.)
3a
r=
2
‰KK 4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
 e†îwUi ˆÞòdj = r eMƉKK 2 K awi, AvqZGÞGòi cÉÕ© x wg.

3a 2  AvqZGÞGòi Š`NÆÅ = 3x wg.
= 
2 eMƉKK  AvqZGÞGòi cwimxgv = 2 (Š`NÆÅ + cÉÕ©)
9a2 = 2(3x + x)
=
42
eMƉKK
= 2  4x
9a2 = 8x wgUvi (Ans.)
=
4
eMƉKK
L awi, AvqZGÞGòi Š`NÆÅ I cÉÕ© h^vKÌGg x wg. I y wg.

‰es mgevü wòfzGRi ˆÞòdj =
3 2
a eMƉKK cÉkg² GZ, x = 3y ... ... ... (i)
4
‰es xy = 1200 ... ... ... (ii)
3 9a2
 ‰G`i ˆÞòdGji AbycvZ = 4 a2 : 4 ev, 3y.y = 1200 [(i) nGZ x ‰i gvb ewmGq]
ev, 3y2 = 1200
3a2 4 
=
4
 2=
9a 3 3 ev, y2 = 400
 y = 20
=  : 3 3 (Ans.)
(i) bs mgxKiY nGZ cvB, x = 3y = 3.20 = 60
M
 A
 AvqZGÞGòi Š`NÆÅ I cÉÕ© h^vKÌGg 60 wg. I 20 wg.
 AvqZGÞGòi cwimxgv = 2(x + y) = 2(60 + 20) = 160 wg.
awi, eMÆGÞGòi ‰Kevü a wg.
E
F 7 ZvnGj, eMÆGÞGòi cwimxgv, 4a = AvqZGÞGòi cwimxgv
O 8
ev, 4a = 160
6  a = 40
B
D
C  eMÆGÞòwUi ˆÞòdj = a2 = 4002 = 1600 eMÆ wgUvi| (Ans.)
M AvqZGÞòwUi Š`NÆÅ I cÉÕ© h^vKÌGg 60 wg. I 20 wg. ‰es

ˆÞòdj 1200 eMÆwg.|
gGb Kwi, ABC-‰
AB = BC = AC = a
AvqZGÞòwUi evBGi PZzw`ÆGK 1.5 wgUvi PIov ‰KwU ivÕ¦v AvGQ|
‰i Afů¦iÕ© O we±`y nGZ OF  AB, OD  BC,  ivÕ¦vmn AvqZGÞGòi Š`NÆÅ = (60 + 21.5) = 63 wg.

OE  AC AuvwK|
ivÕ¦vmn AvqZGÞGòi cÉÕ© = (20 + 2  1.5) = 23 wg.
myZivs OD = 6 ˆm. wg., OF = 7 ˆm. wg., OE = 8 ˆm. wg.  ivÕ¦vmn AvqZGÞGòi ˆÞòdj = (63  23) = 1449 eMÆ wg.
 ivÕ¦vi ˆÞòdj = (1449  1200) = 249 eMÆ wg.
O, A; O, B ‰es O, C ˆhvM Kwi|
1 cÉwZwU BGUi ZGji ˆÞòdj = (25  12.5) eMÆ ˆm.wg.
‰Lb ˆÞò AOB = 2  AB  OF 25  12.5
= eMÆ wg.
1 100  100
= a7 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
2 = 0.03125 eMÆ
wg.
1 249
ˆÞò BOC =  BC  OD  ivÕ¦vwU ŠZwi KiGZ cÉGqvRbxq BGUi msLÅv =
2 0.03125
1
=  a  6 eMÆ ˆm.wg. = 7968wU (Ans.)
2
90 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb  e†îwUi eÅvmvaÆ = 7 wgUvi
K awi, NbGKi avi a wgUvi
 ‰es e†îwUi eÅvm = (7  2) wgUvi = 14 wgUvi
cÉkg² GZ, 6a2 = 600 Avgiv Rvwb,
ev, a2 = 100 e†Gî A¯¦wjÆwLZ eGMÆi KGYÆi Š`NÆÅ e†îwUi eÅvGmi mgvb|
 a = 10 myZivs eMÆGÞòwUi KYÆ = 14 wgUvi
NbKwUi KGYÆi Š`NÆÅ = a 3 wgUvi
 awi, eGMÆi ‰K evüi Š`NÆÅ a ‰KK
= 10 3 wgUvi  eGMÆi KYÆ = 2a ‰KK
= 17.32 wgUvi (cÉvq) (Ans.) cÉkg² GZ, 2a = 14
L ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, NbeÕ§i Š`NÆÅ, cÉÕ© I DœPZvi AbycvZ
 14
16 : 15 : 12 ev, a =
2
‰es NbeÕ§wUi Š`NÆÅ 100 wgUvi| 14 2
awi, AvqZvKvi NbeÕ§wUi Š`NÆÅ, cÉÕ© I DœPZv h^vKÌGg 16x, ev, a = 2
15x I 12x wgUvi|  a = 7 2 wgUvi = 9.899 wgUvi (cÉvq)
cÉkg² GZ, 16x = 100  eMÆwUi evüi Š`NÆÅ = 9.899 wgUvi
100  eMÆwUi cwimxgv = 4  9.899 = 39.596 ˆm. wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.)
ev, x = 16
 x = 6.25 M e†îwUi eÅvmvaÆ r = 7 wgUvi
 [‘L’ ˆ^GK]
 NbeÕ§i cÉÕ©, 15x = 15  6.25 = 93.75 wgUvi  e†îwUi ˆÞòdj = r2 eMÆ ‰KK
‰es DœPZv, 12x = 12  6.25 = 75 wgUvi = (7)2 eMÆ wgUvi
 NbeÕ§wUi mgMÉZGji ˆÞòdj
= 49 eMÆ wgUvi
= 2(100  93.75 + 93.75  75 + 100  75) eMÆ wgUvi
Avevi, ˆhGnZz e†Gîi cwiwa = mgevü wòfzGRi cwimxgv
= 47812.5 eMÆwgUvi (Ans.)
 mgevü wòfzGRi cwimxgv = 2  7 wgUvi = 14 wgUvi
M ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, e†Gîi cwiwa 220 wgUvi

awi, e†Gîi eÅvmvaÆ = r ‰es ABCD eMÆGÞòwU H e†Gî A¯¦wjÆwLZ awi, mgevü wòfzGRi evüi Š`NÆÅ a
Avgiv Rvwb, A B  cwimxgv = 3a
e†Gîi cwiwa = 2r ‰KK  3a = 14
cÉkg² GZ, 2r = 220 O 14
a=
220 3
ev, r=
2
= 35.014 wgUvi (cÉvq) D C
Avgiv Rvwb,
 e†Gîi eÅvm, AC = 2r = 2  35.014 = 70.028 wgUvi
3
‰Lb, ABCD eˆMÆi KYÆ, AC = d ‰es evüi Š`NÆÅ mgevü wòfzGRi ˆÞòdj = 4 a2 eMÆ ‰KK
a nˆj, d = 2a
3 142
d 70.028 =
4  3 
eMÆ ‰KK
a= = = 49.52 wgUvi (cÉvq)
2 2
3 1962
 eMÆwUi ˆÞòdj = a2 eMÆ ‰KK =
4

9
eMÆ ‰KK
= (49.52)2 eMÆwgUvi
492
= 2452.23 eMÆwgUvi (cÉvq) (Ans.) = eMÆ ‰KK
3 3
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb  e†î I mgevü wòfzGRi ˆÞòdGji AbycvZ,
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, mgevü wòfzGRi cwimxgv = 12 ˆm.wg.
 492
12 = 49 :
mgevü wòfzRwUi cÉwZ evüi Š`NÆÅ = 3 = 4 ˆm. wg. 3 3
= 3 3 :  (Ans.)
3
ˆÞòdj = 4  42 = 4 3 eMÆ ˆm. wg. (Ans.)
 7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
L awi, e†îwUi eÅvmvaÆ = r [Mvwoi PvKv ˆh e†î wbG`Æk KGi]
 K e†Gîi eÅvm = 14 ˆm.wg.

 e†îwUi cwiwa = 2r  e†Gîi
14
eÅvmvaÆ, r = 2 ˆm.wg. = 7 ˆm.wg.
kZÆgGZ, 2r = 44
44 22  e†Gîi ˆÞòdj = r2 = 3.1416  72 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
ev, r = 2    r = 7 [hLb  = 7 ]
= 153.94 eMÆ ˆm.wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 91
L
 A 30 ˆm. wg. = 45(45  30) (45  28) (45  32) eMÆ ˆm. wg.
D
= 45  15  17  13 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
= 386.23 eMÆ ˆm.wg. (cÉvq)
O
E
‰LvGb,
B F C mvgv¯¦wiK ABCD ‰i ˆÞòdj = 2  ABD ‰i ˆÞòdj
 mvgv¯¦wiKwUi ˆÞòdj = 2  ABD ‰i ˆÞòdj
gGb Kwi, ABCD mvgv¯¦wiGKi BD I AC KYÆ«¼q ciÕ·iGK
= 2  386.23 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
O we±`yGZ mgw«¼LwíZ KGiGQ| BD > AC|
= 772.46 eMÆ ˆm.wg. (cÉvq)
wPGò, BC = 30 ˆm.wg., AC = 32 ˆm.wg. ‰es AB = 28 ˆm.wg.
 mylg lofzGRi ˆÞòdj 772.46 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
 ABC ‰i AaÆcwimxgv,
30 + 32 + 28 90 ‰Lb, mylg lofzGRi evüi Š`NÆÅ a nGj,
S=
2
=
2
= 45 ˆm.wg. 3 3 3
ˆÞòdj = 6  4 a2 eMÆ ‰KK = 2 a2 eMÆ ‰KK
  ˆÞò ABC ‰i ˆÞòdj = s(s  a) (s  b) (s  c) eMÆ ‰KK
= eMÆ ˆm.wg.
45(45  30) (45  32) (45  28) 3 3 2
 a = 772.46
2
= 45  15  13  17 eMÆ ˆm.wg. = 149175 eMÆ ˆm.wg. 772.46  2
= 386.23 eMÆ ˆm.wg. ev, a2 =
3 3
AF  BC ‰es DE  ewaÆZ BC AuvwK| ev, a2 = 297.32
‰Lb ABF I DCE ‰  a = 17.243 ˆm.wg. (cÉvq)
ABF = DCE [Abyi…c ˆKvY]  mylg lofzGRi evüi Š`NÆÅ 17.243 ˆm.wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.)
BFA = CED = 1 mgGKvY 8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
‰es AB = DC [mvgv¯¦wiGKi wecixZ evü] K gGb Kwi, ‰KwU mgw«¼evü wòfzGRi f„wg, b = 60 ˆm.wg.

 ABF  CDE
‰es mgvb mgvb evüi Š`NÆÅ a = 50 ˆm.wg.
 AF = DE ‰es BF = CE
1 1  mgw«¼evü wòfzRwUi ˆÞòdj = b 4a2  b2 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
Avevi,  ˆÞò ABC = 2  BC  AF = 2  30  AF eMÆ ˆm.wg. 4
60
= 4  502  602
= 15 AF eMÆ ˆm.wg. 4
 15 AF = 386.23 = 15 4  2500  3600
386.23
ev, AF =
15
= 25.75 ˆm.wg. = 15 10000  3600
= 15 6400
 DE = 25.75 ˆm.wg.
= 15  80
 wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å AbymvGi, AB2 = AF2 + BF2 = 1200 eMÆ ˆm.wg. (Ans.)
ev, BF2 = AB2  AF2 = 282  (25.75)2 C
L
 D
= 120.94
 BF = 11 ˆm.wg.
(cÉvq)
 CE = 11 ˆm.wg. (cÉvq) ˆm.wg.
26 ˆm.wg. O 28
 BE = BC + CE = (30 + 11) = 41 ˆm.wg.
‰Lb, mgGKvYx BDE ‰,
BD2 = BE2 + DE2 = (41)2 + (25.75)2 A F B E
= 1681+ 663.06 = 2344.06 30 ˆm.wg.
 BD = 48.42 ˆm.wg. (cÉvq)
 Aci KGYÆi ˆ`NÆÅ 48.42 ˆm.wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.) gGb Kwi, ABCD mvgv¯¦wiGKi AC I BD KYÆ«¼q ciÕ·iGK
M gGb Kwi, ABCD
 D C O we±`yGZ mgw«¼Lw´£Z KGiGQ| AC > BD
mvgv¯¦wiGKi AB = 30 ˆm.wg. wPGò, AB = 30 ˆm.wg., BD = 28 ˆm.wg. ‰es AD = 26 ˆm.wg.
AD = 28 ˆm.wg. 30 + 28 + 26
A B  ABD ‰i AaÆ cwimxgv, s = 2
ˆm.wg.
‰es KYÆ, BD = 32 ˆm.wg.
84
ABD ‰i AaÆcwimxgv, s =
30 + 28 + 32
ˆm.wg. =
2
ˆm.wg. = 42 ˆm.wg.
2
= 45 ˆm.wg.  ˆÞò ABD ‰i ˆÞòdj
 ABD ‰i ˆÞòdj = s(s  a) (s  b) (s  c) eMÆ ‰KK
= s.(s  AB) (s  AD) (s  BD) = 42(42  30) (42  28) (42  26) eMÆ ˆm.wg.
92 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
= eMÆ ˆm.wg.
42  12  14  16  x=1 A^ev, x = 3 = 7.67 (cÉvq)
23
= 112896 eMÆ ˆm.wg. = 336 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
wK¯§ evÝwUi KvGVi cyi‚Z½ Zvi evBGii wZbwU cwigvGci
DF  AB ‰es CE  ewaÆZ AB AuvwK|
ˆKvbwUi ˆPGqB eo nGZ cvGi bv|  x  7.67
‰Lb ADF I BCE ‰
 evÝwUi KvGVi cyi‚Z½ 1 ˆm.wg.| (Ans.)
DAF = CBE [Abyi…c ˆKvY]
9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
AFD = BEC = 1 mgGKvY
‰es AD = CB [mvgv¯¦wiGKi wecixZ evü] K mylg eüfzGRi `yBwU ŠewkÓ¡Å wbÁ²i…c:

 ADF  BCE (i) n msLÅK evüwewkÓ¡ mylg eüfzGRi ˆK±`Ê I kxlÆwe±`yàGjv
 DF = CE ‰es AF = BE ˆhvM KiGj n msLÅK mgw«¼evü wòfzR Drc®² nq|
1 (ii) n msLÅK evü wewkÓ¡ mylg eüfzGRi cÉwZwU kxlÆ ˆKvGYi
Avevi,  ˆÞò ABD = 2  AB  DF
(n  2)  180
1 gvb n
|
=  30  DF
2 L
 E
= 15 DF
F D
cÉkg² GZ, 15DF = 336
336
ev, DF = 15 ˆm.wg. = 22.4 ˆm.wg. a

 DF = CE = 22.4 ˆm.wg. G a
C
ADF mgGKvYx wòfzGR AwZfzR AD = 26 ˆm.wg., O

jÁ¼ DF = 22.4 ˆm.wg.

 wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å AbymvGi, AD2 = DF2 + AF2 H B
ev, AF2 = AD2  DF2 A
= (26)2  (22.4)2
= 676  501.76
= 174.24
gGb Kwi, ABCDEFGH ‰KwU mylg AÓ¡fzR| ‰i ˆK±`Ê O
 AF = 174.24 ˆm.wg. = 13.2 ˆm.wg.
ˆ^GK kxlÆ we±`yàGjv ˆhvM Kiv nGjv| dGj 8wU mgvb ˆÞòdj
 AF = BE = 13.2 ˆm.wg.
 AE = AB + BE
wewkÓ¡ wòfzR Drc®² nq ‰es ˆKG±`Ê Drc®² ˆKvY 360|
360
= (30 + 13.2) = 43.2 ˆm.wg.  COD = = 45
8
mgGKvYx ACE ‰, AC2 = AE2 + CE2 gGb Kwi, ˆK±`Ê O ˆ^GK kxlÆ we±`yàGjvi `ƒiZ½ a = 2 wgUvi|
= (43.2)2 + (22.4)2
1
= 1866.24 + 501.76   ˆÞò COD ‰i ˆÞòdj = 2 a.a sinCOD
= 2368
1
 AC = 2368 = 48.66 (cÉvq) = a2sin45 eMÆwgUvi
2
 Aci KGYÆi Š`NÆÅ 48.66 ˆm.wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.) 1 1
= (2)2  eMÆwgUvi
M gGb Kwi evÝwUi KvGVi cyi‚Z½ = x ˆm.wg.
 2 2
 evGÝi wfZGii gvc h^vKÌGg a = (10  2x)ˆm.wg., = 2 eMÆwgUvi
b = (9  2x) ˆm.wg.  mylg AÓ¡fyGRi ˆÞòdj = 8  ˆÞò COD ‰i ˆÞòdj
‰es c = (7  2x) ˆm.wg. = 8  2 eMÆwgUvi
evGÝi wfZGii mgMÉ ZGji ˆÞòdj = 2(ab + bc + ca) = 11.31 eMÆwgUvi (cÉvq) (Ans.)
cÉkv² bymvGi, 2(ab + bc + ca) = 262 M
 E D
ev, (10  2x) (9  2x) + (9  2x) (7  2x)
+ (7  2x) (10  2x) = 131 O
F C
ev, 90  38x + 4x + 63  32x + 4x2 + 70  34x
2

+ 4x2  131 = 0  h
ev, 2
12x  104x + 92 = 0 A N B

ev, 3x2  26x + 23 = 0

ev, 3x2  3x  23x + 23 = 0
ev, 3x(x  1)  23(x  1) = 0
ev, (x  1) (3x  23) = 0
ev, x  1 = 0
‰KwU mylg eüfzR, hvi ˆK±`Ê O, evü n
ABCDEF..............
msLÅK ‰es cÉwZ evüi Š`NÆÅ a| O, A; O, B ˆhvM Kwi|
awi, AOB ‰i DœPZv ON = h ‰es OAB = 
A^ev, 3x  23 = 0 mylg eüfzGRi cÉwZwU kxGlÆ Drc®² ˆKvGYi cwigvY = 2
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 93
 mylg eüfzGRi n msLÅK kxlÆ ˆKvGYi mgwÓ¡ = 2n A we±`yˆ^GK BC ‰i Dci AE jÁ¼ AuvKv nGqGQ| myZivs AE
mylg eüfzGRi ˆKG±`Ê Drc®² ˆKvGYi cwigvY = 4 mgGKvY nGjv mvgv¯¦wiKwUi DœPZv|
 ˆKG±`Ê Drc®² ˆKvY I n kxlÆ ˆKvGYi mgwÓ¡ (2n + 4) ‰Lb ABC ‰i AaÆcwimxgv, S = AB + BC + AC
2
mgGKvY|
16 + 24 + 20 60
OAB ‰i wZb ˆKvGYi mgwÓ¡ = 2 mgGKvY =
2
=
2
= 30
 ‰i…c n msLÅK wòfzGRi ˆKvGYi mgwÓ¡ 2n mgGKvY
 ABC ‰i ˆÞòdj = 30(30  16) (30  24) (30  20)
 2.n + 4 mgGKvY = 2n mgGKvY
= 30  14  6  10 = 60 7
ev, 2.n = (2n  4) mgGKvY
2n  4
Avevi, ABC ‰i f„wg BC ‰es DœPZv AE nIqvq,
ev,  = 2n mgGKvY ˆÞòdj = 1  BC  AE
2
2
ev,  =  1  n   90 1
  BC  AE = 60 7
2
180
  = 90 
n ev, 1  24  AE = 60 7
2
ON h 2h
‰LvGb, tan = AN = a = a ev, 12 AE = 60 7
2  AE = 5 7 = 13.23 ˆm.wg. (cÉvq)
a
 h = tan  mvgv¯¦wiKwUi DœPZv 13.23 ˆm.wg. (cÉvq) (Ans.)
2
1
OAB ‰i ˆÞòdj = ah M
 A 24 ˆm.wg. D
2
1 a
= a  tan
2 2
O
a2 180 
= tan90  E
4  n  B F C
2
a 180
= cot [tan(90  A) = cotA]
4 n gGb Kwi, ABCD mvgv¯¦wiGKi
na2 180
n msLÅK evüwewkÓ¡ mylg eüfzGRi ˆÞòdj = cot BD I AC KYÆ«¼q ciÕ·iGK
4 n
(Ans.) O we±`yGZ mgw«¼LwíZ KGiGQ| BD > AC|
10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb wPGò, BC = 24 ˆm.wg., AC = 20 ˆm.wg. ‰es AB = 16 ˆm.wg.
K PvKvwU 10 evi NyGi AwZKÌg KGi 200 wgUvi c^
  ABC ‰i AaÆcwimxgv,
24 + 20 + 16 60
 " 1 " " " "
200
" " S=
2
=
2
ˆm. wg. = 30 ˆm. wg.
10
= 20 wgUvi   ˆÞò ABC ‰i ˆÞòdj = s(s  a) (s  b) (s  c) eMÆ ‰KK
myZivs PvKvwU ‰Kevi NyGi cwiwai mgvb `ƒiZ½ AwZKÌg KGi| = eMÆ ˆm.wg.
30(30  24) (30  20) (30  16)
 PvKvwUi cwiwa 20 wgUvi| = 30  6  10  14 eMÆ ˆm.wg. = 25200 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
Avgiv Rvwb, PvKvi eÅvmvaÆ r nGj cwiwa 2r = 158.75 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
 2r = 20 AF  BC ‰es DE  ewaÆZ BC AuvwK|
ev, r = 20  r = 10 wgUvi ‰Lb ABF I DCE ‰
2
ABF = DCE [Abyi…c ˆKvY]
 PvKvwUi eÅvmvaÆ 10 wgUvi (Ans.)
BFA = CED = 1 mgGKvY
L
 A D
‰es AB = DC [mvgv¯¦wiGKi wecixZ evü]
 ABF  CDE
16 ˆm.wg. 20 ˆm.wg.
h  AF = DE ‰es BF = CE
1 1
Avevi,  ˆÞò ABC = 2  BC  AF = 2  24  AF eMÆ ˆm.wg.
B E C = 12 AF eMÆ ˆm.wg.
24 ˆm.wg.
 12 AF = 158.75
158.75
ev, AF = = 13.23 ˆm.wg.
gGb Kwi, ABCD mvgv¯¦wiGKi mw®²wnZ evü«¼Gqi Š`NÆÅ 12
h^vKÌGg BC = 24 ˆm.wg. ‰es AB = 16 ˆm.wg.  ˆm.wg.
DE = 13.23
Þz`ËZg KYÆ, AC = 20 ˆm.wg.  wc^vGMvivGmi Dccv`Å AbymvGi, AB2 = AF2 + BF2
94 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
ev, BF2 = AB2  AF2 = 162  (13.23)2 = 80.97 Avevi, a  b = 6 ... ... ... (ii)
 BF = 8.998  9 ˆm.wg. ‰Lb, (i) I (ii) bs ˆhvM KGi cvB, 2a = 30
 CE = 9 ˆm.wg.  a = 15 ˆm.wg.
 BE = BC + CE = (24 + 9) ˆm.wg. = 33 ˆm.wg. (i) bs ‰ a ‰i gvb ewmGq cvB,
‰Lb, mgGKvYx BDE ‰, 15 + b = 24
BD2 = BE2 + DE2 = (33)2 + (13.23)2  b = 24  15 = 9 ˆm.wg.
= 1089 + 175.03 = 1264.03 myZivs UÇvwcwRqvGgi mgv¯¦ivj evü«¼Gqi Š`NÆÅ h^vKÌGg 15
 BD = 35.55 ˆm.wg. ˆm.wg. I 9 ˆm.wg. (Ans.)
 kZÆgGZ, mvgv¯¦wiGKi KYÆ«¼q = iÁ¼Gmi KYÆ«¼q M
 A X B
 iÁ¼Gmi KYÆ«¼q 20 ˆm.wg. ‰es 35.55 ˆm.wg.
1 26 ˆm. wg.
 iÁ¼mwUi ˆÞòdj = 2  20  35.55 eMÆ ˆm.wg.
eMÆ ˆm.wg.
= 10  35.55 D C
F E
= 355.5 eMÆ
ˆm.wg. (Ans.)
11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ‘L’ nGZ cvB, AB = 9 ˆm.wg. ‰es CD = 15 ˆm.wg.
K
 A b B ABCD UÇvwcwRqvGg AF  CD ‰es BE  CE AuvwK|
‰Lb, AFD ‰es BEC ‰
26 ˆm. wg. AFD = 90 ‰es BEC = 90
AF = BE = 26 ˆm.wg.
D
F a E C
‰es AD = BC [ˆ`Iqv AvGQ]
wPGò ABCD UÇvwcwRqvGgi mvgv¯¦ivj evü«¼q AB I CD ‰es  AFD  BEC
AB I CD evü«¼Gqi A¯¦i 6 ˆm.wg. ‰es jÁ¼ `ƒiZ½ AF = BE = myZivs DF = CE
26 ˆm.wg. UÇvwcwRqvGgi wZhÆK evü«¼q AD = BC ‰Lb, ABEF AvqZGÞGòi, AB = EF
‰es DC  EF = 6 ˆm.wg.
L gGb Kwi, UÇvwcwRqvGgi mgv¯¦ivj evü `ywU CD = a ‰es AB =
  DF + EC = 6 ˆm.wg.
b, ˆhLvGb a > b ‰es jÁ¼ `ƒiZ½ h.  DF = EC = 3 ˆm.wg.
kZÆgGZ, 1 (a + b)  h = 312 ‰Lb, mgGKvYx wòfzR ADF ‰
2 AD2 = AF2 + DF2 = 262 + 32 = 676 + 9 = 685
ev, 1 (a + b)  26 = 312  AD = 26.17 ˆm.wg. (cÉvq)
2
 UÇvwcwRqvGgi wZhÆK evü«¼Gqi Š`NÆÅ 26.17 ˆm.wg. (cÉvq)
ev, a + b = 312 (Ans.)
13
 a + b = 24 ... ... ... (i)
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 95

mµ¦`k AaÅvq
cwimsLÅvb
1 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 2 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K ˆK±`Êxq cÉeYZv : AwebÅÕ¦ DcvîmgƒnGK gvGbi KÌgvbymvGi 
 K mviwY ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq, MYmsLÅv meÆvwaK 22 AvGQ (61  70)
mvRvGj Dcvîmgƒn gvSvgvwS ˆKvGbv gvGbi KvQvKvwQ cƒéxf„Z ˆkÉwYGZ|
nq| eÕ§Z DcvîmgƒGni gvSvgvwS ev ˆK±`Êxq gvGbi w`GK  cÉPziK ˆkÉwY (6170)|
cyéxf„Z nIqvi ‰B cÉeYZvGKB eGj ˆK±`Êxq cÉeYZv| 61 + 70
 cÉPziK ˆkÉwYi gaÅgvb = = 65.5 (Ans.)
2
mvaviYZ ˆK±`Êxq cÉeYZvi cwigvc nGjv: 1. MvwYwZK Mo, 2.
L gaÅK wbYÆGqi mviwY:

gaÅK ‰es 3. cÉPziK|
ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ MYmsLÅv KÌgGhvwRZ MYmsLÅv
L mswÞµ¦ c«¬wZGZ Mo wbYÆGqi mviwY:

31  40 4 4
ˆkÉwY avc wePzÅwZ
MYmsLÅv 41  50 8 12
ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ xi  a iui
gaÅgvb, xi i ui =
h
51  60 12 24
61  70 22 46
5055 52.5 6 3 18
71  80 5 51
5661 58.5 8 2 16
81  90 7 58
6267 64.5 15 1 15
n = 58
6873 70.5a 19 0 0
n 58
7479 76.5 12 1 12 ‰LvGb, n = 58  = = 29
2 2
8085 82.5 8 2 16
A^Ævr, gaÅK nGjv 29 Zg cG`i gvb|
8691 88.5 7 3 21
29 Zg cG`i AeÕ©vb nGe (6170) ˆkÉwYGZ|
n = 75 iui = 0
 gaÅK ˆkÉwY nGjv (6170)|
iui
 Mo, x̄ = a + h myZivs L = 61, Fc = 24, fm = 22, h = 10
n
0
= 70.5 +  6 = 70.5 (Ans.)
75
 (n )
gaÅK = L = 2  Fc  h = 61 + (29  24)  10
fm 22
M AvqZGjL AâGbi mviwY:
 = 61 + 5 
10
= 61 + 2.27 = 63.27 (Ans.)
22
ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ AwewœQ®² ˆkÉwYeÅvwµ¦ MYmsLÅv
5055 49.555.5 6
M AwRf ˆiLv Aâb:

5661 55.561.5 8 ‘L’ ‰i MYmsLÅv wbGekb mviwY eÅenvi KGi,
6267 61.5  67.5 15 x-AÞ eivei QK KvMGRi cÉwZ NiGK ˆkÉwY eÅeavGbi
6873 67.5  73.5 19 DœPmxgvi 1 ‰KK ‰es y-AÞ eivei QK KvMGRi cÉwZ
7479 73.5  79.5 12 NiGK KÌgGhvwRZ MYmsLÅvi 1 ‰KK aGi cÉ`î DcvGîi
8085 79.585.5 8 AwRf ˆiLv AuvKv nGjv| gƒjwe±`y ˆ^GK 30 chƯ¦ NiàGjv AvGQ
8691 85.591.5 7 eySvGZ fvOv wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ|
QK KvMGR X-AÞ eivei Þz`ËZg eGMÆi cÉwZ 5 evüi Š`NÆÅGK 65
Y
AwewœQ®² ˆkÉwYmxgvi 6 ‰KK ‰es Y-AÞ eivei cÉwZ 1 evüi 60

Š`NÆÅGK MYmsLÅvi 1 ‰KK aGi AvqZGjL Aâb Kiv nGqGQ| 55

gƒjwe±`y ˆ^GK 49.5 chƯ¦ NiàGjv AvGQ eySvGZ fvOv wPn× 50

eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| 45
 KÌgGhvwRZ MYmsLÅv

25
Y 40

20 35

30
 MYmsLÅv

15
25

20
10
15
5
10

5
O
49.5 55.5 61.5 67.5 73.5 79.5 85.5 91.5 X
0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 X
 AwewQ®² ˆkÉwYmxgv
 ˆkÉwY eÅeavGbi DœPmxgv
wPò: AvqZGjL wPò: AwRf ˆiLv
96 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
3 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb 4 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, L = 61
 K Abym®¬vbvaxb AwebÅÕ¦ Dcvîmgƒn gvGbi KÌgvbymvGi mvRvGj,

f1 = 2 Dcvîmgƒn gvSvgvwS ˆKvb gvGbi KvQvKvwQ cywéf„Z nq|
f2 = 6
h = 10 Avevi AwebÅÕ¦ Dcvîmgƒn MYmsLÅv wbGekb mviwYGZ
Avgiv Rvwb, cÉPziK = L + f1  h DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGj gvSvgvwS ‰KwU ˆkÉwYGZ MYmsLÅvi cÉvPzhÆ
f1 + f2 ˆ`Lv hvq| eÕ§Z DcvîmgƒGni ˆKw±`Êq gvGbi w`GK cywéf„Z
2
= 61 +  10 nIqvi ‰B cÉeYZvB nGjv ˆK±`Êxq cÉeYZv| ˆK±`Êxq cÉeYZv
2+6
= 61 + 2.5 wZbwU h^vKÌGg: (1) MvwYwZK Mo, (2) gaÅK, (3) cÉPziK|
= 63.5 (Ans.) L cË`î DcvGîi meÆwbÁ² bÁ¼i = 61 ‰es mGeÆvœP bÁ¼i = 99

L mswÞµ¦ c«¬wZGZ Mo wbYÆGqi MYmsLÅv wbGekb mviwY:
  cwimi = (99  61) + 1 = 39
avc wePzÅwZ 39
ˆkÉwY MYmsLÅv ˆkËwY eÅeavb 5 aGi ˆkÉwYmsLÅv = 5 = 8wU
ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ x −a iui
gaÅgvb, xi i ui = i
h
ˆkÉwY ˆkÉwY UÅvwj MYmsLÅv avc iui
41  45 43 4 3  12
46  50 48 6 2  12
eÅvwµ¦ gaÅgvb i wePzÅwZ
53 12 xi ui =
51  55 1  12
xi  a
56  60 58a 20 0 0
h
61  65 63 15 1 15
68 13 2 26 6165 63 ||| 3 3 9
66  70
6670 68 ||||| 6 2 12
n = 70 fi ui = 5
 fi u i 7175 73 ||||| 6 1 6
5
 Mo, −
x=a+  h = 58 +  5 7680 78(a) |||||||| 9 0 0
n 70
= 58 + 0.357 = 58.357 (cÉvq) (Ans.) 8185 83 |||||||| 9 1 9
8690 88 ||| 3 2 6
M MYmsLÅv eüfzR AâGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq mviwY:

9195 93 || 2 3 6
ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ ˆkÉwY gaÅwe±`y MYmsLÅv
96100 98 || 2 4 8
41  45 43 4
n = 40 iui
46  50 48 6
=2
51  55 53 12
 iui 2
56  60 58 20  Mo, x = a +  h = 78 +  5 = 78.25 (Ans.)
63 15 n 40
61  65
66  70 68 M MYmsLÅv eüfzR AâGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq mviwY:

13
‰Lb QK KvMGR x-AÞ eivei cÉwZ NiGK ˆkÉwY gaÅwe±`yi 1 ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ ˆkÉwY MYmsLÅv
‰KK aGi ‰es y-AÞ eivei cÉwZ 2 NiGK MYmsLÅvi 1 gaÅwe±`y
‰KK aGi MYmsLÅv eüfzR Aâb Kiv nGjv| gƒjwe±`y ˆ^GK 6165 63 3
6670 68 6
38 chƯ¦ NiàGjv AvGQ ˆevSvGZ fvOv wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ|
Y
7175 73 6
7680 78 9
8185 83 9
8690 88 3
9195 93 2
96100 98 2
 MYmsLÅv

15
‰Lb QK KvMGR x-AÞ eivei cÉwZ NiGK ˆkÉwY gaÅwe±`yi 1
‰KK aGi ‰es y-AÞ eivei cÉwZ 2 NiGK MYmsLÅvi 1
‰KK aGi MYmsLÅv eüfzR Aâb Kiv nGjv| gƒjwe±`y ˆ^GK
10 58 chƯ¦ NiàGjv AvGQ ˆevSvGZ fvOv wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ|
10
 MYmsLÅv

5
5

0
0 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 73 73 X 58 63 68 73 78 83 88 93 103 X
ˆkÉwY gaÅwe±`y  ˆkÉwY gaÅwe±`y
wPò: MYmsLÅv eüfzR wPò : MYmsLÅv eüfzR
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 97
5 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb ‰LvGb, n = 35
K DcvîmgƒGni mGeÆvœP gvb = 56 ‰es meÆwbÁ² gvb = 40
 
n + 1 35 + 1
= = 18
 cwimi = 56 – 40 + 1 = 17 (Ans.) 2 2
L cÉ`î DcvGîi cwimi 17
 A^Ævr, gaÅK nGjv 18-Zg cG`i gvb|
ˆkÉwY eÅeavb 5 aGi ˆkÉwYmsLÅv =
17
= 3.4  4 18-Zg cG`i AeÕ©vb nGe (2226) ˆkÉwYGZ|
5
 gaÅK ˆkÉwY nGjv (2226)|
mswÞµ¦ c«¬wZGZ Mo wbYÆGqi mviwY:
myZivs L = 22, FC = 12, fm = 10, h = 5
ˆkÉwY ˆkÉwY MYmsLÅv avc wePzÅwZ
gaÅgvb UÅvwj
eÅvwµ¦
xi
i
x –a
ui = i
h
iui
 gaÅK, = L + (n2  F )  fhc
m

40-44 42 |||||||||||| 15 –1 –15 5

= 22 + (17.5  12) 
45-49 47a |||||||| 9 0 0 10
50-54 52 |||| 5 1 5 5.5
= 22 +
55-59 57 | 1 2 2 2
n = 30 fiui = –8 = 22 + 2.75
 fiui –8 = 24.75 (Ans.)
 Mo, x = a + × h = 47 + × 5 = 45.67 (cÉvq) (Ans.)
n 30
M MYmsLÅv eüfzR AâGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq mviwY:

M AvqZGjL AâGbi mviwY:
 ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ ˆkÉwY gaÅwe±`y MYmsLÅv
ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ AwewœQ®² ˆkÉwYeÅvwµ¦ MYmsLÅv 711 9 2
40-44 39.5-44.5 15 1216 14 4
45-49 44.5-49.5 9 1721 19 6
50-54 49.5-54.4 5 2226 24 10
55-59 54.5-59.5 1 2731 29 7
QK KvMGR X-AÞ eivei Þz`ËZg eGMÆi cÉwZ 2 evüi Š`NÆÅGK 3236 34 4
3741 39 2
AwewœQ®² ˆkÉwY mxgvi 1 ‰KK ‰es Y-AÞ eivei cÉwZ evüi
Š`NÆÅGK MYmsLÅvi 1 ‰KK aGi AvqZGjL Aâb Kiv ‰Lb QK KvMGR X-AÞ eivei cÉwZ NiGK ˆkÉwY gaÅwe±`yi
nGqGQ| gƒjwe±`y ˆ^GK 39.5 chƯ¦ NiàGjv AvGQ eySvGZ fvOv ‰K ‰KK aGi ‰es Y-AÞ eivei cÉwZ 2 NiGK MYmsLÅvi
wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| ‰KK aGi MYmsLÅv eüfzR Aâb Kiv nGjv| gƒjwe±`y ˆ^GK 4
Y chƯ¦ NiàGjv AvGQ ˆevSvGZ fvOv wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ|
15 Y
 MYmsLÅv

10

5
10
 MYmsLÅv

0
39.5 44.5 49.5 54.5 X

 AwewœQ®² ˆkÉwYeÅvwµ¦ 5
wPò: AvqZGjL
6 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
K cÉ`î mviwYGZ MYmsLÅv meÆvwaK 10 AvGQ (22  26) ˆkÉwYGZ|
 0
4 9 14 19 24 29 34 39 X
 cËPziK ˆkÉwY (22  26)|  ˆkÉwY gaÅwe±`y
 cÉPziK ˆkÉwYi wbÁ²mxgv 22| (Ans.) wPò: MYmsLÅv eüfzR
L gaÅK wbYÆGqi mviwY:

ˆkÉwYeÅvwµ¦ MYmsLÅv KÌgGhvwRZ MYmsLÅv
711 2 2 7 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
1216 4 6 K cÉ`î wPò nGZ cvB,

1721 6 12
1g ˆkÉwYwUi gaÅgvb = 45 (Ans.)
2226 10 22
2731 7 29
‰es ˆkl ˆkÉwYwUi MYmsLÅv = 5 (Ans.)
3236 4 33 L cÉ`î wPò nGZ cvB, ˆkÉwYeÅvwµ¦ = (45  35) = 10

3741 2 35  cÉ^g ˆkÉwYi wbÁ²mxgv = 45  5 = 40
n = 35 ‰es DœPmxgv = 45 + 5 = 50
98 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
gaÅK wbYÆGqi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq mviYx: 8 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ MYmsLÅv KÌgGhvwRZ MYmsLÅv K ‰LvGb, mGeÆvœP cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i = 95

15 15
‰es meÆwbÁ² cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i = 40
40  50
 cwimi = (95 – 40) + 1 = 55 + 1 = 56
50  60 30 45 56
25 70  ˆkÉwYeÅwµ¦ 10 aGi ˆkÉwYmsLÅv = = 5.6  6wU
60  70 10
70  80 35 105 ˆkÉwYeÅwµ¦ 10 aGi MYmsLÅv wbGekb mviwY:
80  90 30 135 ˆkÉwY eÅwµ¦ UÅvwj wPn× MYmsLÅv KÌgGhvwRZ MYmsLÅv
40  49 |||| 4 4
90  100 15 150
50  59 |||| 5 9
100  110 5 155 60  69 |||| 5 14
n = 155 70  79 |||| 4 18
n + 1 155 + 1 80  89 |||| 4 22
‰LvGb, n = 155  = = 78 90  99 ||| 3 25
2 2
A^Ævr, gaÅK nGjv 78-Zg cG`i gvb| ˆgvU n = 25
L mswÞµ¦ c«¬wZGZ Mo wbYÆGqi mviwY:

78-Zg cG`i AeÕ©vb nGe (70  80) ˆkÉwYGZ|
ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ ˆkÉwY gaÅgvb MYmsLÅv ui = i
x a
 gaÅK ˆkÉwY nGjv (70  80)| fiui
xi fi h
myZivs L = 70, FC = 70, Fm = 35, h = 10 4049 44.5 4 2 8
n h 5059 54.5 5 1 5
 gaÅK = L + ( )
2
 FC 
fm 6069 64.5  a 5 0 0
10 7079 74.5 4 1 4
= 70 +
(1552  70)  35 = 72.14 (cÉvq) (Ans.) 8089 84.5 4 2 8
M AwRf ˆiLv Aâb:
 9099 94.5 3 3 9
n = 25 fiui = 8
‘L’ ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ mviwY Abyhvqx,
 f u 8
x-AÞ eivei QK KvMGRi cÉwZ NiGK ˆkÉwY eÅeavGbi  wbYÆGqi Mo, x = a + i i  h = 64.5 +  10
n 25
DœPmxgvi 2 ‰KK ‰es y-AÞ eivei QK KvMGRi cÉwZ NiGK 80
= 64.5 + = 67.7 (Ans.)
KÌgGhvwRZ MYmsLÅvi 2 ‰KK aGi cÉ`î DcvGîi AwRf ˆiLv 25
M AvqZGjL AâGbi mviwY:

AuvKv nGjv| gƒjwe±`y ˆ^GK 40 chƯ¦ NiàGjv AvGQ eySvGZ fvOv
ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ AwewœQ®² ˆkÉwYeÅvwµ¦ MYmsLÅv
wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ| 4049 39.549.5 4
Y 5
5059 49.559.5
160
6069 59.569.5 5
150 7079 69.579.5 4
8089 79.589.5 4
140
9099 89.599.5 3
130
QK KvMGR X-AÞ eivei Þz`ËZg eGMÆi cÉwZ 1 evüi Š`NÆÅGK
120 AwewœQ®² ˆkÉwY mxgvi 2 ‰KK ‰es Y-AÞ eivei cÉwZ 2 evüi
110 Š`NÆÅGK MYmsLÅvi 1 ‰KK aGi AvqZGjL Aâb Kiv
nGqGQ| gƒjwe±`y ˆ^GK 39.5 chƯ¦ NiàGjv AvGQ eySvGZ fvãv
MYmsLÅv

100
wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ|
90 Y
 KÌgGhvwRZ

80
70
60
105
50
 MYmsLÅv

40

30 5
20
10

0
0 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 X 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 X
 ˆkÉwY DœPmxgv
 AwewœQ®² ˆkÉwYmxgv
wPò: AwRf ˆiLv wPò: AvqZGjL
AaÅvqwfwîK cixÞv cÉÕ§wZ 99
9 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb  cÉPziK = L +
f1
 h = 56 +
10
5
f1 + f2 10 + 5
K cÉ`î Z^ÅwU ‰KwU AwebÅÕ¦ Dcvî|

50
‰KwU ˆkÉwYi MYmsLÅv «¼viv H ˆkÉwYGZ DcvGîi hZàGjv gvb = 56 + = 56 + 3.33
15
A¯¦fzÆÚ nq Zvi msLÅv wbG`Æk KGi| = 59.33 (cÉvq) (Ans.)
L ‰LvGb, meÆwbÁ² cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i = 32 ‰es mGeÆvœP cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i = 98
 M AvqZGjL AâGbi mviwY:

cwimi = (98 – 32) + 1 = 66 + 1 = 67 ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ AwewœQ®² ˆkÉwYeÅvwµ¦ MYmsLÅv
67
ˆkÉwYeÅvwµ¦ 10 aGi ˆkÉwYmsLÅv = 10 = 6.7 46  50 45.5 50.5 5
51  55 50.5  55.5 10
A^Ævr ˆkÉwYmsLÅv nGe 7|
56  60 55.5  60.5 20
MwYGZ cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼Gii MYmsLÅv wbGekb mviwY:
61  65 60.5  65.5 15
ˆkÉwYeÅvwµ¦ UÅvwj wPn× MYmsLÅv
66  70 65.5  70.5 10
30  39 ||| 3
|||| 5
QK KvMGR X-AÞ eivei Þz`ËZg eGMÆi cÉwZ 2 evüi Š`NÆÅGK
40  49
50  59 |||| || 7
AwewœQ®² GkÉwY mxgvi 1 ‰KK ‰es Y-AÞ eivei cÉwZ 2 evüi
60  69 |||| |||| ||| 13 Š`NÆÅGK MYmsLÅvi 1 ‰KK aGi AvqZGjL Aâb Kiv
70  79 |||| |||| 10 nGqGQ| gƒjwe±`y ˆ^GK 45.5 chƯ¦ NiàGjv AvGQ eySvGZ fvOv
80  89 |||| || 7 wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ|
90  99 |||| 5
Y
ˆgvU 50

M mswÞµ¦ c«¬wZGZ Mo wbYÆq:


mswÞµ¦ c«¬wZGZ Mo wbYÆGqi MYmsLÅv wbGekb mviwY:
25
avc wePzÅwZ MYmsLÅv 
ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ gaÅgvb MYmsLÅv x –a avc wePzÅwZ
x i f u = ii i
 MYmsLÅv

h fiui 20
30  39 34.5 3 3 9
40  49 44.5 5 2  10
50  59 54.5 7 1 7 15
60  69 64.5 = a 13 0 0
70  79 74.5 10 1 10
10
80  89 84.5 7 2 14
90  99 94.5 5 3 15
ˆgvU n = 50 fiui = 13
5
fiui
 Mo, 
x=a+ h
n
13
= 64.5 +  10 0
45.5 50.5 55.5 60.5 65.5 X
50
= 67.1 (Ans.)  AwewœQ®² ˆkÉwYmxgv
10 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb wPò: AvqZGjL
n h
K gaÅK = L +
 ( 2
 Fc ) 
fm 11 bs cÉGk²i mgvavb
‰LvGb, L = gaÅK ˆkÉwYi wbÁ²mxgv K cÉ`î Dcvî mgƒnGK gvGbi Ea»KÌGg mvwRGq cvB,

n = ˆgvU MYmsLÅv 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
Fc = gaÅK ˆkÉwYi cƒeÆeZÆx ˆkÉwYi KÌgGhvwRZ MYmsLÅv ‰LvGb, ˆgvU Dcvî msLÅv, n = 8; hv ˆRvo msLÅv
h = ˆkÉwY eÅeavb n  n 
 2 + 2 + 1  Zg c`
fm = gaÅK ˆkÉwYi MYmsLÅv    .
 gaÅK =
2
L cÉ`î MYmsLÅv wbGekb mviwYGZ MYmsLÅv meÆvwaK 20 AvGQ

 8   8 
(56  60) ˆkÉwYGZ|  2 + 2 + 1  Zg c`
   .
 cÉPziK ˆkÉwY (56  60) =
2
myZivs L = 56 4 Zg c` + 5 Zg c`
=
f1 = 20  10 = 10 2
f2 = 20  15 = 5 10 + 11 21
= = = 10.5 (Ans.)
h=5 2 2
100 cvGéix ‰m‰mwm ˆÕ·kvj mvwµÏGg´Ÿ   MwYZ
L mswÞµ¦ c«¬wZGZ Mo wbYÆGqi mviwY:
 3140 30.540.5 17
ˆkÉwY ˆkÉwY gaÅgvb MYmsLÅv avc wePzÅwZ fiui 4150 40.550.5 23

eÅvwµ¦ xi xi  a 5160 50.560.5 10

ui =
h 6170 60.570.5 7
1120 15.5 8 3  24 7180 70.580.5 3
2130 25.5 12 2  24 ‰Lb, QK KvMGR x-AÞ eivei cÉwZ NiGK ˆkÉwY gaÅwe±`yi 2
3140 35.5 17 1  17 ‰KK aGi ‰es y-AÞ eivei cÉwZ NiGK MYmsLÅvi 1 ‰KK
4150 45.5  a 23 0 0 aGi MYmsLÅv eüfzR Aâb Kiv nGjv| gƒjwe±`y ˆ^GK 10.5
5160 55.5 10 1 10 chƯ¦ NiàGjv AvGQ ˆevSvGZ fvOv wPn× eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ|
6170 65.5 7 2 14 Y

7180 75.5 3 3 9
n = 80 fi ui =  32
f u 20
 Mo, −x = a + ni i  h

 MYmsLÅv
15
32
= 45.5 +  10
80
10
= 45.5  4
= 41.5 (Ans.) 5

M AvqZGjL AâGbi mviwY:


ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ AwewœQ®² ˆkÉwY eÅvwµ¦ MYmsLÅv 0 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5 70.5 80.5 X
 AwewœQ®² ˆkÉwYeÅvwµ¦
1120 10.520.5 8
12
wPò: AvqZGjL
2130 20.530.5